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Editorial

Chemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)

by
Chunsheng Wu
*,
Liping Du
and
Wei Chen
Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Chemosensors 2025, 13(2), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13020072
Submission received: 7 February 2025 / Accepted: 13 February 2025 / Published: 17 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Biosensors Based on Metal-Organic Frames (MOFs))
Versions Notes

1. Introduction

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), also referred to as porous coordination polymers [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], have experienced significant advancements in recent decades [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. These structures, which are composed of organic linkers and metal ions or clusters, present unique opportunities for the innovation of novel biosensors due to their notable characteristics, including a substantial surface area, high porosity, customizable structures, and adaptability in terms of tailored properties [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. Sensitive elements can be integrated into MOFs in situ by incorporating bioactive molecules during the synthesis phase [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. Furthermore, the adjustable dimensions and extensive surface area, along with channels of varying sizes, render MOFs ideal candidates for the development of hybrid composite materials that can serve as sensitive components in chemical sensing and biosensing applications [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]. The growing interest in the utilization of MOFs in chemical sensing and biosensing technologies has spurred the creation of innovative structures and functionalities in MOF-based sensors [47,48,49,50,51,52], characterized by enhanced stability, sensitivity, flexibility, and specificity [53,54,55,56,57,58,59]. Consequently, we are pleased to present this Special Issue, which focuses on the latest advancements and applications of MOF-based chemical sensors and biosensors, with particular attention to the synthesis and modification of MOFs and their subsequent applications.

2. The Special Issue

This Special Issue comprises a compilation of eight high-quality original research articles and two communications, all focused on the advancement and application of metal–organic framework (MOF)-based chemical sensors and biosensors.
In their study, Ognjanović et al. employed spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to functionalize MOF-derived nanoceria (MOFdNC), which was subsequently utilized to modify a carbon paste electrode [60]. This modification enhanced the performance of the non-enzymatic electrode material for the highly sensitive detection of the significant biomolecule uric acid (UA) [60]. The results of the measurements demonstrated linear operating ranges of 0.05 to 1 µM and 1 to 50 µM, with a detection limit of 0.011 µM. Furthermore, this method has been successfully applied for the quantification of UA in milk.
In another study, Piguillem et al. developed three innovative platforms utilizing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to create paper-based analytical devices (PADs) that enable sensitive and portable monitoring of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity through laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) [61]. The findings suggest that amino-derivated MOF platforms possess considerable potential for integration into biosensor PADs, offering essential characteristics that enhance their efficacy and applicability in the realms of analytical chemistry and diagnostics.
Li et al. created an aptamer-based biosensor for the label-free detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in saliva, which holds significant promise for the diagnosis and early screening of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) [62]. The measurement outcomes demonstrated that this biosensor exhibits high performance in detecting CEA, characterized by a broad linear response range and a low detection limit. This aptamer-based biosensor represents a novel approach for the label-free detection of CEA in saliva, with potential applications in clinical diagnostics and early screening for OSCC.
Peng et al. successfully synthesized a MOF-199/Ag@Au surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing structure, which integrates MOFs with SERS technology for the detection of dopamine (DA) in serum [63]. The results reveal a strong linear correlation between the SERS signal at 1140 cm−1 and DA concentration (ranging from 0.001 M to 1 pM). This work establishes a solid technical foundation for the application of SERS technology in the screening of clinical neurological diseases.
Si et al. developed a host–guest complex designed for the detection and imaging of nitroreductase (NTR), wherein a fluorescent substrate, GP-NTR, was encapsulated within a metal–organic capsule, Zn-MPB [64]. The findings indicate a linear correlation between NTR concentration and a low detection limit of 6.4 ng/mL. This complex has also been utilized for the rapid imaging of NTR in tumor cells that overexpress NTR, as well as in tumor-bearing animal models. It facilitates not only swift and quantitative detection of NTR activity but also serves as an imaging tool for the early diagnosis of hypoxia-related tumors.
Zhang et al. developed a glucose sensor based on Bipyridyl Ruthenium-decorated nickel metal–organic frameworks (MWCNT-RuBpy@Ni-MOF), which can also be employed for electrocatalytic oxidation [65]. The results obtained demonstrate the high performance of this glucose sensor, characterized by a broad range of linear responses, as well as high sensitivity and selectivity. This sensor is applicable for enzymeless glucose detection and can also be utilized for electrocatalytic oxidation.
AlNeyadi et al. synthesized three distinct types of pyrene-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for the detection of volatile acid vapors [66]. Notably, one specific type of COF exhibited exceptional sensitivity and rapid response as a fluorescent chemosensor for the detection of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in solution. This COF shows significant potential for use as a reliable and reusable sensor for the detection of harmful acid vapors, thereby addressing environmental concerns associated with industrial activities.
Fan et al. synthesized Co3O4@ZnO microspheres derived from ZIF-8 and utilized them for the enhanced detection of acetone [67]. Their findings revealed that the response of Co3O4@ZnO microspheres to 50 ppm acetone was 4.5 times greater than that of pure Co3O4, with a detection limit as low as 0.5 ppm. The mechanisms underlying the enhanced sensing capabilities for acetone were also examined.
Ma et al. introduced a novel class of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) designed for acid detection in various solutions [68]. This framework is synthesized through the Schiff-base condensation of N, N, N′, N′-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine (TPBD) and terephthalaldehyde (TA). The COFs exhibit a dual response to acid, characterized by a color transition from red to dark red and fluorescence quenching as the acid concentration increases.
Mohd Hizam et al. developed an electrochemical sensor for the detection of ammonium ions, utilizing a metal–organic framework-derived tungsten ethoxide/polypyrrole-reduced graphene oxide (MOFs-W(OCH2CH3)6/Ppy-rGO) [69]. The results indicate that this sensor demonstrates high performance in detecting NH4+ ions, suggesting its significant potential as a platform for applications in the agricultural sector.
In summary, the original research articles and communications featured in this Special Issue contribute valuable insights into the development and application of MOF-based chemical sensors and biosensors. The presented examples and advancements highlight the potential for integrating various types of transducers with functional MOFs for both biosensing and chemical sensing applications. This integration is likely to stimulate increased interest in the field, fostering new research initiatives within the scientific community.

Acknowledgments

We extend our gratitude to all authors who submitted their outstanding papers for consideration in this Special Issue. We also appreciate the reviewers for their diligent efforts in evaluating and enhancing the manuscripts throughout the publication process. Furthermore, we express our sincere thanks to the members of the Chemosensors Editorial Office for facilitating this opportunity and for their ongoing support in the management and organization of this Special Issue. We also thank the funding support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 32271427, 32471433, and 32071370).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Wu, C.; Du, L.; Chen, W. Chemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs). Chemosensors 2025, 13, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13020072

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Wu C, Du L, Chen W. Chemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs). Chemosensors. 2025; 13(2):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13020072

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Chunsheng, Liping Du, and Wei Chen. 2025. "Chemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)" Chemosensors 13, no. 2: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13020072

APA Style

Wu, C., Du, L., & Chen, W. (2025). Chemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs). Chemosensors, 13(2), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13020072

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