Impact of Using the Intelligent Physical Health Measurement System on Active Aging: A Survey in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Information System Success Model (ISSM)
2.2. Health Belief Model (HBM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
2.3. Active Aging
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Introduction of Case Studies
3.2. Subjects
3.3. Questionnaire Design
3.4. Data Collection and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistical
4.2. Reliability and Validity Analysis
- 1.
- The diagonal line in bold is the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) value of the facet [34].
- 2.
- The value under the diagonal is the correlation coefficient of the factor facet.
- 3.
- The comparison of each aspect and the code abbreviation is as follows: IQ: information products; SQ: system quality; US: user satisfaction; BI: behavioral intention; PDT: perceived disease threat; SN: subjective norms; AA-Phy: active aging psychology; AA-life: active aging life; AA-social: active aging-social participation; AA-Health: active aging health; AA-econ: active aging economy.
4.3. Structural Model Analysis
Hypothesis | Path Coefficient | T-Value | p-Value | R Square | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1a | IQ → US | 0.352 | 2.868 | 0.004 ** | 0.690 |
H1b | SQ → US | 0.526 | 3.941 | 0.000 *** | |
H2a | SN → PDT | 0.347 | 4.459 | 0.000 *** | 0.114 |
H2b | SN → BI | 0.701 | 6.112 | 0.000 *** | 0.433 |
H3 | PDT → BI | −0.141 | 1.247 | 0.212 | |
H4a | BI → AA-Phy | 0.170 | 0.966 | 0.334 | 0.011 |
H4b | BI → AA-Life | 0.173 | 0.963 | 0.335 | 0.011 |
H4c | BI → AA-Social | 0.430 | 2.099 | 0.036 * | 0.098 |
H4d | BI → AA-Health | 0.191 | 1.012 | 0.312 | 0.016 |
H4e | BI → AA-Econ | 0.183 | 0.992 | 0.321 | 0.025 |
- 1.
- * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
- 2.
- The comparison of each aspect and the code of abbreviations are as follows: user satisfaction (US); behavioral intention (BI); perceived disease threat (PDT); active aging psychology (AA-Phy); active aging life (AA-Life); active aging social participation (AA-Social); active aging health (AA-Health); active aging economy (AA-Econ).
4.4. Informal Follow-Up Interview for Subjects
5. Discussion and Conclusions
5.1. Discussion
5.2. Conclusions
6. Limitation and Direction of Future Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
System Quality [11,35] |
I think this system is very stable. |
I think this system is easy to use. |
I think the operation of this system is easy to learn. |
I think this system responds very quickly. |
Information Quality [11,36] |
This system can provide correct information without repeating operations. |
The system information can be clearly displayed on the screen, making it easy for users to read. |
The user interface of this system is well designed. |
User Satisfaction [11,35] |
You have a positive attitude or comment on this system function. |
The function of this system meets my work requirements. |
You are satisfied with this system. |
Perceived Disease Threat [37,38] | |
I think I get sick easily. | |
I think I may suffer from chronic diseases in the future. | |
I feel that my health is worse than before. | |
I may be forced to change my life due to chronic diseases in the future. | |
Subjective Norms [39,40] | |
People who influence my behavior would think that I should use the Baby machine. | |
People who are important to me would think that I should use the Baby machine. | |
Behavior Intention [41,42] | |
I will use Baby machine on a regular basis in the future. | |
I will frequently use Baby machine in the future. | |
I will continue use Baby machine in the future. | |
Active Aging [41,43,44] | |
Psychological | Having satisfied one’s life goals. |
I like myself very much. | |
Having positive attitude. | |
I can appreciate the meaning of life. | |
Acceptance of own mortality. | |
Life | Having pleasurable daily activities. |
I feel dependent on life. | |
Being socially active. | |
Health | Pay attention to nutrition and health preservation. |
Having good health. | |
Being able to take care of personal needs. | |
Remaining in control of one’s life. | |
Economic | Having money to enjoy extras. |
Being financially secure. | |
Can afford emergency medical expenses. | |
Social Participation | Interacting with others regularly. |
Being able to do things for others. | |
Participating in various community activities makes my life more colorful. | |
Having good friends. |
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Long-Term Care Unit | Setting | Service |
---|---|---|
A-level |
|
|
B-level |
|
|
C-level |
|
|
Volunteers (N = 55) | Participants of Measurement Service (N = 125) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
Age | ||||
Under 30 years old (inclusive) | 1 | 1.8% | 0 | 0.0% |
31–40 years old | 5 | 9.1% | 1 | 0.8% |
41–50 years old | 8 | 14.5% | 1 | 0.8% |
51–60 years old | 9 | 16.4% | 16 | 12.8% |
Over 61 years old | 32 | 58.2% | 107 | 85.6% |
Gender | ||||
Male | 16 | 29.1% | 37 | 29.6% |
Female | 39 | 70.9% | 88 | 70.4% |
Education level | ||||
Below middle school | 6 | 10.9% | 78 | 62.4% |
High school | 7 | 12.7% | 31 | 24.8% |
Specialist | 22 | 40.0% | 11 | 8.8% |
the University | 13 | 23.6% | 3 | 2.4% |
master’s degree | 5 | 9.1% | 1 | 0.8% |
PhD | 2 | 3.6% | 1 | 0.8% |
Community service (participation) years | ||||
Less than 1 year | 6 | 10.9% | 17 | 13.6% |
Less than 1–3 years | 13 | 23.6% | 49 | 39.2% |
Less than 3–6 years | 23 | 41.8% | 26 | 20.8% |
Under 6–9 years | 2 | 3.6% | 8 | 6.4% |
>9 years | 11 | 20.0% | 25 | 20.0% |
Average number of days in the community a week | ||||
1 day a week | 8 | 6.4% | ||
2 days a week | 27 | 21.6% | ||
3 days a week | 11 | 8.8% | ||
4 days a week | 17 | 13.6% | ||
More than 5 days a week | 62 | 49.6% | ||
Use body measurement equipment frequency | ||||
Daily use | 18 | 14.4% | ||
Use 3 times a week | 16 | 12.8% | ||
Use once a week | 81 | 64.8% | ||
Use once a week | 10 | 8.0% | ||
Measured service experience | ||||
Less than 6 months | 4 | 7.3% | ||
6 months–1 year | 27 | 49.1% | ||
1–3 years | 20 | 36.4% | ||
3–5 years | 3 | 5.5% | ||
5 years | 1 | 1.8% |
Research Participants | Dimensions | Items | Factor Loading | Cronbach’s α | Composite Reliability (CR) | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volunteers | Information Quality | IQ1 | 0.879 | 0.840 | 0.904 | 0.758 | ||
IQ2 | 0.888 | |||||||
IQ3 | 0.843 | |||||||
System Quality | SQ1 | 0.818 | 0.850 | 0.899 | 0.689 | |||
SQ2 | 0.897 | |||||||
SQ3 | 0.812 | |||||||
SQ4 | 0.810 | |||||||
Use Satisfaction | US1 | 0.867 | 0.841 | 0.904 | 0.759 | |||
US2 | 0.848 | |||||||
US3 | 0.898 | |||||||
Participants of measurement service | Perceived Disease Threat | PDT1 | 0.854 | 0.891 | 0.924 | 0.753 | ||
PDT2 | 0.879 | |||||||
PDT3 | 0.875 | |||||||
PDT4 | 0.864 | |||||||
Subjective Norms | SN1 | 0.796 | 0.634 | 0.841 | 0.727 | |||
SN2 | 0.905 | |||||||
Behavioral Intention | BI1 | 0.935 | 0.947 | 0.966 | 0.904 | |||
BI2 | 0.967 | |||||||
BI3 | 0.950 | |||||||
Active Aging | Psychology | AA1 | 0.947 | 0.932 | 0.949 | 0.825 | ||
AA2 | 0929 | |||||||
AA3 | 0.857 | |||||||
AA4 | 0.897 | |||||||
Life | AA6 | 0.909 | 0.878 | 0.922 | 0.798 | |||
AA7 | 0927 | |||||||
AA8 | 0.841 | |||||||
Social Participation | AA16 | 0.921 | 0.932 | 0.949 | 0.825 | |||
AA17 | 0.825 | |||||||
AA18 | 0.930 | |||||||
AA19 | 0.793 | |||||||
Health | AA9 | 0.859 | 0.878 | 0.915 | 0.728 | |||
AA10 | 0.855 | |||||||
AA11 | 0.866 | |||||||
AA12 | 0.834 | |||||||
Economy | AA13 | 0.881 | 0.790 | 0.875 | 0.701 | |||
AA14 | 0.899 | |||||||
AA15 | 0.720 |
Volunteers | ||||||||
Dimensions | IQ | SQ | US | |||||
IQ | 0.870 | |||||||
SQ | 0.812 | 0.830 | ||||||
US | 0.779 | 0.812 | 0.871 | |||||
Participants of Measurement Service | ||||||||
Dimensions | AA Econ | AA Health | AA Phy | AA Social | AA life | BI | PDT | SN |
AA_Econ | 0.837 | |||||||
AA_Health | 0.765 | 0.853 | ||||||
AA_Phy | 0.767 | 0.814 | 0.908 | |||||
AA_Social | 0.684 | 0.803 | 0.728 | 0.869 | ||||
AA_life | 0.710 | 0.807 | 0.777 | 0.785 | 0.893 | |||
BI | 0.011 | 0.042 | 0.032 | 0.196 | 0.036 | 0.951 | ||
PDT | −0.260 | −0.295 | −0.292 | −0.232 | −0.310 | 0.103 | 0.868 | |
SN | −0.146 | −0.104 | −0.100 | −0.078 | −0.097 | 0.652 | 0.347 | 0.853 |
Encoding | Interview Code | Age | Education Level | Profession |
---|---|---|---|---|
Volunteer | A | 42 | University | Director General |
B | 61 | University | Volunteer | |
C | 67 | University | Chairman |
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Chi, W.-C.; Cheng, W.-C.; Chen, T.-H.; Lin, P.-J. Impact of Using the Intelligent Physical Health Measurement System on Active Aging: A Survey in Taiwan. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091142
Chi W-C, Cheng W-C, Chen T-H, Lin P-J. Impact of Using the Intelligent Physical Health Measurement System on Active Aging: A Survey in Taiwan. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091142
Chicago/Turabian StyleChi, Wen-Chou, Wei-Chen Cheng, Ting-Hung Chen, and Po-Jin Lin. 2021. "Impact of Using the Intelligent Physical Health Measurement System on Active Aging: A Survey in Taiwan" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091142