Next Article in Journal
Who Is the Most Vulnerable to Anxiety at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Outbreak in China? A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Survey
Next Article in Special Issue
The Development and Psychometric Properties of an Education Well-Being Scale among Elementary School Students
Previous Article in Journal
Engagement in Everyday Activities for Prevention of Stroke: Feasibility of an mHealth-Supported Program for People with TIA
Previous Article in Special Issue
Sedentary Behavior among 6–14-Year-Old Children during the COVID-19 Lockdown and Its Relation to Physical and Mental Health
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Recent Trends in Sedentary Time: A Systematic Literature Review

1
Library, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
2
Institute of Information Resource, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
3
Library, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Healthcare 2021, 9(8), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080969
Submission received: 29 June 2021 / Revised: 22 July 2021 / Accepted: 28 July 2021 / Published: 30 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child and Adolescent Health: Challenges and Perspectives)

Abstract

:
This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes the relevant literature on sedentary time research. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate the publications from 2010 to 2020 in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database. Derwent Data Analyzer software was used for the cleaning, mining, and visualization of the data. Historical trends of the topics, main contributors, leading countries, leading institutions, leading research areas, and journals were explored. A total of 3020 publications were studied. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia are the three most productive countries. The Australian institution Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute led the list of productive institutions, and Ekelund U published the most papers. Sedentary time raised the concerns of scholars from 106 research areas, and public health was the dominant field. Physical activity, accelerometer, children, and obesity were the most frequently used keywords. The findings suggest that sedentary time is rapidly emerging as a global issue that has detrimental effects on public health. The hotspots shifted in the past 10 years, and COVID-19 was the most popular topic of sedentary time research.

1. Introduction

Sedentary time is rapidly emerging as a global issue that has detrimental effects on public health [1]. Sedentary behavior is defined as any waking activity with very low (≤1.5 MET) energy expenditure [2]. It is typically characterized by time spent sitting or screening in various domains of life, including leisure [3,4], occupation [5,6], and transportation [7,8].
The first serious discussions and analyses of sedentary time emerged in the 1960s. A study published in 1965 sought to determine the relationship between the sedentary time and blood pressure of railroad employees aged 40 to 49 [9]. The effect of exercise on systolic time intervals in sedentary individuals and rehabilitated patients with heart disease was studied in 1971 [10]. The results of a study of the epidemiology of brain infarction associated with occlusive arterial disease showed that sedentary living may be a cause of atherosclerosis [11]. Over the past decades, scholars worldwide have employed epidemiological research methodologies or combinations of experimental designs [12,13], such as cross-sectional studies [14,15,16], longitudinal studies [17,18,19], cohort studies [20,21,22], intervention studies [23,24,25], and quasi-experimental studies [26,27,28], to develop population-based research. Accelerometer-based measurements or self-reported methods are widely used to assess the attribution of sedentary time and light or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and samples are taken across all ages (children, adolescents, adults, and old adults), genders, countries, and socioeconomic subgroups [29,30,31,32,33]. Previous research has identified that sedentary behavior and physical activity are determined by or correlated with individual socioeconomic status, the environment, and related health policies [34,35,36]. The relationship between a sedentary lifestyle; the amount, intensity, and frequency of physical activity and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, and all-cause mortality has been deeply researched and analyzed [37,38,39,40]. Excessive uninterrupted sedentary time is strongly associated with an increased risk of many chronic diseases [41,42,43,44,45]. It is well recognized that approaches to prevent such diseases and promote health benefits should seek to both increase regular physical activity and decrease sedentary behaviors [46].
Quite a few meta-analyses and systematic reviews of observational studies have previously examined the relationship between sedentary time and unfavorable health outcomes [47]. Researchers have reviewed studies on the pattern of sedentary behavior among older adults in care facilities [48], the effectiveness of physical activity and sedentary behavior interventions in reducing sedentary time in adults [49,50], the necessity of reducing occupational sedentary time among general practitioners and other occupations [51,52], and the effects of sedentary behavior interventions on biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk and asthma [53,54]. However, there is little information available in the literature that presents a distinct perspective by conducting bibliometric analysis to summarize the overall view of the sedentary time research field. Bibliometric analysis is widely used as a valid tool to quantitatively evaluate the distribution of active countries, institutions, authors, and collaborations, and find the hotspots and the research trends in various research areas such as chemistry [33], mechanical engineering [55,56], energy [57], optics [58], software engineering [59], medicine [60,61,62], health [63], economics [64,65], art [66], management [67], urban planning [68], social work [69], etc.
This paper aims to provide a general overview of the sedentary time research area organized as follows: (1) leading countries, institutions, authors, journals and research areas; (2) collaboration patterns between countries and institutions; and (3) research trends and hotspots. This will be accomplished by analyzing author keywords and highly cited papers.

2. Methodology and Data Source

Bibliometric analysis is a statistical evaluation of published papers and academic research. Different from systematic review papers, bibliometric methods can analyze massive papers, and show the overall picture of sedentary research from the perspective of the literature. The analysis was based on publications related to “sedentary time” published during the 2000–2020 period. The data were obtained through the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database in May 2021 using a retrieval query of “sedentary time”, searching the “topic” field, and defining the document type as “article and review”. There are some other related keywords in sedentary time research, but in the pre-investigation, we found that the core literature is within the scope of “sedentary time” retrieval, whereas there are quite a few irrelevant documents in the retrieval results of “sedentary behavior”, “sitting time”, “screen time”, and “sedentary lifestyle”. Finally, 3060 publications were collected from the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). After analysis of the yearly outputs, we found that the number of publications in the first 10 years was extremely small and unstable. Therefore, this study limits the scope of the research to 3020 studies published in 2010–2020. Other related publications may have been excluded as a result of the search restrictions mentioned above. We excluded some publications related to ecology, veterinary sciences, energy fuels, marine freshwater biology in the WOS research field. Papers originating from England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales were categorized under the United Kingdom. The impact factor (IF) for each journal was acquired from the 2019 Journal Citation Reports (JCR). The Derwent Data Analyzer (DDA10.0 build 27,330, Search Technology Inc., Norcross, GA, USA), a statistical analysis tool applied for data cleaning, data mining, and data visualization, was used to process and analyze the data extracted from the 3020 publications and form figures. All publications referring to sedentary time during 2010–2020 were assessed for the following bibliometric indicators: publication outputs, countries, international collaborations, institutions, research areas, journals, authors, most cited papers per year, and author keywords.
It is worth mentioning that some related papers may not be involved in the results. If there were no required words in the title, abstract, or keywords, some related papers could be ruled out. This issue may produce some deviations and certain limitations.

3. Results

From 2010 to 2020, 3020 publications were contributed by 120 countries/regions to the “sedentary time” research field. Of these 3020 publications, 88 were Essential Science Indicators (ESI) highly cited papers, and 3 were ESI hot papers. The growth trend of sedentary time research over time is presented in Figure 1. The yearly number of publications increased from 32 (2010) to 537 (2020). The total number of studies published on this topic has increased more than 15-fold. The results show that about three-quarters of the literature was published in the last five years (2016–2020), which indicates that sedentary time is an important risk factor impacting public health, resulting in widespread concern among scholars worldwide.

3.1. Contribution of Leading Countries/Regions

3.1.1. Number of Publications and Citation

The 3020 publications were from 87 countries/regions. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were the top three most productive countries/regions. The USA was the leader of this field and published 914 sedentary time research papers since 2010. This number was 30% of the total number of publications. The United Kingdom and Australia were also productive in sedentary time research. As shown in Figure 1, the yearly outputs of the three countries/regions grew rapidly between 2011 and 2020.
The number of publications and citations of the top 20 most productive countries/regions in terms of the number of publications related to sedentary time research can be found in Table 1. Of the 20 most productive countries/regions, 13 were from Europe, 3 were from the Americas, 2 were from Asia, and 2 were from Oceania.
The United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were the three most productive countries/regions, followed by Canada (391), Spain (245), the Netherlands (216), Norway (180), and Belgium (170). Other productive countries included China (153), Sweden (142), Portugal (122), Denmark (121), Brazil (115), Finland (111), and Germany (109). In terms of publishing influence, the United States led the list of total citations (TCs) with 21,980. Despite the high number of publications and citations from the United States, the average citations per publication (ACPP) was relatively low, at only 24.05. Canada led the ACPP rankings at 31.39, and China was in next-to-last place (13.81).

3.1.2. Cooperation of Countries/Regions

Publications were defined as internationally cooperative if the paper was coauthored by researchers from more than one country [70]. As shown in Table 1, of the top 20 countries’ publications, a large proportion were internationally cooperative, especially for Portugal (86.07%) and Belgium (84.71%). This demonstrated that sedentary time raised the concern of scholars worldwide who exchanged ideas with each other. In the 20 countries/regions, 13 European countries comprised a more significant share (over 60%) of papers with international co-authorship relationships. As for SP%, we also observed that the most productive country, the United States, was in next-to-last place (40.37%). The United States was the most active country that had partnerships with 63 countries, followed by the United Kingdom (60) and Spain (47).
The academic collaboration network of the 20 most productive countries/regions is shown in Figure 2. DDA software was used to draw the network diagram based on the co-occurrence matrix. The size of the circles is proportional to the degree of contribution each country. The lines among these circles represent the cooperation between countries/regions, and the thickness of the lines implies the total number of collaborative publications [71,72,73]. The 20 most productive countries/regions had intensive cooperation with the other countries/regions, especially the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, which were listed in the top four countries/regions.

3.2. Contribution of Leading Institutions

The top 20 most productive institutions in sedentary time research, along with their total numbers of publications, citations, and h-indexes, are listed in Table 2. Most of these institutions were from the top three productive countries/regions. Among the top 20 institutions, ten were from Australia; four were from the United Kingdom; and the United States, Belgium, Norway, Spain, the Netherlands, and Sweden each had one. The top three in the list were all Australian research institutions, with the top three h-indexes 47, 45, and 39, respectively. As for ACPP, Monash University located in Australia led the list with 61.39, Loughborough University ranked second with 59.44, and the University of Queensland from Australia was third with 58.58. It was clear that there were no institutions from developing countries. Comparing the research influences of the top 20 institutions that had a prominent role in developing and promoting the field, China, Brazil, and other developing countries still have a long way to go.
As shown in Figure 3, institutions from Australia, especially the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, the University of Queensland, Deakin University, the University of Melbourne, Australian Catholic University, Curtin University, the University of Western Australia, and Monash University, had a much closer collaborative network among the top 20 most productive institutions. In addition, cooperation among the University of Cambridge, the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ghent University, and Vrije University Amsterdam located in Europe was particularly frequent. This was possibly attributed to the convenience of their geographical locations, promoting the development of collaboration.

3.3. Contribution of Leading Research Areas

The research field shown in Table 3 is derived from the core collection of Web of Science, a discipline classification system. Every journal and book covered by Web of Science core collection is assigned to at least one of the subject categories. Every record in Web of Science core collection contains the subject category of its source publication in the Web of Science Categories field. (The WOS research field is detailed in http://images.webofknowledge.com/WOKRS535R102/help/WOS/hp_subject_category_terms_tasca.html, accessed date: 22 July 2021). Sedentary time was a multidisciplinary field covering 106 research areas, and the top 20 research areas ranked by the number of publications are illustrated in Table 3. “Public, Environmental & Occupational Health” dominated the research area listed with 842 papers, followed by “Sport Sciences” (526) and “Nutrition & Dietetics” (359). The results show that the top three research areas comprised nearly 60% of the total publications. The topic was closely related to public health issues; therefore, it was conceivable that most of the top 20 WoS research areas involved various subdisciplines of medicine, and some subjects corresponded to the research of diseases caused by sedentary behaviors, such as “Endocrinology & Metabolism”, contributing a share of 6.92%; “Pediatrics” (5.96%), “Geriatrics & Gerontology” (4.30%), “Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems” (3.11%), “Oncology” (2.68%), etc. As for ACPP, “Medicine, General & Internal”, “Physiology”, and “Endocrinology & Metabolism” led the list with 43.93, 36.13, and 34.55.
Figure 4 represents a map of sedentary time research. Using visual bubble charts, the development trend of this field is clearly presented in 3D. Note that the number on a bubble represents the number of publications. Researchers from “Public, Environmental & Occupational Health” were the core of sedentary time research. The number of relevant research results increased every year and led the table of yearly publications since 2010. Researchers from “Sport Sciences”, “Nutrition & Dietetics”, “Physiology”, and “Medicine, General & Internal” have long paid attention to topics related to sedentary time, but their output was unstable.
Researchers from “Endocrinology & Metabolism”, “Multidisciplinary Sciences”, “Environmental Sciences”, “Geriatrics & Gerontology”, and other areas became associated with this field later, but the number of published papers grew faster. “Environmental Sciences” entered the table of the top three most productive research areas in 2020. Several research areas, including “Clinical Neurology”, “Respiratory System”, “Psychology”, and others, had sustained output, but their growth was not significant.

3.4. Contribution of Leading Journals

Papers related to sedentary time were published in 612 journals. As listed in Table 4, the top 20 journals in terms of the number of publications produced 1385 publications, accounting for 45.86% of the total number of publications during 2010–2020. BMC Public Health took the leading position with 170 publications, followed by the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (163), PLoS ONE (156), International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (136), Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (128), and Journal of Physical Activity Health (122). The aforementioned six journals comprised 28.97% of the total publications, and the remaining journals had shares of produced papers of less than 2% each. As for total citations, papers from the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity were cited 7152 times in the past 10 years, followed by Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (4452) and PLoS ONE (4338). Regarding IF, the British Journal of Sports Medicine was first with 12.68, and the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (6.714) and Nutrients (4.546) were second and third, respectively.
It is also worth mentioning that open access publications dominated the study of sedentary time. Among the 612 journals, 581 were open access journals, accounting for 94.93%. Papers published in open access journals amounted to 1977, constituting 65.46% of the total 3020 papers. The top three journals in terms of the number of publications, BMC Public Health, the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, and PLoS ONE, are all OA journals.

3.5. Contribution of Leading Authors

Among the 11,249 authors who contributed to sedentary time research, 8195 authors published only one paper, and 9 authors published more than 50 papers. The top 20 most prolific authors based on the number of publications are presented in Table 5.
Ekelund U. led the table with a total of 99 publications; and Owen N. (88), Dunstan D.W. (84), Healy G.N. (64), and Brage S. (61) were ranked second, third, fourth, and fifth, respectively. As for the list of corresponding authors, Cardon G. (20), Hamer M. (15), and Sardinha L.B. (15) were the top three most productive researchers.
For the ACPP, Healy G.N. topped the list with 97.56, followed by Owen N. (87.48) and Dunstan D.W. (80.74). Owen N. achieved the highest h-index of 43, followed by Dunstan D.W. (38) and Healy G.N. (36). Given that the h-index and ACPP, as a reflection of a publication’s quality, can reveal the influence of an author in sedentary time research, it can be seen that Owen N., Dunstan D.W., and Healy G.N., with higher h-indexes and ACPPs, had more significant influences in the field [74].

3.6. Research Hotspots and Trends

3.6.1. An Analysis of Author Keywords

The author keywords provide critical information on the current research status and hotspots, and such keywords have been proven to play a key role in analyzing future development trends [75,76,77]. Overall, 3056 author keywords from 3020 papers were analyzed. It is crucial to mention that some publications that did not have author keywords may be excluded from statistical analysis. Among the author keywords, 2027 (66.33%) of the author keywords appeared only once, 429 (14.04%) were used twice and 165 (5.40%) were used three times.
The top 20 author keywords by year are shown in a bubble chart (Figure 5). Author keywords with similar meanings were classified as the same item after being cleaned up by DDA.
Except for the search keyword “sedentary time” and the derived keywords “sedentary behavior/lifestyle” and “sedentary/sitting time”, “physical activity/exercise” (1197, first) was the most frequently used term and showed rapid growth since 2012. It was followed by “accelerometer/accelerometry” (533, second), “children” (239, third), “obesity/adiposity” (224, fourth), “aging/elderly/old adults” (189, fifth), “adolescents” (149, sixth), “health” (100, seventh), and “epidemiology” (88, eighth).

3.6.2. An Analysis of Keyword Categories

The top 20 author keywords were chosen to show the relationship between topics (Figure 6). Each node represented a keyword. The data next to the keywords represented the total number of publications from this topic. The lines between the keywords show the co-occurrence of keywords.
As observed from the chart, we divided the top 20 author keywords into the following categories:
  • The measurements used to monitor sedentary time and the effective way to change the pattern of sedentary behavior: physical activity/exercise, intervention, and accelerometry. Accelerometers are commonly used as a device to assess sedentary time; engaging in regular physical activity is widely regarded as a valid measurement to prevent a range of health risk factors across all age, gender, ethnic and socioeconomic subgroups [41,78,79,80,81]. Some intervention studies aiming to increase physical activity or reduce sedentary time have also been conducted [82,83,84];
  • Populations across a wide age range: scholars mainly take samples of children [85,86,87], adolescents [1,81,88], youth [89,90,91], adults [92,93,94], and aging/elderly/older adults [95,96,97], or use different age groups to research sedentary time and patterns of sedentary behavior [98,99,100];
  • Related diseases: the majority of epidemiological evidence has adversely associated high levels of sedentary time and unhealthy sedentary lifestyle with an increased risk of chronic diseases, as listed in the keywords, including obesity/adiposity [92,101], type 2 diabetes [102,103], and cardiovascular disease [104];
  • Biomedical health indicators: body mass index (BMI) is used extensively to select sample ranges, limit sample conditions, and detect changes in sample populations before and after experimental studies [105,106].

3.6.3. An Analysis of the Most Cited Papers

Although the citation impacts of publications will be affected by means of variations [107], it is still a widely used measurement to evaluate scientific publications. The most cited publications in the sedentary time field by year during 2010–2020 are presented in Table 6. The most highly cited publication was “Too Much Sitting: The Population Health Science of Sedentary Behavior” [108] published in Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews in 2010. It was authored by Owen N. et al., and it led the list of total citations with 1214. In terms of TCY, “Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)—Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome” authored by Tremblay M.S. et al. [109] from Canada ranked first with 203.
Of the most cited publications, five papers had coauthors from institutions in more than one country. Four papers were from institutions in Canada and the United States. Researchers from the United Kingdom contributed to two papers. Institutions from Australia, Norway, New Zealand, Belgium, Brazil, Sweden, and the Netherlands also published highly cited papers. It is worth mentioning that the most cited papers for each year were published in top journals in the field of medicine and sports science, such as the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity [46], Diabetologia and Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise [110].
In 2010, Owen N. et al. published a paper showing that sitting time, TV time, and time sitting in automobiles increase premature mortality risk [108]. Following this direction, the relationship between sedentary behavior and health indicators was the hotspot of sedentary time studies during the following years; researchers studied sedentary behaviors and subsequent health outcomes in children, adolescents, and elderly individuals. Researchers have studied the relationship between sedentary behavior and health indicators in children and youth and found that decreasing any type of sedentary time is associated with a lower health risk [111]. Researchers have also examined the association of sedentary time with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality; investigated the influence of sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic disease and discovered that regular activity breaks are more effective at decreasing postprandial glycemia and insulinemia [112]; compared physical activity and sedentary time; and studied the effects of sex, age, education, and body mass index [110].
In 2015, Biswas A. et al. published their paper which quantified the association between sedentary time and hospitalizations, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer [47]. Since then, researchers have begun to pay attention to the quantitative analysis of sedentary time and have promoted research in this field. Warburton D.E.R. et al. mentioned that sedentary time is associated with independent health risks and that physical activity should be part of an integrated approach to enhance healthy lifestyle behaviors [43]. Tremblay M.S. et al. raised the importance of standardizing the Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) due to the need for clear, common and accepted terminology and definitions [109]. The dose–response relationship between sedentary behavior and all-cause behavior was a hotspot of sedentary time research during 2018–2019. Patterson R., Ekelund U. et al. estimated the strength and shape of the dose–response relationship between sedentary behavior and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality and incident type 2 diabetes [113], and measured the relationship between physical activity, sedentary time and all-cause mortality [114].
COVID-19 has impacted most people worldwide since 2020. Millions of individuals have been infected with the disease, and billions of individuals have been asked to stay home. Under this background, researchers began to consider COVID-19 as the greatest challenge in sedentary time research. Research by Huckins J.F. et al. analyzed the mental health and sedentary behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and have been cited 38 times [115].

4. Discussion

Eighty-seven countries/regions contributed 3020 papers to sedentary time research from 2010 to 2020, indicating that sedentary time is a global public health issue and attracting worldwide attention. In the past 10 years, the number of sedentary time research papers has increased by 15-fold. A group of researchers and journals focus on this field. The rapid increase in the number publications also revealed the necessity and urgency of sedentary time research.
Currently, increasingly more countries/regions have put efforts into the study of sedentary time. Western Europe, North America, and Oceania were the most active regions in terms of the number of publications. The top 20 countries in the list were all developed countries, except for China and Brazil. The possible reason is that developed countries with high levels of income pay more attention to public and individual health. This was further confirmed by the most active institutions and authors. The majority of the top 20 most productive institutions were from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Among the 11,249 authors who contributed to sedentary time research, none of the top 20 most productive authors were from China, Brazil, India, or other Asian, South American, and African countries.
The obvious change in the number on the bubble of the author keywords showed the trend of sedentary time research. Physical activity, accelerometers, children, and adiposity were core directions of sedentary time research which have concerned researchers for a long time. In recent years, the number of publications has maintained steady growth. The study of adolescents and old adults started later than that of children, and such papers began to appear after 2013. Currently, sedentary time research has formed the trend of synchronous development of research on children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. Additionally, related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease have also been the focus of sedentary time research in recent years.
An analysis of the highly cited papers by year can also conclude that the hotspots of sedentary time research have shifted many times in the past 10 years. Along with the shift of hotspots, significant progress has been made with the work of researchers. Quantitative analysis of sedentary time, including the standardization of sedentary behavior, has become the focus of research since 2015. Since 2020, billions of individuals have been asked to stay at home due to COVID-19, and COVID-19 has become a hotspot of sedentary time research. Stay-at-home orders bring sedentary lifestyles; the relationship among the physical activity, diet, and sedentary time of students, workers, and other groups was studied [116,117].
It is worth noting that sedentary time research involves a wide range of topics including TV time, sitting time, screen time, etc., which cross over with those of other research fields [118,119]. However, there are many differences between them. Sedentary time research is mainly from the public health perspective. Other research fields, such as exploring TV time, are based on theories and methods in market management [120], sociology [121], communication [122], and other disciplines.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we analyzed the sedentary time research literature published from 2010 to 2020 based on bibliometrics and the DDA software. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were the three most productive countries/regions. Three Australian institutions, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, the University of Queensland, and Deakin University, lead in the table of the most productive institutions. Regarding the subject field, sedentary time research has distinct multidisciplinary characteristics, especially for public health. The top 10 journals in terms of the number of publications, such as BMC Public Health, the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, and PLoS ONE, published 16.19% of the total sedentary time research papers. Ten researchers, represented by Ekelund U., Owen N., and David W.D., published more than 50 papers during the past 10 years.
Physical activity, accelerometer, children, and adiposity were the most frequently used words. In the past 10 years, sedentary time research has been conducted at various levels, with a series of discussions on the sedentary time of children, adolescents, adults, and elderly individuals. In recent years, researchers have sought to quantify the association between sedentary time and health indicators. Currently, COVID-19 is the most popular topic of sedentary time research.
This study can help potential scholars to better understand sedentary time research on a global scale, providing useful information for relevant scholars to further develop research in this field.

Author Contributions

All authors have agreed on the final version and met at least one of the following criteria. Writing—original draft preparation, H.F. and Y.J.; data collection, H.F., Y.W. (Yanqi Wu) and Y.J.; data analysis, H.F., Y.J. and J.C.; visualization, H.F., J.C. and Y.W. (Yanqi Wu); methodology, Y.W. (Yuehua Wan); writing—review and editing, Y.W. (Yuehua Wan). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable; the study did not involve humans or animals.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable; the study did not involve humans.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Maher, C.A.; Williams, M.; Olds, T.; Lane, A. Physical and sedentary activity in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2007, 49, 450–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Owen, N.; Bauman, A.; Brown, W.J. Too much sitting: A novel and important predictor of chronic disease risk? Br. J. Sports Med. 2008, 43, 81–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Yin, X.; Chen, M.; He, R.; Wu, S.; Xia, H.; Xie, F.; Wang, H. Association of leisure sedentary time with common chronic disease risk factors: A longitudinal study of China Health and Nutrition Surveys. Int. J. Health Plan. Manag. 2021, 36, 100–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Chappel, S.E.; Aisbett, B.; Considine, J.; Ridgers, N.D. Bidirectional associations between emergency nurses’ occupational and leisure physical activity: An observational study. J. Sports Sci. 2021, 39, 705–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Prince, S.A.; Roberts, K.C.; Melvin, A.; Butler, G.P.; Thompson, W. Gender and education differences in sedentary behaviour in Canada: An analysis of national cross-sectional surveys. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Rockette-Wagner, B.; Miller, R.G.; Eaglehouse, Y.L.; Arena, V.C.; Kramer, M.K.; Kriska, A.M. Leisure Sedentary Behavior Levels and Meeting Program Goals in a Community Lifestyle Intervention for Diabetes Prevention. J. Phys. Act. Health 2021, 18, 44–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Chau, J.Y.; van der Ploeg, H.; van Uffelen, J.; Wong, J.; Riphagen, I.; Healy, G.; Gilson, N.; Dunstan, D.; Bauman, A.E.; Owen, N.; et al. Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review. Prev. Med. 2010, 51, 352–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Alfonsin, N.; McLeod, V.; Loder, A.; Di Pietro, L. Evaluating a buildings’ impact on active transportation: An interdisciplinary approach. Build. Environ. 2019, 163, 106322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Taylor, H.L.; Parlin, R.W.; BlackburHw Puchner, T.C.; Keys, A.B. Blood Pressure Relative Body Weight and Height in Sedentary and Physically Active Railroad Employees at Time of Employment and at Ages 40 to 49. Circulation 1965, 32, 33. [Google Scholar]
  10. Whitsett, T.L.; Naughton, J. The effect of exercise on systolic time intervals in sedentary and active individuals and rehabilitated patients with heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 1971, 27, 352–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Kannel, W.B. Current Status of the Epidemiology of Brain Infarction Associated with Occlusive Arterial Disease. Stroke 1971, 2, 295–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Cooper, A.R.; Sebire, S.; Montgomery, A.; Peters, T.; Sharp, D.; Jackson, N.; Fitzsimons, K.; Dayan, C.; Andrews, R. Sedentary time, breaks in sedentary time and metabolic variables in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012, 55, 589–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Tieges, Z.; Mead, G.; Allerhand, M.; Duncan, F.; van Wijck, F.; Fitzsimons, C.; Greig, C.; Chastin, S. Sedentary Behavior in the First Year After Stroke: A Longitudinal Cohort Study With Objective Measures. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2015, 96, 15–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Thorp, A.A.; Healy, G.N.; Winkler, E.; Clark, B.K.; Gardiner, P.A.; Owen, N.; Dunstan, D.W. Prolonged sedentary time and physical activity in workplace and non-work contexts: A cross-sectional study of office, customer service and call centre employees. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2012, 9, 128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Kim, J.; Tanabe, K.; Yokoyama, N.; Zempo, H.; Kuno, S. Objectively measured light-intensity lifestyle activity and sedentary time are independently associated with metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study of Japanese adults. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2013, 10, 30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Fanning, J.; Porter, G.; Awick, E.A.; Ehlers, D.K.; Roberts, S.A.; Cooke, G.; Burzynska, A.Z.; Voss, M.W.; Kramer, A.F.; Mcauley, E. Replacing sedentary time with sleep, light, or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: Effects on self-regulation and executive functioning. J. Behav. Med. 2017, 40, 332–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Aires, L.; Andersen, L.; Mendonça, D.; Martins, C.; Silva, G.; Mota, J. A 3-year longitudinal analysis of changes in fitness, physical activity, fatness and screen time. Acta Paediatr. 2009, 99, 140–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Hagströmer, M.; Kwak, L.; Oja, P.; Sjöström, M. A 6 year longitudinal study of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time in Swedish adults. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2015, 18, 553–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Van Dyck, D.; Cardon, G.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I. Longitudinal changes in physical activity and sedentary time in adults around retirement age: What is the moderating role of retirement status, gender and educational level? BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  20. Griffiths, L.J.; Cortina-Borja, M.; Sera, F.; Pouliou, T.; Geraci, M.; Rich, C.; Cole, T.; Law, C.; Joshi, H.; Ness, A.; et al. How active are our children? Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. BMJ Open 2013, 3, e002893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Katzmarzyk, P. Standing and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of Canadian Adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2014, 46, 940–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  22. Diaz, K.M.; Howard, V.J.; Hutto, B.; Colabianchi, N.; Vena, J.E.; Safford, M.M.; Blair, S.N.; Hooker, S.P. Patterns of Sedentary Behavior and Mortality in US Middle-Aged and Older Adults A National Cohort Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 2017, 167, 465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Gao, Y.; Nevala, N.; Cronin, N.J.; Finni, T. Effects of environmental intervention on sedentary time, musculoskeletal comfort and work ability in office workers. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2016, 16, 747–754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Fairclough, S.J.; Hackett, A.F.; Davies, I.G.; Gobbi, R.; Mackintosh, K.A.; Warburton, G.L.; Stratton, G.; van Sluijs, E.M.F.; Boddy, L.M. Promoting healthy weight in primary school children through physical activity and nutrition education: A pragmatic evaluation of the CHANGE! randomised intervention study. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Catenacci, V.; Barrett, C.; Odgen, L.; Browning, R.; Schaefer, C.A.; Hill, J.; Wyatt, H. Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in a Randomized Trial of an Internet-Based Versus Workbook-Based Family Intervention Study. J. Phys. Act. Health 2014, 11, 348–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  26. Finch, M.; Wolfenden, L.; Falkiner, M.; Edenden, D.; Pond, N.; Hardy, L.L.; Milat, A.J.; Wiggers, J. Impact of a population based intervention to increase the adoption of multiple physical activity practices in centre based childcare services: A quasi experimental, effectiveness study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2012, 9, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  27. Cradock, A.L.; Barrett, J.; Carter, J.; McHugh, A.; Sproul, J.; Russo, E.T.; Dao-Tran, P.; Gortmaker, S.L. Impact of the Boston Active School Day Policy to Promote Physical Activity among Children. Am. J. Health Promot. 2014, 28, S54–S64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Haapala, H.L.; Hirvensalo, M.H.; Kulmala, J.; Hakonen, H.; Kankaanpaa, A.; Laine, K.; Laakso, L.; Tammelin, T.H. Changes in physical activity and sedentary time in the Finnish Schools on the Move program: A quasi-experimental study. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2017, 27, 1442–1453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  29. Buman, M.P.; Hekler, E.B.; Haskell, W.L.; Pruitt, L.; Conway, T.L.; Cain, K.L.; Sallis, J.F.; Saelens, B.E.; Frank, L.D.; King, A.C. Objective Light-Intensity Physical Activity Associations With Rated Health in Older Adults. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 172, 1155–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Healy, G.N.; Clark, B.K.; Winkler, E.A.H.; Gardiner, P.A.; Brown, W.J.; Matthews, C.E. Measurement of Adults’ Sedentary Time in Population-Based Studies. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 41, 216–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Tandon, P.S.; Zhou, C.; Sallis, J.F.; Cain, K.L.; Frank, L.D.; Saelens, B.E. Home environment relationships with children’s physical activity, sedentary time, and screen time by socioeconomic status. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2012, 9, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  32. Verloigne, M.; Van Lippevelde, W.; Maes, L.; Yildirim, M.; Chinapaw, M.; Manios, Y.; Androutsos, O.; Kovacs, E.; Bringolf-Isler, B.; Brug, J.; et al. Levels of physical activity and sedentary time among 10- to 12-year-old boys and girls across 5 European countries using accelerometers: An observational study within the ENERGY-project. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2012, 9, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Tudor-Locke, C.; Brashear, M.M.; Johnson, W.D.; Katzmarzyk, P.T. Accelerometer profiles of physical activity and inactivity in normal weight, overweight, and obese U.S. men and women. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2010, 7, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  34. O’donoghue, G.; Perchoux, C.; Mensah, K.; Lakerveld, J.; Van Der Ploeg, H.; Bernaards, C.; Chastin, S.F.M.; Simon, C.; O’gorman, D.; Nazare, J.A. A systematic review of correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults aged 18–65 years: A socio-ecological approach. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. Spurrier, N.J.; Magarey, A.A.; Golley, R.; Curnow, F.; Sawyer, M.G. Relationships between the home environment and physical activity and dietary patterns of preschool children: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2008, 5, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Veitch, J.; Timperio, A.; Crawford, D.; Abbott, G.; Giles-Corti, B.; Salmon, J. Is the Neighbourhood Environment Associated with Sedentary Behaviour Outside of School Hours Among Children? Ann. Behav. Med. 2011, 41, 333–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Bankoski, A.; Harris, T.B.; McClain, J.J.; Brychta, R.J.; Caserotti, P.; Chen, K.Y.; Berrigan, D.; Troiano, R.P.; Koster, A. Sedentary Activity Associated With Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Physical Activity. Diabetes Care 2011, 34, 497–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Henson, J.; Yates, T.; Biddle, S.; Edwardson, C.L.; Khunti, K.; Wilmot, E.G.; Gray, L.; Gorely, T.; Nimmo, M.; Davies, M. Associations of objectively measured sedentary behaviour and physical activity with markers of cardiometabolic health. Diabetologia 2013, 56, 1012–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Schram, M.T.; Sep, S.J.S.; van der Kallen, C.J.; Dagnelie, P.C.; Koster, A.; Schaper, N.; Henry, R.M.A.; Stehouwer, C.D.A. The Maastricht Study: An extensive phenotyping study on determinants of type 2 diabetes, its complications and its comorbidities. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 29, 439–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Stamatakis, E.; Rogers, K.; Ding, D.; Berrigan, D.; Chau, J.; Hamer, M.; Bauman, A. All-cause mortality effects of replacing sedentary time with physical activity and sleeping using an isotemporal substitution model: A prospective study of 201,129 mid-aged and older adults. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2015, 12, 121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  41. WHO. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. [Google Scholar]
  42. De Rezende, L.F.M.; Rey-Lopez, J.P.; Matsudo, V.K.R.; Luiz, O.D. Sedentary behavior and health outcomes among older adults: A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  43. Warburton, D.E.; Bredin, S.S. Reflections on Physical Activity and Health: What Should We Recommend? Can. J. Cardiol. 2016, 32, 495–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  44. Wilmot, E.G.; Edwardson, C.L.; Achana, F.A.; Davies, M.J.; Gorely, T.; Gray, L.J.; Khunti, K.; Yates, T.; Biddle, S.J.H. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2012, 56, 2895–2905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Hamilton, M.T.; Hamilton, D.G.; Zderic, T.W. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 2007, 56, 2655–2667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  46. Carson, V.; Hunter, S.; Kuzik, N.; Gray, C.E.; Poitras, V.J.; Chaput, J.P.; Saunders, T.J.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Okely, A.D.; Gorber, S.C.; et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: An update. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, S240–S265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Biswas, A.; Oh, P.I.; Faulkner, G.E.; Bajaj, R.R.; Silver, M.A.; Mitchell, M.S.; Alter, D.A. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2015, 162, 123–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Leung, K.C.W.; Sum, K.W.R.; Yang, Y.J. Patterns of Sedentary Behavior among Older Adults in Care Facilities: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Prince, S.A.; Saunders, T.J.; Gresty, K.; Reid, R.D. A comparison of the effectiveness of physical activity and sedentary behaviour interventions in reducing sedentary time in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Obes. Rev. 2014, 15, 905–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  50. Peter, A. Interventions with potential to reduce sedentary time in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Orvosi Hetil. 2016, 157, 758–759. [Google Scholar]
  51. Neuhaus, M.; Eakin, E.G.; Straker, L.; Owen, N.; Dunstan, D.W.; Reid, N.; Healy, G.N. Reducing occupational sedentary time: A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence on activity-permissive workstations. Obes. Rev. 2014, 15, 822–838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Mayne, R.S.; Hart, N.D.; Heron, N. Sedentary behaviour among general practitioners: A systematic review. BMC Fam. Pr. 2021, 22, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Mackintosh, K.A.; McNarry, M.A.; Berntsen, S.; Steele, J.; Sejersted, E.; Westergren, T. Physical activity and sedentary time in children and adolescents with asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2021, 31, 1183–1195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Hadgraft, N.T.; Winkler, E.; Climie, R.E.; Grace, M.S.; Romero, L.; Owen, N.; Dunstan, D.; Healy, G.; Dempsey, P.C. Effects of sedentary behaviour interventions on biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in adults: Systematic review with meta-analyses. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021, 55, 144–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  55. Li, L.; Wan, Y.; Lu, J.; Fang, H.; Yin, Z.; Wang, T.; Wang, R.; Fan, X.; Zhao, L.; Tan, D. Lattice Boltzmann Method for Fluid-Thermal Systems: Status, Hotspots, Trends and Outlook. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 27649–27675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Chen, G.; Ju, B.; Fang, H.; Chen, Y.; Yu, N.; Wan, Y. Air bearing: Academic insights and trend analysis. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2019, 106, 1191–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Liu, T.; Hu, H.; Ding, X.; Yuan, H.; Jin, C.; Nai, J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wan, Y.; Tao, X. 12 years roadmap of the sulfur cathode for lithium sulfur batteries (2009–2020). Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 30, 346–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Chen, Y.; Cheng, Z.; Wang, C.; Chen, Y.; Li, S.; Wan, Y.; Jin, Q. A bibliometric analysis for the research on laser processing based on Web of Science. J. Laser Appl. 2020, 32, 022001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Garousi, V.; Fernandes, J.M. Highly-cited papers in software engineering: The top-100. Inf. Softw. Technol. 2016, 71, 108–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Chen, H.-Q.; Wan, Y.; Jiang, S.; Cheng, Y. Alzheimer’s disease research in the future: Bibliometric analysis of cholinesterase inhibitors from 1993 to 2012. Science 2013, 98, 1865–1877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. He, L.; Fang, H.; Chen, C.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Ge, H.; Wang, L.; Wan, Y.; He, H. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Academic insights and perspectives through bibliometric analysis. Medicine 2020, 99, e19760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. He, L.; Fang, H.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Ge, H.; Li, C.; Chen, C.; Wan, Y.; He, H. The 100 most-cited articles in urological surgery: A bibliometric analysis. Int. J. Surg. 2020, 75, 74–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Ding, Y.; Chen, D.W.; Ding, X.F.; Wang, G.; Wan, Y.H.; Shen, Q. A bibliometric analysis of income and cardiovascular disease Status, Hotspots, Trends and Outlook. Medicine 2020, 99, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Cheng, M. Sharing economy: A review and agenda for future research. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2016, 57, 60–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Linnenluecke, M.K.; Chen, X.Y.; Ling, X.; Smith, T.; Zhu, Y.S. Emerging trends in Asia-Pacific finance research: A review of recent influential publications and a research agenda. Pac.-Basin Financ. J. 2016, 36, 66–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  66. Ferreira, F.A. Mapping the field of arts-based management: Bibliographic coupling and co-citation analyses. J. Bus. Res. 2018, 85, 348–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Wang, C.; Wu, R.; Deng, L.; Chen, Y.; Li, Y.; Wan, Y. A Bibliometric Analysis on No-Show Research: Status, Hotspots, Trends and Outlook. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Liao, P.; Wan, Y.; Tang, P.; Wu, C.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, S. Applying crowdsourcing techniques in urban planning: A bibliometric analysis of research and practice prospects. Cities 2019, 94, 33–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Wu, Y.; Chen, J.; Fang, H.; Wan, Y. Intimate Partner Violence: A Bibliometric Review of Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Yao, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, Y. A bibliometric review of nitrogen research in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs. J. Environ. Sci. 2018, 66, 274–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Mao, G.; Shi, T.; Zhang, S.; Crittenden, J.; Guo, S.; Du, H. Bibliometric analysis of insights into soil remediation. J. Soils Sediments 2018, 18, 2520–2534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Guo, Y.; Zhou, X.; Porter, A.L.; Robinson, D.K.R. Tech mining to generate indicators of future national technological competitiveness: Nano-Enhanced Drug Delivery (NEDD) in the US and China. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2015, 97, 168–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  73. Zhang, Y.; Porter, A.; Hu, Z.; Guo, Y.; Newman, N.C. “Term clumping” for technical intelligence: A case study on dye-sensitized solar cells. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2014, 85, 26–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Prathap, G. Is there a place for a mock h-index? Science 2009, 84, 153–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Garfield, E. Citation Indexing for Studying Science. Nature 1970, 227, 669–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Yao, Q.; Chen, J.; Lyu, P.-H.; Zhang, S.-J.; Ma, F.-C.; Fang, J.-G. Knowledge map of artemisinin research in SCI and Medline database. J. Vector Borne Dis. 2012, 49, 205–216. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  77. Li, L.-L.; Ding, G.; Feng, N.; Wang, M.-H.; Ho, Y.-S. Global stem cell research trend: Bibliometric analysis as a tool for mapping of trends from 1991 to 2006. Science 2009, 80, 39–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Janssen, I.; LeBlanc, A.G. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2010, 7, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  79. Paterson, D.H.; Warburton, D.E.R. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: A systematic review related to Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2010, 7, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  80. Warburton, D.E.R.; Charlesworth, S.; Ivey, A.; Nettlefold, L.; Bredin, S.S.D. A systematic review of the evidence for Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2010, 7, 220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  81. Ruiz, J.R.; Ortega, F.B.; Martinez-Gomez, D.; Labayen, I.; Moreno, L.A.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Manios, Y.; Gonzalez-Gross, M.; Mauro, B.; Molnar, D.; et al. Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in European Adolescents The HELENA Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 174, 173–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  82. Opdenacker, J.; Boen, F. Effectiveness of Face-to-Face Versus Telephone Support in Increasing Physical Activity and Mental Health Among University Employees. J. Phys. Act. Health 2008, 5, 830–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  83. Gilson, N.D.; Puig-Ribera, A.; McKenna, J.; Brown, W.J.; Burton, N.W.; Cooke, C.B. Do walking strategies to increase physical activity reduce reported sitting in workplaces: A randomized control trial. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2009, 6, 43–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  84. Schneider, M.; Dunton, G.F.; Cooper, D.M. Physical activity and physical self-concept among sedentary adolescent females: An intervention study. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2008, 9, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  85. Thompson, A.L.; Adair, L.S.; Bentley, M.E. Maternal Characteristics and Perception of Temperament Associated With Infant TV Exposure. Pediatrics 2013, 131, e390–e397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  86. Granich, J.; Rosenberg, M.; Knuiman, M.; Timperio, A. Individual, Social, and Physical Environment Factors Associated With Electronic Media Use Among Children: Sedentary Behavior at Home. J. Phys. Act. Health 2011, 8, 613–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  87. Vissers, P.A.J.; Jones, A.P.; Corder, K.; Jennings, A.; Van Sluijs, E.M.F.; Welch, A.; Cassidy, A.; Griffin, S. Breakfast consumption and daily physical activity in 9–10-year-old British children. Public Health Nutr. 2013, 16, 1281–1290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  88. Carson, V.; Ridgers, N.; Howard, B.J.; Winkler, E.A.H.; Healy, G.; Owen, N.; Dunstan, D.; Salmon, J. Light-Intensity Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in US Adolescents. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e71417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  89. Pate, R.R.; Mitchell, J.; Byun, W.; Dowda, M. Sedentary behaviour in youth. Br. J. Sports Med. 2011, 45, 906–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Cooper, A.R.; Goodman, A.; Page, A.S.; Sherar, L.B.; Esliger, D.W.; Van Sluijs, E.M.F.; Andersen, L.B.; Anderssen, S.; Cardon, G.; Davey, R.; et al. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: The International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD). Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2015, 12, 113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  91. Nilsson, A.; Andersen, L.B.; Ommundsen, Y.; Froberg, K.; Sardinha, L.B.; Piehl-Aulin, K.; Ekelund, U. Correlates of objectively assessed physical activity and sedentary time in children: A cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study). BMC Public Health 2009, 9, 322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  92. Ekelund, U.; Brage, S.; Besson, H.; Sharp, S.; Wareham, N.J. Time spent being sedentary and weight gain in healthy adults: Reverse or bidirectional causality? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 88, 612–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  93. Besson, H.; Brage, S.; Jakes, R.W.; Ekelund, U.; Wareham, N.J. Estimating physical activity energy expenditure, sedentary time, and physical activity intensity by self-report in adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 91, 106–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  94. Sugiyama, T.; Salmon, J.; Dunstan, D.W.; Bauman, A.E.; Owen, N. Neighborhood walkability and TV viewing time among Australi-an adults. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2007, 33, 444–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  95. Copeland, J.L.; Esliger, D.W. Accelerometer Assessment of Physical Activity in Active, Healthy Older Adults. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2009, 17, 17–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  96. Gardiner, P.A.; Eakin, E.; Healy, G.; Owen, N. Feasibility of Reducing Older Adults’ Sedentary Time. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 41, 174–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  97. Gennuso, K.P.; Gangnon, R.E.; Matthews, C.E.; Thraen-Borowski, K.M.; Colbert, L.H. Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Markers of Health in Older Adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2013, 45, 1493–1500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  98. Sisson, S.B.; Church, T.S.; Martin, C.K.; Tudor-Locke, C.; Smith, S.R.; Bouchard, C.; Earnest, C.P.; Rankinen, T.; Newton, R.L.; Katzmarzyk, P.T. Profiles of sedentary behavior in children and adolescents: The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2006. Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. 2009, 4, 353–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  99. Colley, R.C.; Garriguet, D.; Janssen, I.; Wong, S.L.; Saunders, T.J.; Carson, V.; Tremblay, M.S. The association between accelerometer-measured patterns of sedentary time and health risk in children and youth: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  100. Ortega, F.B.; Konstabel, K.; Pasquali, E.; Ruiz, J.R.; Hurtig-Wennlof, A.; Maestu, J.; Lof, M.; Harro, J.; Bellocco, R.; Labayen, I.; et al. Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time during Childhood, Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Cohort Study. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e60871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  101. Steele, R.M.; Van Sluijs, E.M.; Cassidy, A.; Griffin, S.J.; Ekelund, U. Targeting sedentary time or moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity: Independent relations with adiposity in a population-based sample of 10-y-old British children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90, 1185–1192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  102. Ekelund, U.; Brage, S.; Griffin, S.J.; Wareham, N.J.; The ProActive UK Research Group. Objectively Measured Moderate- and Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity but Not Sedentary Time Predicts Insulin Resistance in High-Risk Individuals. Diabetes Care 2009, 32, 1081–1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  103. Dempsey, P.C.; Larsen, R.N.; Sethi, P.; Sacre, J.W.; Straznicky, N.E.; Cohen, N.D.; Cerin, E.; Lambert, G.W.; Owen, N.; Kingwell, B.A.; et al. Benefits for Type 2 Diabetes of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting With Brief Bouts of Light Walking or Simple Resistance Activities. Diabetes Care 2016, 39, 964–972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  104. Glazer, N.L.; Lyass, A.; Esliger, D.; Blease, S.J.; Freedson, P.S.; Massaro, J.; Murabito, J.; Vasan, R.S. Sustained and Shorter Bouts of Physical Activity Are Related to Cardiovascular Health. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2013, 45, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  105. Garner, J.; Carley, S.; Porter, A.L.; Newman, N.C. Technological Emergence Indicators Using Emergence Scoring. In Proceedings of the 2017 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), Portland, OR, USA, 9–13 July 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  106. Ekelund, U.; Kolle, E.; Steene-Johannessen, J.; Dalene, K.E.; Nilsen, A.K.O.; Anderssen, S.A.; Hansen, B.H. Objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity and associations with body weight gain: Does body weight determine a decline in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity? Int. J. Obes. 2017, 41, 1769–1774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  107. Pearson, N.; Biddle, S. Sedentary Behavior and Dietary Intake in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: A Systematic Review. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 41, 178–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  108. Owen, N.; Healy, G.N.; Matthews, C.E.; Dunstan, D.W. Too Much Sitting: The Population Health Science of Sedentary Behavior. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2010, 38, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  109. Tremblay, M.S.; Aubert, S.; Barnes, J.D.; Saunders, T.J.; Carson, V.; Latimer-Cheung, A.E.; Chastin, S.F.M.; Altenburg, T.M.; Chinapaw, M.J.M.; Sbrn Terminology Consensus Project Participants. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)—Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  110. Dyrstad, S.M.; Hansen, B.H.; Holme, I.M.; Anderssen, S.A. Comparison of Self-reported versus Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2014, 46, 99–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  111. Tremblay, M.S.; LeBlanc, A.G.; Kho, M.E.; Saunders, T.J.; Larouche, R.; Colley, R.C.; Goldfield, G.; Gorber, S.C. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  112. Peddie, M.C.; Bone, J.L.; Rehrer, N.J.; Skeaff, C.M.; Gray, A.; Perry, T.L. Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normalweight adults: A randomized crossover trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 98, 358–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  113. Patterson, R.; McNamara, E.; Tainio, M.; de Sa, T.H.; Smith, A.D.; Sharp, S.J.; Edwards, P.; Woodcock, J.; Brage, S.; Wijndaele, K. Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2018, 33, 811–829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  114. Ekelund, U.; Tarp, J.; Steene-Johannessen, J.; Hansen, B.H.; Jefferis, B.; Fagerland, M.W.; Whincup, P.; Diaz, K.M.; Hooker, S.P.; Chernofsky, A.; et al. Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: Systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ Br. Med. J. 2019, 366, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  115. Huckins, J.F.; Dasilva, A.W.; Wang, W.; Hedlund, E.; Rogers, C.; Nepal, S.K.; Wu, J.; Obuchi, M.; I Murphy, E.; Meyer, M.L.; et al. Mental Health and Behavior of College Students During the Early Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Smartphone and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e20185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  116. Deschasaux-Tanguy, M.; Druesne-Pecollo, N.; Esseddik, Y.; de Edelenyi, F.S.; Alles, B.; Andreeva, V.A.; Baudry, J.; Charreire, H.; Des-champs, V.; Egnell, M.; et al. Diet and physical activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown (March-May 2020): Results from the French NutriNet-Sante cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2021, 113, 924–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  117. Castaneda-Babarro, A.; Arbillaga-Etxarri, A.; Gutierrez-Santamaria, B.; Coca, A. Physical Activity Change during COVID-19 Confinement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  118. Bejarano, C.M.; Carlson, J.A.; Conway, T.L.; Saelens, B.E.; Glanz, K.; Couch, S.C.; Cain, K.L.; Sallis, J.F. Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Diet as Mediators of the Association Between TV Time and BMI in Youth. Am. J. Health Promot. 2021, 35, 613–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  119. Van Roekel, E.H.; Dugue, P.A.; Jung, C.H.; Joo, J.E.; Makalic, E.; Wong, E.M.; English, D.R.; Southey, M.C.; Giles, G.G.; Lynch, B.M.; et al. Physical Activity, Television Viewing Time, and DNA Methylation in Peripheral Blood. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2019, 51, 490–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  120. Hoeck, L.; Spann, M. The effects of first and second screen marketing on TV viewing activity. J. Media Econ. 2021, 32, 82–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  121. Sumimoto, Y.; Yanagita, M.; Miyamatsu, N.; Okuda, N.; Nishi, N.; Nakamura, Y.; Nakamura, K.; Miyagawa, N.; Miyachi, M.; Kadota, A.; et al. Association between socioeconomic status and prolonged television viewing time in a general Japanese population: NIPPON DATA2010. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2021, 26, 57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  122. Song, L.; Shi, Y.; Tso, G.K.F. Commercial audience retention of television programs: Measurement and prediction. Int. J. Advert. 2021, 1–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1. Trends in the number of published articles related to sedentary time by year.
Figure 1. Trends in the number of published articles related to sedentary time by year.
Healthcare 09 00969 g001
Figure 2. Collaboration matrix map among the top 20 productive countries/regions.
Figure 2. Collaboration matrix map among the top 20 productive countries/regions.
Healthcare 09 00969 g002
Figure 3. Collaboration matrix map among the top 20 productive institutions.
Figure 3. Collaboration matrix map among the top 20 productive institutions.
Healthcare 09 00969 g003
Figure 4. Bubble chart of top 20 sedentary time research areas.
Figure 4. Bubble chart of top 20 sedentary time research areas.
Healthcare 09 00969 g004
Figure 5. Bubble chart of the top 20 author keywords by year.
Figure 5. Bubble chart of the top 20 author keywords by year.
Healthcare 09 00969 g005
Figure 6. DDA cluster map of the top 20 author keywords.
Figure 6. DDA cluster map of the top 20 author keywords.
Healthcare 09 00969 g006
Table 1. The top 20 most productive countries/regions in the sedentary time field.
Table 1. The top 20 most productive countries/regions in the sedentary time field.
RankCountry/RegionTPTCACPPSP (%)nCCH-Index
1USA91421,98024.0540.376363
2UK70219,64927.9966.676064
3Australia65719,41329.5571.234466
4Canada39112,27431.3949.873651
5Spain245385815.7572.654732
6Netherlands216594927.5465.283638
7Norway180527929.3373.894037
8Belgium170460927.1184.714235
9China153211313.8160.133725
10Sweden142412529.0566.903132
11Portugal122253020.7486.074128
12Denmark121235519.4681.823825
13Brazil115213518.5778.264221
14Finland111182716.4671.174023
15Germany109160714.7468.814120
16Japan847639.0835.712215
17Ireland69124718.0778.262718
18France64141522.1181.253019
19Italy58116420.0781.033318
20New Zealand56106919.0978.572318
TP, total papers; TC, total citations; ACPP, average citations per publication; SP, share of publications; nCC, number of cooperative countries.
Table 2. The top 20 most productive institutions in the sedentary time field during 2010–2020.
Table 2. The top 20 most productive institutions in the sedentary time field during 2010–2020.
RankInstitutionTPTCACPPh-IndexCountry/Region
1Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Inst.165932856.5347Australia
2Univ. Queensland154902158.5845Australia
3Deakin Univ.138549439.8139Australia
4Univ. Ghent125397031.7634Belgium
5Norwegian Sch. Sport Science122427935.0731Norway
6Univ. Cambridge116288324.8528UK
7Vrije Univ. Amsterdam97336534.6930Netherlands
8Univ. Melbourne88269530.6329Australia
9Univ. Granada85169519.9420Spain
10Australian Catholic Univ.84160319.0822Australia
11Curtin Univ.82192223.4421Australia
12Univ. Bristol82245530.3123Australia
13Univ. Calif San Diego81150518.5822USA
14Univ. Western Australia81295136.4331Australia
15Univ. Sydney80216427.0526Australia
16Univ. Leicester76288437.9522UK
17Loughborough Univ.74433959.4426UK
18UCL73218229.8927UK
19Karolinska Inst.71222031.2724Sweden
20Monash Univ.71435961.3935Australia
TP, total papers; TC, total citations; ACPP, average citations per publication.
Table 3. Contribution of the top 20 research areas in the sedentary time field.
Table 3. Contribution of the top 20 research areas in the sedentary time field.
RankWOS Research AreaTPTPR%TCACPP
1Public, Environmental & Occupational Health84227.8816,72919.87
2Sport Sciences52617.4212,13923.08
3Nutrition and Dietetics35911.8910,87630.30
4Physiology2779.1710,00836.13
5Medicine, General & Internal2307.6210,06043.93
6Endocrinology and Metabolism2096.92718734.55
7Multidisciplinary Sciences1815.99459825.40
8Pediatrics1805.96230312.79
9Environmental Sciences1444.778676.02
10Geriatrics and Gerontology1304.30164312.64
11Rehabilitation1113.68148413.37
12Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems943.11264028.09
13Health Care Sciences and Services822.72130815.95
14Oncology812.68145017.90
15Gerontology692.2879511.52
16Clinical Neurology511.6960411.84
17Respiratory System461.524088.87
18Medicine, Research and Experimental451.493998.87
19Psychology451.4964214.27
20Psychology, Applied411.3651112.46
TP, total papers; TRP%, percent of total articles in the field; TC, total citations; ACPP, average citations per publication.
Table 4. Top 20 journals publishing papers in sedentary time research.
Table 4. Top 20 journals publishing papers in sedentary time research.
RankJournal TitleTPTCACPPIF
1BMC Public Health170343820.222.521
2Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act.163715243.886.714
3PLOS One156433827.812.740
4Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health1368526.262.849
5Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.128445234.784.029
6J. Phys. Act. Health122142511.681.993
7Prev. Med.61249240.853.788
8BMJ Open5670212.762.496
9J. Sports Sci.523717.132.597
10Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports464329.393.255
11J. Sci. Med. Sport4593420.763.607
12Pediatr. Exerc. Sci.3840010.531.489
13Am. J. Prev. Med.37322587.164.420
14Int. J. Obes.3281125.344.419
15Obesity2973425.313.742
16J. Aging Phys. Act.262228.541.763
17Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.2542316.922.522
18Br. J. Sports Med.23145963.4312.68
19J. Occup. Environ. Med.2026713.351.642
20Nutrients20914.554.546
TP, total papers; IF, Impact Factor 2019; TC, total citations; ACPP, average citations per publication.
Table 5. Contribution of the top 20 authors in sedentary time research.
Table 5. Contribution of the top 20 authors in sedentary time research.
RankAuthorTPTARTCACPPH-IndexInstitution (Current), Country/Region
1Ekelund U.9912406341.0431Norwegian Sch Sport Sci, Norway
2Owen N.883769887.4843Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
3Dunstan D.W.844678280.7438Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
4Healy G.N.649624497.5636Univ Queensland, Australia
5Brage S.615160326.2823Univ Cambridge, UK
6Tremblay M.S.606414169.0228Children’s Hosp Eastern Ontario, Canada
7De Bourdeaudhuij I.553171131.1123Univ Ghent, Belgium
8Yates T.554266649.3720Univ Leicester, UK
9Salmon J.537172432.5323Deakin Univ, Australia
10Chaput J.P.4811175836.6323Childrens Hosp Eastern Ontario, Canada
11Sardinha L.B.4615123626.8721Univ Lisbon, Portugal
12Katzmarzyk P.T.444142832.4518Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, USA
13Edwardson C.L.4311233255.5218Univ Leicester, UK
14Olds T.431125929.2820Univ S Australia, Australia
15Cardon G.4220112426.7619Univ Ghent, Belgium
16Davies M.J.422208550.8517Univ Leicester, UK
17Khunti K.380207154.5018Univ Leicester, UK
18Andersen L.B.36269719.3617Western Norway Univ Appl Sci, Norway
19Hamer M.351595227.2019UCL, UK
20Kerr J.35460417.2615Univ Calif San Diego, USA
TP, total papers; TAR, total number of articles for which they are responsible; TC, total citations; ACPP, average citations per publication.
Table 6. Yearly most cited publications during the period of 2010–2020.
Table 6. Yearly most cited publications during the period of 2010–2020.
YearAuthorsTitleTCTCYSourceCountry/Region
2010Owen N. et al.Too Much Sitting: The Population Health Science of Sedentary Behavior1214110Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev.Australia; USA
2011Tremblay M.S. et al.Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth96997Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act.Canada; USA
2012Wilmot E.G. et al.Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis85995DiabetologiaEngland
2013Peddie M.C. et al.Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomized crossover trial22728Am. J. Clin. Nutr.New Zealand
2014Dyrstad S.M. et al.Comparison of Self-reported versus Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity30544Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.Norway
2015Biswas A. et al.Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis1141190Ann. Intern. Med.Canada
2016Warburton D.E.R. et al.Reflections on Physical Activity and Health: What Should We Recommend?17134Can. J. Cardiol.Canada
2017Tremblay M.S. et al.Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)—Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome811203Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act.Canada; Scotland; Belgium; Netherlands
2018Patterson R. et al.Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis22073Eur. J. Epidemiol.England; Brazil
2019Ekelund U. et al.Dose–response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis16784BMJ-British Medical JournalNorway; USA; Sweden
2020Huckins J.F. et al.Mental Health and Behavior of College Students During the Early Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Smartphone and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study3838J. Med. Internet Res.USA
TC, total citations; TCY, total citations per year.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Fang, H.; Jing, Y.; Chen, J.; Wu, Y.; Wan, Y. Recent Trends in Sedentary Time: A Systematic Literature Review. Healthcare 2021, 9, 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080969

AMA Style

Fang H, Jing Y, Chen J, Wu Y, Wan Y. Recent Trends in Sedentary Time: A Systematic Literature Review. Healthcare. 2021; 9(8):969. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080969

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fang, Hui, Yuan Jing, Jie Chen, Yanqi Wu, and Yuehua Wan. 2021. "Recent Trends in Sedentary Time: A Systematic Literature Review" Healthcare 9, no. 8: 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080969

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop