Parental and Familial Factors Influencing Physical Activity Levels in Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes and Differences in PALs
4.2. Parental Education and Physical Activity during Adolescence
4.3. Familial Variables and Physical Activity in Adolescence
4.4. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Baseline PAL | Mann–Whitney | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sufficient | Insufficient | MW | p | |||
F | % | F | % | |||
Socioeconomic status | 1.09 | 0.27 | ||||
Below average | 2 | 0.9 | 8 | 1.8 | ||
Average | 188 | 87.9 | 372 | 81.8 | ||
Above average | 17 | 7.9 | 55 | 12.1 | ||
Paternal education | 2.74 | 0.01 | ||||
Elementary school | 2 | 0.9 | 11 | 2.4 | ||
High school | 110 | 51.4 | 264 | 58.0 | ||
College level | 48 | 22.4 | 96 | 21.1 | ||
University level | 47 | 22.0 | 63 | 13.8 | ||
Maternal education | 3.3 | 0.001 | ||||
Elementary school | 3 | 1.4 | 14 | 3.1 | ||
High school | 103 | 48.1 | 265 | 58.2 | ||
College level | 51 | 23.8 | 91 | 20.0 | ||
University level | 50 | 23.4 | 68 | 14.9 | ||
Parental/familial conflict | 1.06 | 0.28 | ||||
No. never | 157 | 34.5 | 66 | 30.8 | ||
Rarely | 188 | 41.3 | 91 | 42.5 | ||
From time to time | 72 | 15.8 | 42 | 19.6 | ||
Often | 24 | 5.3 | 10 | 4.7 | ||
Parental absence | 1.42 | 0.15 | ||||
Always at home | 40 | 18.7 | 103 | 22.6 | ||
Rarely absent | 72 | 33.6 | 156 | 34.3 | ||
Occasionally absent | 76 | 35.5 | 136 | 29.9 | ||
Frequently absent | 21 | 9.8 | 42 | 9.2 | ||
Parental care | 0.61 | 0.53 | ||||
Do not care at all | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.7 | ||
Do not care enough | 3 | 1.4 | 15 | 3.3 | ||
Good care | 43 | 20.1 | 85 | 18.7 | ||
Very much care | 163 | 76.2 | 333 | 73.2 | ||
Parental questioning | 2.12 | 0.03 | ||||
Mostly never | 4 | 1.9 | 12 | 2.6 | ||
Rarely | 18 | 8.4 | 41 | 9.0 | ||
From time to time | 102 | 47.7 | 158 | 34.7 | ||
Often | 84 | 39.3 | 228 | 50.1 |
Variables | Follow-Up PAL | Mann–Whitney | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sufficient | Insufficient | MW | p | |||
F | % | F | % | |||
Socioeconomic status | 0.24 | 0.8 | ||||
Below average | 1 | 0.6 | 9 | 1.8 | ||
Average | 154 | 86.5 | 406 | 82.7 | ||
Above average | 16 | 9.0 | 56 | 11.4 | ||
Paternal education | 2.13 | 0.03 | ||||
Elementary school | 1 | 0.6 | 12 | 2.4 | ||
High school | 94 | 52.8 | 280 | 57.0 | ||
College level | 37 | 20.8 | 107 | 21.8 | ||
University level | 39 | 21.9 | 71 | 14.5 | ||
Maternal education | 2.72 | 0.01 | ||||
Elementary school | 2 | 1.1 | 15 | 3.1 | ||
High school | 89 | 50.0 | 279 | 56.8 | ||
College level | 35 | 19.7 | 107 | 21.8 | ||
University level | 45 | 25.3 | 73 | 14.9 | ||
Parental/familial conflict | 1.47 | 0.14 | ||||
No. never | 51 | 28.7 | 172 | 35.0 | ||
Rarely | 78 | 43.8 | 201 | 40.9 | ||
From time to time | 36 | 20.2 | 78 | 15.9 | ||
Often | 8 | 4.5 | 26 | 5.3 | ||
Parental absence | 1.24 | 0.21 | ||||
Always at home | 31 | 17.4 | 112 | 22.8 | ||
Rarely absent | 62 | 34.8 | 166 | 33.8 | ||
Occasionally absent | 65 | 36.5 | 147 | 29.9 | ||
Frequently absent | 15 | 8.4 | 48 | 9.8 | ||
Parental care | 0.32 | 0.75 | ||||
Do not care at all | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.6 | ||
Do not care enough | 3 | 1.7 | 15 | 3.1 | ||
Good care | 36 | 20.2 | 92 | 18.7 | ||
Very much care | 134 | 75.3 | 362 | 73.7 | ||
Parental questioning | 1.44 | 0.15 | ||||
Mostly never | 3 | 1.7 | 13 | 2.6 | ||
Rarely | 16 | 9.0 | 43 | 8.8 | ||
From time to time | 81 | 45.5 | 179 | 36.5 | ||
Often | 73 | 41.0 | 239 | 48.7 |
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Maric, D.; Kvesic, I.; Lujan, I.K.; Bianco, A.; Zenic, N.; Separovic, V.; Terzic, A.; Versic, S.; Sekulic, D. Parental and Familial Factors Influencing Physical Activity Levels in Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study. Healthcare 2020, 8, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040532
Maric D, Kvesic I, Lujan IK, Bianco A, Zenic N, Separovic V, Terzic A, Versic S, Sekulic D. Parental and Familial Factors Influencing Physical Activity Levels in Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study. Healthcare. 2020; 8(4):532. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040532
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaric, Dora, Ivan Kvesic, Ivana Kujundzic Lujan, Antonino Bianco, Natasa Zenic, Vlatko Separovic, Admir Terzic, Sime Versic, and Damir Sekulic. 2020. "Parental and Familial Factors Influencing Physical Activity Levels in Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study" Healthcare 8, no. 4: 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040532