Factors Related to Diabetes Mellitus in the Middle-Aged and Over in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics and Status | Cohort B (n = 4049) | Cohort A (n = 2462) | Cohort C (n = 1599) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Gender | Female | 1738 | 42.92 | 1194 | 48.50 | 786 | 49.16 |
Male | 2311 | 57.08 | 1268 | 51.50 | 813 | 50.84 | |
Ethnicity | Fukien | 2451 | 60.92 | 1808 | 73.47 | 1200 | 75.04 |
Hakka | 603 | 14.99 | 425 | 17.27 | 278 | 17.39 | |
Mainlander | 900 | 22.37 | 189 | 7.68 | 85 | 5.32 | |
Aboriginal | 69 | 1.72 | 39 | 1.58 | 36 | 2.25 | |
Education | Illiteracy | 1676 | 41.58 | 625 | 25.38 | 47 | 2.94 |
Elementary school | 1595 | 39.57 | 1237 | 50.24 | 777 | 48.59 | |
Junior high school | 327 | 8.11 | 251 | 10.19 | 231 | 14.45 | |
Senior high school | 433 | 10.74 | 349 | 14.18 | 544 | 34.02 | |
Spouse | Yes | 2618 | 64.69 | 2061 | 83.71 | 1327 | 82.99 |
No | 1429 | 35.31 | 401 | 16.29 | 272 | 17.01 | |
Residential location | City | 1917 | 47.35 | 935 | 38.33 | 777 | 48.81 |
Town | 726 | 17.93 | 575 | 23.58 | 367 | 23.05 | |
Countryside | 1406 | 34.72 | 929 | 38.09 | 448 | 28.14 | |
Economic status | Good | 1683 | 43.20 | 822 | 35.16 | 577 | 36.76 |
Fair | 1524 | 39.12 | 1068 | 45.68 | 499 | 31.78 | |
Poor | 689 | 17.68 | 448 | 19.16 | 494 | 31.46 | |
Social activity | Yes | 1564 | 38.63 | 978 | 39.79 | 649 | 40.59 |
No | 2485 | 61.37 | 1480 | 60.21 | 950 | 59.41 |
Characteristics and Status | Cohort B (n = 4049) | Cohort A (n = 2462) | Cohort C (n = 1599) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Hypertension | No | 2960 | 73.43 | 1906 | 78.73 | 1283 | 80.79 |
Yes | 1071 | 26.57 | 515 | 21.27 | 305 | 19.21 | |
Heart disease | No | 3159 | 78.29 | 2197 | 90.90 | 1494 | 93.84 |
Yes | 876 | 21.71 | 220 | 9.10 | 98 | 6.16 | |
Cataract | No | 3460 | 85.56 | 2247 | 91.34 | 1554 | 97.43 |
Yes | 584 | 14.44 | 213 | 8.66 | 41 | 2.57 | |
Stroke | No | 3856 | 95.66 | 2392 | 97.35 | 1570 | 98.25 |
Yes | 175 | 4.34 | 65 | 2.65 | 28 | 1.75 | |
Kidney disease | No | 3786 | 93.71 | 1313 | 94.22 | 1485 | 93.28 |
Yes | 254 | 6.29 | 142 | 5.78 | 107 | 6.72 | |
ADL a | Good | 3801 | 94.04 | 2425 | 98.50 | 1590 | 99.44 |
Fair | 93 | 2.30 | 20 | 0.81 | 3 | 0.19 | |
Poor | 148 | 3.66 | 17 | 0.69 | 6 | 0.38 | |
Physical function b | Good | 3307 | 81.73 | 2319 | 94.19 | 1532 | 95.81 |
Fair | 510 | 12.61 | 102 | 4.14 | 48 | 3.00 | |
Poor | 229 | 5.66 | 41 | 1.67 | 19 | 1.19 | |
Depression c | No | 3036 | 77.91 | 1943 | 82.86 | 1397 | 88.98 |
Yes | 861 | 22.09 | 402 | 17.14 | 173 | 11.02 | |
Self-rated health | Good | 1526 | 37.99 | 988 | 42.08 | 902 | 56.41 |
Fair | 1491 | 37.12 | 783 | 33.35 | 443 | 27.70 | |
Poor | 1000 | 24.89 | 577 | 24.57 | 254 | 15.88 | |
Smoking | No | 2649 | 65.44 | 1752 | 71.16 | 1168 | 73.05 |
Yes | 1399 | 34.56 | 710 | 28.84 | 431 | 26.95 | |
Alcohol | No | 3191 | 78.81 | 1846 | 74.98 | 941 | 58.85 |
Yes | 858 | 21.19 | 616 | 25.02 | 658 | 41.15 | |
Betel nut chewing | No | 3825 | 94.58 | 2227 | 90.45 | 1444 | 90.31 |
Yes | 219 | 5.42 | 235 | 9.55 | 155 | 9.69 | |
Outdoor activity | Yes | 3906 | 96.47 | 2442 | 99.19 | 1593 | 99.62 |
No | 143 | 3.53 | 20 | 0.81 | 6 | 0.38 |
Variables | Overall | Cohort B | Cohort A | Cohort C | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | ||
Hypertension | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 2.53 *** | 2.35–2.73 | 3.56 *** | 3.18–3.98 | 1.79 *** | 1.49–2.14 | 2.45 *** | 1.86–3.23 | |
Heart disease | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.10 | 0.99–1.21 | 1.06 | 0.94–1.21 | 1.20 | 0.94–1.54 | 0.98 | 0.62–1.54 | |
Cataract | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.04 | 0.93–1.16 | 1.04 | 0.90–1.20 | 1.15 | 0.89–1.47 | 1.52 | 0.82–2.81 | |
Stroke | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.18 | 0.97–1.44 | 1.07 | 0.80–1.43 | 1.26 | 0.78–2.03 | 1.12 | 0.52–2.41 | |
Kidney disease | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.26 *** | 1.11–1.44 | 1.50 *** | 1.24–1.81 | 1.07 | 0.78–1.48 | 0.88 | 0.54–1.43 | |
ADL | Good | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Fair | 0.68 * | 0.48–0.98 | 0.65 | 0.42–1.02 | 0.54 | 0.17–1.76 | 1.40 | 0.24–8.23 | |
Poor | 0.53 ** | 0.34–0.83 | 0.63 | 0.38–1.05 | 0.56 | 0.10–3.21 | 1.38 | 0.14–13.35 | |
Physical function | Good | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Fair | 1.02 | 0.89–1.16 | 0.86 | 0.73–1.02 | 1.37 | 0.98–1.91 | 1.10 | 0.57–2.15 | |
Poor | 1.14 | 0.87–1.48 | 0.78 | 0.55–1.11 | 2.07 | 0.78–5.51 | 2.46 | 0.91–6.64 | |
Depression | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.03 | 0.93–1.14 | 0.97 | 0.84–1.12 | 0.94 | 0.75–1.19 | 1.27 | 0.86–1.87 | |
Self-rated health | Good | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Fair | 1.16 *** | 1.07–1.27 | 1.20 ** | 1.06–1.37 | 1.04 | 0.85–1.27 | 1.59 ** | 1.18–2.16 | |
Poor | 1.50 *** | 1.35–1.67 | 1.51 *** | 1.27–1.79 | 1.42 ** | 1.13–1.79 | 1.88 ** | 1.26–2.81 |
Age | Overall | Cohort B | Cohort A | Cohort C |
---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 0.0028 | 0.0029 | 0.0047 | |
51 | 0.0033 | 0.0034 | 0.0056 | |
52 | 0.0039 | 0.0040 | 0.0066 | |
53 | 0.0046 | 0.0046 | 0.0076 | |
54 | 0.0052 | 0.0053 | 0.0087 | |
55 | 0.0060 | 0.0060 | 0.0099 | |
56 | 0.0068 | 0.0068 | 0.0112 | |
57 | 0.0076 | 0.0077 | 0.0124 | |
58 | 0.0084 | 0.0085 | 0.0137 | |
59 | 0.0093 | 0.0094 | 0.0150 | |
60 | 0.0101 | 0.0084 | 0.0102 | 0.0163 |
61 | 0.0110 | 0.0092 | 0.0111 | 0.0175 |
62 | 0.0118 | 0.0099 | 0.0119 | 0.0186 |
63 | 0.0126 | 0.0105 | 0.0127 | 0.0197 |
64 | 0.0133 | 0.0112 | 0.0134 | 0.0206 |
65 | 0.0139 | 0.0117 | 0.0141 | |
66 | 0.0145 | 0.0123 | 0.0146 | |
67 | 0.0150 | 0.0127 | 0.0151 | |
68 | 0.0154 | 0.0131 | 0.0155 | |
69 | 0.0157 | 0.0134 | 0.0158 | |
70 | 0.0159 | 0.0136 | 0.0160 | |
71 | 0.0161 | 0.0138 | 0.0162 | |
72 | 0.0162 | 0.0140 | 0.0163 | |
73 | 0.0162 | 0.0141 | 0.0164 | |
74 | 0.0163 | 0.0141 | 0.0164 | |
75 | 0.0162 | 0.0142 | 0.0163 | |
76 | 0.0162 | 0.0142 | 0.0163 | |
77 | 0.0161 | 0.0142 | 0.0162 | |
78 | 0.0160 | 0.0141 | 0.0161 | |
79 | 0.0158 | 0.0141 | 0.0159 | |
80 | 0.0157 | 0.0140 | 0.0158 | |
81 | 0.0155 | 0.0139 | 0.0156 | |
82 | 0.0153 | 0.0138 | ||
83 | 0.0152 | 0.0137 | ||
84 | 0.0150 | 0.0136 | ||
85 | 0.0148 | 0.0135 |
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Liang, C.-C.; Hsu, W.-C.; Tsai, Y.-T.; Weng, S.-J.; Liu, S.-C.; Lin, C.-H. Factors Related to Diabetes Mellitus in the Middle-Aged and Over in Taiwan. Healthcare 2020, 8, 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030242
Liang C-C, Hsu W-C, Tsai Y-T, Weng S-J, Liu S-C, Lin C-H. Factors Related to Diabetes Mellitus in the Middle-Aged and Over in Taiwan. Healthcare. 2020; 8(3):242. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030242
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Chia-Chun, Wei-Chung Hsu, Yao-Te Tsai, Shao-Jen Weng, Shih-Chia Liu, and Cheng-Hsiang Lin. 2020. "Factors Related to Diabetes Mellitus in the Middle-Aged and Over in Taiwan" Healthcare 8, no. 3: 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030242