Effect of Facial Skin Temperature on the Perception of Anxiety: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection and Instruments
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | Undergraduate Bachelor Students (BS) | Postgraduate Master Students (MS) | Statistic Values χ2/t | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 21 mean ± SD (%) | N = 19 mean ± SD (%) | |||||
Sex | Female | 18 (85.7) | 16 (84.2) | 0.018 b | 0.894 b | |
Male | 3 (14.3) | 3 (15.8) | ||||
Age | 21.0 (4) | 23.85 (1.61) | −2.890 a | 0.006 *,a | ||
Educational level | Baccalaureate | 17 (81) | 0 | 0.000 *,b | ||
Professional training | 3 (14.3) | 0 | 36.190 b | |||
Other Bachelor of Science | 1 (4.8) | 19 (100) | ||||
Practicum in special health services | Yes | 0 | 19 (100) | 0.000 *,b | ||
No | 21 (100) | 0 | 40.0 b | |||
Number of special health services in practicum | 0 | 1.84 (0.83) | −9.625 a | 0.000 a | ||
Work in special health services | Yes | 0 | 10 (52.6) | 14.737 b | 0.000 *,b | |
No | 21 (100) | 9 (47.4) | ||||
Number of special health services working | 0 | 0 | 0.84 (1.05) | −3.618 a | 0.002 *,a | |
Training on basic CPR (basic life support) | Yes | Last two years | 1 (4.8) | 6 (31.6) | 6.686 b | 0.010 *,b |
More than two years | 2 (9.5) | 2 (10.5) | ||||
No | 18 (85.7) | 9 (47.4) | ||||
Duration basic CPR training | 37.67 (46.11) | 56.33 (37.67) | 6.750 b | 0.455 a | ||
Training on advanced CPR (advanced life support) | Yes | 0 | 4 (21.1) | 4.912 b | 0.027 *,b | |
No | 21 (100) | 15 (78.9) |
Facial Region | Temperature Value | Moment | Temperature Mean (SD) | Undergraduate Bachelor Students (BS) | Temperature Mean (SD) | Postgraduate Master Students (MS) | t | p Value Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t-Paired | Significance | t-Paired | Significance | |||||||
Nose | Average | Pre-test | 27.87 (2.56) | −1.014 | 0.323 | 28.76 (3.20) | 4.095 | 0.001 ** | −0.972 | 0.337 |
Post-test | 28.17 (2.31) | 27.06 (2.21) | −0.961 | 0.129 | ||||||
Difference | 0.30 (1.36) | - | −1.70 (1.81) | - | 1.553 | 0.000 * | ||||
Forehead | Maximum | Pre-test | 35.79 (0.76) | 0.982 | 0.338 | 35.79 (0.76) | 2.362 | 0.030 * | 1.557 | 0.072 |
Post-test | 35.59 (0.89) | - | 34.95 (0.66) | 3.980 | 0.014 * | |||||
Difference | −0.20 (0.91) | - | −0.39 (0.72) | - | 3.923 | 0.462 | ||||
Average | Pre-test | 34.90 (0.77) | 1.291 | 0.211 | 34.13 (1.34) | 2.939 | 0.009 ** | 1.851 | 0.031 * | |
Post-test | 34.60 (1.10) | 33.52 (1.26) | 1.849 | 0.006 * | ||||||
Difference | −0.30 (−0.30) | −0.61 (0.91) | 2.578 | 0.317 | ||||||
Minimum | Pre-test | 32.62 (1.64) | −0.432 | 0.671 | 30.40 (2.75) | 0.789 | 0.440 | 2.617 | 0.005 * | |
Post-test | 32.77 (1.03) | 30.09 (2.54) | 0.743 | 0.000 * | ||||||
Difference | 0.15 (1.57) | −0.31 (1.72) | 0.752 | 0.383 | ||||||
Periorbital | Maximum | Pre-test | 35.91 (0.63) | 1.142 | 0.267 | 35.93 (0.70) | 2.560 | 0.020 * | 2.247 | 0.935 |
Post-test | 35.67 (0.64) | 35.57 (0.67) | 2.190 | 0.346 | ||||||
Difference | −0.15 (0.59) | −0.36 (0.62) | 2.906 | 0.267 | ||||||
Average | Pre-test | 34.01 (0.90) | 0.294 | 0.771 | 33.93 (0.82) | 3.670 | 0.002 ** | 2.886 | 0.764 | |
Post-test | 33.96 (0.85) | 33.35 (0.59) | 1.013 | 0.012 * | ||||||
Difference | −0.05 (0.81) | −0.58 (.69) | 1.021 | 0.033 * | ||||||
Minimum | Pre-test | 28.84 (2.10) | 0.366 | 0.718 | 29.28 (2.07) | 3.596 | 0.002 ** | 3.137 | 0.509 | |
Post-test | 28.73 (1.77) | 28.18 (1.66) | 3.062 | 0.323 | ||||||
Difference | −0.11 (1.43) | −1.10 (1.33) | 4.443 | 0.030 * | ||||||
Maxillary | Maximum | Pre-test | 35.29 (0.99) | 0.579 | 0.569 | 35.11 (0.94) | 2.109 | 0.049 * | 4.282 | 0.548 |
Post-test | 35.177 (0.90) | 34.70 (0.73) | 0.883 | 0.074 | ||||||
Difference | −0.11 (0.90) | −0.41 (0.85) | 0.879 | 0.294 | ||||||
Average | Pre-test | 33.27 (1.30) | 1.285 | 0.214 | 33.10 (1.25) | 2.872 | 0.010 * | −0.082 | 0.681 | |
Post-test | 32.93 (1.08) | 32.42 (1.12) | −0.082 | 0.153 | ||||||
Difference | −0.34 (1.21) | −0.68 (1.03) | 0.953 | 0.345 | ||||||
Minimum | Pre-test | 27.59 (2.25) | 0.287 | 0.777 | 28.20 (2.55) | 4.011 | 0.001 ** | 0.951 | 0.424 | |
Post-test | 27.46 (1.74) | 26.57 (2.08) | 1.126 | 0.148 | ||||||
Difference | −0.12 (1.98) | −1.63 (1.77) | 1.123 | 0.016 * | ||||||
Neck/ Upper chest | Maximum | Pre-test | 36.05 (0.92) | 2.177 | 0.042 * | 35.85 (0.71) | 2.189 | 0.042 * | 0.302 | 0.436 |
Post-test | 35.652 (0.99) | 35.47 (0.74) | 0.304 | 0.514 | ||||||
Difference | −0.40 (0.84) | −0.38 (0.75) | 2.635 | 0.934 | ||||||
Average | Pre-test | 34.50 (0.91) | 1.711 | 0.103 | 34.23 (0.62) | 2.547 | 0.020 * | 2.681 | 0.279 | |
Post-test | 34.21 (0.93) | 33.84 (0.62) | 2.210 | 0.158 | ||||||
Difference | −0.30 (0.79) | −0.38 (0.66) | 2.228 | 0.703 | ||||||
Minimum | Pre-test | 31.21 (1.91) | −0.054 | 0.957 | 30.69 (2.01) | 0.763 | 0.455 | −0.667 | 0.407 | |
Post-test | 31.23 (1.65) | 30.17 (1.93) | −0.668 | 0.069 | ||||||
Difference | 0.02 (2.01) | −0.51 (2.94) | 1.001 | 0.499 |
Dependent Variable: STAI Pre-Test | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | |
---|---|---|---|
B | Standard Error | Beta | |
Constant | −63.284 | 37.913 | |
Nose temperature | 0.182 | 0.278 | 0.107 |
Forehead temperature | 6.555 | 1.826 | 1.056 |
Periorbital temperature | −2.310 | 2.096 | −0.309 |
Maxillary temperature | −0.806 | 1.175 | −0.157 |
Neck/upper chest temperature | −1.117 | 1.098 | −0.187 |
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Mauriz, E.; Caloca-Amber, S.; Vázquez-Casares, A.M. Effect of Facial Skin Temperature on the Perception of Anxiety: A Pilot Study. Healthcare 2020, 8, 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030206
Mauriz E, Caloca-Amber S, Vázquez-Casares AM. Effect of Facial Skin Temperature on the Perception of Anxiety: A Pilot Study. Healthcare. 2020; 8(3):206. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030206
Chicago/Turabian StyleMauriz, Elba, Sandra Caloca-Amber, and Ana M. Vázquez-Casares. 2020. "Effect of Facial Skin Temperature on the Perception of Anxiety: A Pilot Study" Healthcare 8, no. 3: 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030206