A Systematic Review of Healthcare-Associated Infectious Organisms in Medical Radiation Science Departments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol and Registration
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Selection Criteria
2.4. Definitions
- Medical radiation scientists were defined as healthcare professionals that perform diagnostic imaging studies or plan and deliver radiation treatments to patients. Australian titles for these professionals include diagnostic radiographers, nuclear medicine scientists, and radiation therapists.
- Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) comprise of infections acquired by persons in a healthcare setting [4]. These include bloodstream infections and organism-specific infections (such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile) that were defined as being associated with healthcare in the literature [4].
- Occupational-associated infections (OAIs) refer to infections that healthcare professionals acquire or are at risk of contracting from occupational exposure to infectious organisms within their departments.
2.5. Study Selection
2.6. Data Extraction
2.7. Risk of Bias
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overview
3.2. Characteristics of Included Studies
3.3. Infectious Organisms
3.4. Contamination of Equipment
3.5. Methodological Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Infectious Organisms
4.2. Healthcare Equipment as a Reservoir for Microorganisms
4.3. Transmission of Occupational-Associated Infections
4.4. Limitations
4.5. Research Gaps and Avenues for Further Research
- No studies have been published on infectious organisms within nuclear medicine departments, thus the risks of exposure for nuclear medicine staff and the potential of nuclear medicine equipment to be vectors for OAIs remains unknown. Further research needs to be conducted to address this gap and assess the correlation to other MRS professions.
- No studies were undertaken and published from Australia or any South American countries. Further research needs to be undertaken to determine whether the infectious organisms identified within this study or different organisms are present in Australia and South America.
- The reservoirs of infectious microorganisms identified in the SR are the basis for experimental studies to assess the risk and burden of OAI exposure specifically in nuclear medicine departments and among MRS staff and in MRS equipment.
- The literature has not identified if there is common OAI exposure risks when comparing MRS staff and other allied health professionals OAI risk. Further empirical research needs to be undertaken within diagnostic radiography, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy departments and to be compared to differing allied health professions.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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# | Searches |
1 | healthcare associated infection/ |
2 | (“hospital acquired infection *” or “healthcare associated infection*” or hospital pathogens or “nosocomial”).mp. [mp = title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, organism supplementary concept word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] |
3 | 1 or 2 |
4 | exp Allied Health Occupations/ or exp Allied Health Personnel/ |
5 | (“radiation therap *” or “radiotherap*” or “allied health” or “nuclear medicine” or “molecular imag*”).mp. or radiography/ or “medical imaging”.mp. [mp = title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, organism supplementary concept word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] |
6 | 4 or 5 |
7 | 3 and 6 |
8 | limit 7 to English language |
9 | Limit 8 to year = ”1983–2018” |
Reference | Design | Sample | Setting | Equipment Examined | Infectious Organisms Identified (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akpochafor et al. (2015) [14] | CO | 36 | DR (US) | Ultrasound probes, couches, coupling gel | P = 3 N = 3 F = 2 |
Arora et al. (2009) [15] | CS | 160 | NS | Mobile phones | P = 6 N = 4 |
Bhat et al. (2011) [16] | CS | 204 | NS | Mobile phones | P = 5 N = 7 |
Boyle and Strudwick (2010) [17] | CS | 15 | DR | Lead rubber aprons | P = 4 |
Brewer et al. (2014) [18] | CS | 24 | RT | Heating appliances | P = 3 |
Denis et al. (2003) [19] | CO | 814 | DR | n/a | n/a |
Fox and Harvey (2008) [20] | CS | 40 | DR | Radiographic cassettes | P = 4 |
Giacometti et al. (2004) [6] | CS | 144 | DR | X-ray tubes, control panels, radiographic cassettes, imaging plates | n/a |
Hodges (2001) [21] | CO | 10 | DR | Radiographic markers | P = 6 N = 4 NS = 1 |
Kelly and Trundle (2014) [22] | CS | 100 | Nursing | Pocket scissors | P = 5 N = 1 |
Kiran et al. (2018) [23] | CO | 98 | DR (US) | Ultrasound probes, coupling gel | P = 3 |
LaBan et al. (2004) [24] | CS | 14 | RU | Patient charts | P = 1 |
Lawson et al. (2002) [25] | QE | 3 | DR | Imaging cassettes | P = 2 N = 1 |
Ochie and Ohagwu et al. (2009) [26] | CO | 301 | DR | X-ray couches, chest stands, radiographic cassettes, handles of x-ray tube heads, control panels, exposure buttons, patient x-ray gowns | P = 2 N = 2 |
Ohara et al. (1998) [27] | QE | 9 | DR (US) | Ultrasound probes | P = 2 N = 2 |
Ota et al. (2007) [28] | CS | 118 | NS | Identification badges | P = 6 N = 5 F = 1 |
Ravine et al. (2017) [29] | QE | 4 | RT | Thermoplastic immobilization masks | P = 2 N = 2 |
Ridge (2005) [30] | CS | 28 | DR (US) | Ultrasound probes, gel bottle tips, pressure cuffs | P = 4 N = 1 F = 1 |
Tugwell and Maddison (2011) [31] | CS | 50 | DR | Radiographic markers | P = 4 |
Gram-Positive (n = 7) | T | Gram-Negative (n = 10) | T | Fungi (n = 2) | T |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus | C | Acinetobacter | C | Candida | B/C |
Micrococcus | C | Pseudomonas | C | Cladosporium | C |
Kocuria | B | Escherichia | C | ||
Bacillus | A/C | Klebsiella | C | ||
Streptococcus | A/C | Enterobacter | C | ||
Enterococcus | C | Citrobacter | C | ||
Corynebacterium | A/C | Proteus | C | ||
Neisseria | A/C | ||||
Moraxella | C | ||||
Vibrio | C |
Outcome Measure | Pooled Range | Pooled Mean |
---|---|---|
Percentage of contamination of equipment | 13.6–100 | 62.5 |
Number of colony-forming units present on sampled equipment | 0–1000 | 82.6 |
Number of different genera on sampled equipment | 1–10 | 5 |
Study | Critical Appraisal Checklist Item Number | Outcome | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
Akpochafor et al. (2015) [14] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Arora et al. (2009) [15] | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | U | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y |
Bhat et al. (2011) [16] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y |
Boyle and Strudwick (2010) [17] | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | U | U | - | - | - | Y |
Brewer et al. (2014) [18] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | - | - | - | Y |
Denis et al. (2003) [19] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Fox and Harvey (2008) [20] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | - | - | - | Y |
Giacometti et al. (2004) [6] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y |
Hodges (2001) [21] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y |
Kelly and Trundle (2014) [22] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y |
Kiran et al. (2018) [23] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
LaBan et al. (2004) [24] | Y | Y | U | Y | U | U | U | Y | - | - | - | U |
Lawson et al. (2002) [25] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | - | - | Y |
Ochie and Ohagwu et al. (2009) [26] | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Ohara et al. (1998) [27] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | - | - | Y |
Ota et al. (2007) [28] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y |
Ravine et al. (2017) [29] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | - | - | Y |
Ridge (2005) [30] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y |
Tugwell and Maddison (2011) [31] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | - | - | - | Y |
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Picton-Barnes, D.; Pillay, M.; Lyall, D. A Systematic Review of Healthcare-Associated Infectious Organisms in Medical Radiation Science Departments. Healthcare 2020, 8, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020080
Picton-Barnes D, Pillay M, Lyall D. A Systematic Review of Healthcare-Associated Infectious Organisms in Medical Radiation Science Departments. Healthcare. 2020; 8(2):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020080
Chicago/Turabian StylePicton-Barnes, D’arcy, Manikam Pillay, and David Lyall. 2020. "A Systematic Review of Healthcare-Associated Infectious Organisms in Medical Radiation Science Departments" Healthcare 8, no. 2: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020080
APA StylePicton-Barnes, D., Pillay, M., & Lyall, D. (2020). A Systematic Review of Healthcare-Associated Infectious Organisms in Medical Radiation Science Departments. Healthcare, 8(2), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020080