Maternal Health and Green Spaces in China: A Longitudinal Analysis of MMR Based on Spatial Panel Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Variables and Data Source
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Description Analysis
3.2. Global Moran’s I Statistics
3.3. Panel Data Model
3.4. Spatial Panel Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMR (1 death/100,000 livebirth) | ||||||||||
Min. | 7.86 | 6.57 | 5.20 | 3.60 | 1.20 | 1.40 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 2.30 |
Mean | 39.87 | 32.11 | 28.84 | 25.81 | 22.15 | 20.66 | 19.78 | 17.72 | 17.72 | 16.32 |
Max. | 265.38 | 233.96 | 232.20 | 174.80 | 180.70 | 176.10 | 154.50 | 108.90 | 108.90 | 100.90 |
HPR (1 death/100,000 livebirth) | ||||||||||
Min. | 6.45 | 6.47 | 6.50 | 7.20 | 5.90 | 7.60 | 8.70 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 8.70 |
Mean | 14.28 | 16.20 | 17.26 | 18.17 | 18.61 | 19.43 | 20.77 | 22.39 | 22.39 | 24.68 |
Max. | 38.30 | 41.19 | 41.90 | 42.60 | 42.50 | 44.00 | 46.40 | 46.90 | 46.90 | 53.20 |
Area of Green Space (100 km2) | ||||||||||
Min. | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.62 |
Mean | 5.56 | 5.69 | 6.43 | 6.89 | 7.24 | 7.64 | 7.83 | 8.15 | 8.61 | 8.99 |
Max. | 27.47 | 37.70 | 40.16 | 42.04 | 41.06 | 40.17 | 41.20 | 42.19 | 43.84 | 45.27 |
Area of Public Green Space (100 km2) | ||||||||||
Min. | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
Mean | 1.09 | 1.18 | 1.30 | 1.42 | 1.56 | 1.67 | 1.77 | 1.86 | 1.98 | 2.11 |
Max. | 4.76 | 5.02 | 5.32 | 5.85 | 6.80 | 7.40 | 7.89 | 8.32 | 8.96 | 9.75 |
Green Space Coverage Ratio (%) | ||||||||||
Min. | 24.10 | 25.10 | 27.30 | 16.00 | 24.10 | 30.00 | 18.10 | 30.80 | 29.80 | 31.10 |
Mean | 34.18 | 35.32 | 36.70 | 36.33 | 37.75 | 38.46 | 38.13 | 39.34 | 39.11 | 39.17 |
Max. | 42.80 | 42.60 | 47.70 | 46.60 | 46.80 | 46.20 | 47.10 | 49.10 | 48.40 | 48.40 |
Urbanization rate (%) | ||||||||||
Min. | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.30 |
Mean | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.58 |
Max. | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.88 |
Health worker (10,000 persons) | ||||||||||
Min. | 1.02 | 1.17 | 1.60 | 1.67 | 2.22 | 2.16 | 2.47 | 2.65 | 2.91 | 2.92 |
Mean | 19.06 | 19.90 | 25.10 | 26.44 | 27.76 | 29.38 | 31.55 | 32.98 | 34.46 | 36.01 |
Max. | 45.21 | 47.98 | 60.21 | 64.59 | 68.96 | 73.89 | 81.93 | 83.85 | 85.57 | 87.41 |
Year | Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) | High-Risk Parturient Ratio (HPR) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moran’s I | p | Z | Moran’s I | p | Z | |
2007 | 0.162 | <0.001 | 3.552 | −0.064 | 0.678 | −0.415 |
2010 | 0.130 | <0.001 | 3.166 | 0.027 | 0.939 | 0.007 |
2013 | 0.122 | <0.001 | 3.23 | 0.012 | 0.56 | 0.584 |
2016 | 0.114 | <0.001 | 3.209 | 0.032 | 0.402 | 0.838 |
Variables | Pooled OLS | Fixed Effects | Random Effects |
---|---|---|---|
HPR | −0.145 | 0.828 *** | 0.516 ** |
Mediworker | −5.689 | −37.711 *** | −10.38 |
GDP | 9.020 * | 0.929 | 0.373 |
PopDen | −5.603 ** | 5.733 | 0.384 |
GS | 16.021 * | −16.624 * | −4.442 |
Public GS | −42.580 *** | −60.312 *** | −46.133 *** |
Gscoverage | −0.774 * | −0.418 * | −0.747 *** |
Urban R | −66.523 ** | 184.193 *** | −2.629 |
R2 | 0.618 | 0.579 | 0.502 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.608 | 0.52 | 0.489 |
F Statistic | 60.984 *** (df = 8; 301) | 46.595 *** (df = 8; 271) | 303.620 *** |
Variables | SDM | SLM | SEM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | |
HPR | 0.087381 | 0.645 | 0.82245 | <0.001 *** | 0.82801 | <0.001 *** |
Mediworker | −10.8043 | 0.024 * | −37.9481 | <0.001 *** | −37.4303 | <0.001 *** |
GDP | −1.91947 | 0.201 | 0.886 | 0.697 | 0.9084 | 0.68903 |
PopDen | −2.6407 | 0.333 | 5.71223 | 0.179 | 5.66942 | 0.18136 |
GS | −2.75892 | 0.688 | −16.841 | <0.05 * | −16.891 | <0.05 * |
Public GS | −10.1467 | 0.362 | −60.0729 | <0.001 *** | −60.4161 | <0.001 *** |
Gscoverage | −0.26285 | 0.021 * | −0.42238 | <0.05 * | −0.42398 | <0.05 * |
Urban R | −73.6624 | 0.004 ** | 183.3074 | <0.001 *** | 184.0643 | <0.001 *** |
0.955045 | <0.001 *** | |||||
0.065648 | 0.3925 | −0.016712 | 0.8125 | |||
λ | −0.016370 | 0.8378 |
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Jin, P.; Gao, Y.; Liu, L.; Peng, Z.; Wu, H. Maternal Health and Green Spaces in China: A Longitudinal Analysis of MMR Based on Spatial Panel Model. Healthcare 2019, 7, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7040154
Jin P, Gao Y, Liu L, Peng Z, Wu H. Maternal Health and Green Spaces in China: A Longitudinal Analysis of MMR Based on Spatial Panel Model. Healthcare. 2019; 7(4):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7040154
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Ping, Yushu Gao, Lingbo Liu, Zhenghong Peng, and Hao Wu. 2019. "Maternal Health and Green Spaces in China: A Longitudinal Analysis of MMR Based on Spatial Panel Model" Healthcare 7, no. 4: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7040154