Development and Psychometric Properties of The Delayed Childbearing Questionnaire (DCBQ-55)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. The Qualitative Phase
2.2. The Quantitative Phase
2.2.1. Initial Item Generation
2.2.2. Face Validity
2.2.3. Content Validity
2.2.4. Construct Validity
2.2.5. Reliability
2.2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.3. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Response (n = 300) |
---|---|
Age, mean (SD), y | 36.1 (8.2) |
Marital age, mean (SD), y | 8.2 (3.9) |
Husband’s age, mean (SD), y | 40.1 (5.7) |
Education level, n (%) | |
≥High school graduate | 162 (54) |
Bachelor’s degree | 90 (30) |
Postgraduate | 48 (16) |
Job status, n (%) | |
Employed | 192 (64) |
Unemployed | 108 (36) |
Household income *, n (%) | |
Poor | 54 (18) |
Middle | 216 (72) |
Well-off | 30 (10) |
Items | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | Factor 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1: Readiness for childbearing | ||||||
Being sure about physical health before pregnancy | 0.821 | 0.471 | 0.017 | 0.067 | 0.074 | 0.017 |
Control of chronic diseases before pregnancy | 0.819 | 0.215 | 0.063 | 0.084 | 0.051 | 0.036 |
Having mental peace before pregnancy | 0.815 | 0.015 | 0.074 | 0.128 | 0.121 | 0.097 |
Ability to transfer mental safety and security to the spouse before pregnancy | 0.798 | 0.122 | 0.005 | 0.014 | 0.224 | 0.215 |
Having concerns about being a good mother and wife at the same time | 0.777 | 0.168 | 0.084 | 0.157 | 0.168 | 0.254 |
Meeting the basic necessities before pregnancy | 0.763 | 0.101 | 0.054 | 0.108 | 0.185 | 0.135 |
Having suitable financial savings before pregnancy | 0.755 | 0.020 | 0.035 | 0.114 | 0.117 | 0.136 |
Having a suitable and secure job before pregnancy | 0.745 | 0.187 | 0.150 | 0.168 | 0.231 | 0.198 |
Ability to provide the best facilities for childcare | 0.732 | 0.096 | 0.220 | .0164 | 0.226 | 0.146 |
Completing education and studies before pregnancy | 0.703 | 0.124 | 0.221 | 0.064 | 0.117 | 0.318 |
Having concerns about financial problems during pregnancy | 0.620 | 0.183 | 0.012 | 0.134 | 0.091 | 0.018 |
Having concerns about losing better economic situations during pregnancy | 0.581 | 0.163 | 0.187 | 0.078 | 0.107 | 0.015 |
Lack of responsibility and commitment to have a child | 0.506 | 0.043 | 0.024 | 0.093 | 0.208 | 0.147 |
Lack of self-confidence to be a mother | 0.506 | 0.123 | 0.014 | 0.215 | 0.018 | 0.095 |
High costs of pregnancy and childbirth | 0.319 | 0.106 | 0.054 | 0.197 | 0.064 | 0.031 |
Factor 2: Stability in the partner relationship | ||||||
Achieving a comprehensive understanding of the spouse before pregnancy | 0.33 | 0.860 | 0.214 | 0.057 | 0.163 | 0.069 |
Being sure of the reliability of the spouse for the rest of life | 0.051 | 0.741 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.101 |
Developing strong relationships with the spouse | 0.43 | 0.714 | 0.197 | 0.036 | 0.102 | 0.111 |
Feeling concerns about the ability to have enjoyable sexual relationships during pregnancy | 0.33 | 0.707 | 0.72 | 0.128 | 0.114 | 0.022 |
Feeling concerns about personal attractiveness during pregnancy | 0.87 | 0.686 | 0.233 | 0.043 | 0.210 | 0.185 |
Necessity of having children to achieve peace and stability in life | 0.051 | 0.317 | 0.114 | 0.045 | 0.084 | 0.036 |
Factor 3: Awareness about the adverse outcomes of pregnancy in advanced maternal age | ||||||
Increased risk of infertility in women older than 35 years | 0.047 | 0.124 | 0.617 | 0.165 | 0.036 | 0.182 |
Increased risk of obstetrics complications in advanced maternal age | 0.088 | 0.065 | 0.611 | 0.109 | 0.062 | 0.126 |
Increased risk of neonatal complications in advanced maternal age | 0.047 | 0.125 | 0.524 | 0.068 | 0.085 | 0.051 |
Presence of effective treatments for infertility to solve related problems | 0.091 | 0.054 | 0.454 | 1.25 | 0.150 | 0.055 |
Losing the chance of having a second child due to delayed childbearing | 0.158 | 0.026 | 0.409 | 0.001 | 1.05 | 0.201 |
Factor 4: Attitudes toward delayed childbearing | ||||||
Possibility of having a child at any age without facing any problem if God willing | 0.103 | 0.156 | 0.048 | 0.667 | 0.114 | 0.165 |
Completion of the woman’s identity through motherhood | 0.147 | 0.121 | 0.039 | 0.633 | 0.065 | 0.195 |
Giving a meaning to the life through having a child | 0.031 | 0.114 | 0.094 | 0.591 | 0.069 | 0.168 |
Importance of bringing a male or female child | 0.085 | 0.032 | 0.129 | 0.588 | 0.142 | 0.024 |
Delayed childbearing as an interference in God’s affairs | 0.044 | 0.052 | 0.152 | 0.580 | 0.063 | 0.065 |
Creating a balance in the family decision-making between man and woman by delayed childbearing | 0.163 | 0.098 | 0.231 | 0.572 | 0.117 | 0.096 |
Reduction of the women’s power in the family due to early childbearing | 0.047 | 0.187 | 0.011 | 0.570 | 0.016 | 0.048 |
Sufficiency of having only one child for the family | 0.214 | 0.025 | 0.053 | 0.545 | 0.021 | 0.057 |
Starting a family later in life due to marriage at the old age | 0.001 | 0.064 | 0.121 | 0.454 | 0.133 | 0.045 |
Factor 5: Family support | ||||||
Being under pressure by the couple’s families for delayed childbearing | 0.062 | 0.147 | 0.036 | 0.080 | 0.656 | 0.037 |
Getting help from the couple’s families for taking care of the child | 0.142 | 0.015 | 0.199 | 0.142 | 0.614 | 0.091 |
Successful experiences of delayed childbearing in the couple’s families | 0.070 | 0.088 | 0.078 | 0.058 | 0.602 | 0.158 |
Persuasion of the couple to delay childbearing due to being raised in a small paternal family | 0.018 | 0.011 | 0.148 | 0.046 | 0.581 | 0.036 |
Factor 6: Social support | ||||||
Childbearing as one of the most important social functions of the family | 0.091 | 0.044 | 0.015 | 0.190 | 0.247 | 0.701 |
Being encouraged by others to delay childbearing | 0.035 | 0.088 | 0.107 | 0.047 | 0.675 | 0.692 |
Limitations in the freedom for getting engaged in social activities due to childbearing | 0.125 | 0.121 | 0.044 | 0.013 | 0.214 | 0.671 |
Delayed childbearing as a sign of modernity | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.125 | 0.166 | 0.118 | 0.657 |
Popularity of early childbearing in families with a lower social status | 0.094 | 0.055 | 0.087 | 0.122 | 0.147 | 0.649 |
Education regarding delayed childbearing in schools and universities | 0.225 | 0.024 | 0.096 | 0.085 | 0.129 | 0.629 |
Free access to modern contraceptive methods | 0.019 | 0.035 | 0.067 | 0.101 | 0.155 | 0.625 |
Lack of childcare facilities at the workplace | 0.195 | 0.128 | 0.088 | 0.032 | 0.138 | 0.624 |
Giving the responsibility of child care to a nursery with confidence | 0.109 | 0.165 | 0.036 | 0.080 | 0.091 | 0.590 |
The high cost of childcare in a nursery | 0.068 | 0.135 | 0.166 | 0.063 | 0.050 | 0.581 |
The short period of maternity leave for employed mothers | 0.36 | 0.100 | 0.109 | 0.085 | 0.075 | 0.570 |
Support of delayed childbearing in mass media | 0.015 | 0.121 | 0.094 | 0.021 | 0.150 | 0.564 |
Lack of special laws to support pregnant women or mothers | 0.190 | 0.134 | 0.096 | 0.048 | 0.021 | 0.562 |
Being fired from work due to getting pregnant | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.148 | 0.046 | 0.107 | 0.513 |
Threating the child due to social insecurity | 0.046 | 0.050 | 0.018 | 0.080 | 0.075 | 0.507 |
Lack of a bright future to start a family | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.115 | 0.198 | 0.114 | 0.481 |
Domain | Item (Number) | Cronbach’s Alpha | ICC (95% CI) | Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient (n = 25) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Readiness for childbearing | 15 | 0.833 | 0.83 (0.81–0.87) | 0.71 | 0.001 |
Stability in the partner relationship | 6 | 0.735 | 0.69 (0.67–0.74) | 0.91 | 0.001 |
Awareness about the adverse outcomes of pregnancy in advanced maternal age | 5 | 0.844 | 0.83 (0.80–0.88) | 0.85 | 0.001 |
Attitude toward delayed childbearing | 9 | 0.839 | 0.82 (0.79–0.89) | 0.96 | 0.001 |
Family support | 4 | 0.830 | 0.83 (0.79–0.85) | 0.91 | 0.001 |
Social support | 16 | 0.815 | 0.70 (0.68–0.84) | 0.86 | 0.001 |
Total | 55 | 0.836 | 0.81 (0.79–0.86) | 0.86 | 0.001 |
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Behboudi-Gandevani, S.; Ziaei, S.; Kazemnejad, A.; Khalajabadi Farahani, F.; Vaismoradi, M. Development and Psychometric Properties of The Delayed Childbearing Questionnaire (DCBQ-55). Healthcare 2018, 6, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6040120
Behboudi-Gandevani S, Ziaei S, Kazemnejad A, Khalajabadi Farahani F, Vaismoradi M. Development and Psychometric Properties of The Delayed Childbearing Questionnaire (DCBQ-55). Healthcare. 2018; 6(4):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6040120
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehboudi-Gandevani, Samira, Saeideh Ziaei, Anoshirvan Kazemnejad, Farideh Khalajabadi Farahani, and Mojtaba Vaismoradi. 2018. "Development and Psychometric Properties of The Delayed Childbearing Questionnaire (DCBQ-55)" Healthcare 6, no. 4: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6040120