Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Following Childbirth: A Contribution to the Psychometric Evaluation of the Greek Version of the Traumatic Event Scale (TES) (Version B)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Traumatic Event Scale Version B (TES-B)—Translation Stage
2.2. Traumatic Event Scale Version B (TES-B)—Pilot Testing Stage
2.3. Study Sample
2.4. Study Procedure
2.5. Measures
2.5.1. Traumatic Event Scale Version B (TES-B)
2.5.2. Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.3. Descriptive Statistics on the Distribution of Responses and the Mean Scores on the GrTES-B and the Internal Consistency of the GrTES-B
3.4. Convergent and Divergent Validity
3.5. Correlation Coefficients Between the GrTES-A and the GrTES-B
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CFA | Confirmatory factor analysis |
CFI | Comparative fit index |
DSM | Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |
EPDS | Edinburgh postpartum depression scale |
ETISR-SF | Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report-Short Form |
GrTES | Greek version of the TES |
IES-R | Impact of Event Scale—Revised |
PCL-5 | Posttraumatic Check List-5 |
PCL-C | PTSD Checklist—civilian scale |
PTSD | Post-traumatic stress disorder |
PTS | Post-traumatic stress |
r | Spearman’s correlation coefficient |
RMSEA | Root mean square error of approximation |
TES | Traumatic event scale |
TLI | Tucker–Lewis index |
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N (%) | |
---|---|
Nationality | |
Greek | 192 (96.0) |
Other | 8 (4) |
Married/Living with partner | 199 (99.5) |
Occupation | |
Employed | 158 (79) |
Unemployed | 28 (14.0) |
Household | 14 (7.0) |
Visited a specialist for psychological problems in the past | 65 (32.5) |
Psychotherapy in the past | 45 (22.5) |
Being abused during childhood | 49 (24.5) |
Being abused during adulthood | 49 (24.5) |
Stressful event during last year | 82 (41.0) |
Primigravida | 104 (52.0) |
Vaginal delivery | 159 (80) |
Caesarean section | 40 (20.0) |
Description of current childbirth experience | |
Very positive | 66 (33.0) |
Mainly positive | 107 (53.5) |
Very negative | 11 (5.5) |
Mainly negative | 16 (8.0) |
GrTES-Β | Never/Not at All | Rarely | Sometimes | Often |
---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Ν (%) | Ν (%) | Ν (%) | Ν (%) |
a | 10 (5.2) | 62 (32.5) | 69 (36.1) | 50 (26.2) |
b | 91 (47.6) | 74 (38.7) | 19 (9.9) | 7 (3.7) |
c | 122 (63.5) | 49 (25.5) | 14 (7.3) | 7 (3.6) |
d | 76 (39.6) | 76 (39.6) | 25 (13) | 15 (7.8) |
1 | 144 (72) | 32 (16) | 19 (9.5) | 5 (2.5) |
2 | 195 (97.5) | 5 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
3 | 189 (94.5) | 7 (3.5) | 4 (2) | 0 (0) |
4 | 149 (74.5) | 29 (14.5) | 17 (8.5) | 5 (2.5) |
5 | 172 (86) | 21 (10.5) | 6 (3) | 1 (0.5) |
6 | 163 (81.5) | 25 (12.5) | 5 (2.5) | 7 (3.5) |
7 | 168 (84) | 22 (11) | 7 (3.5) | 3 (1.5) |
8 | 125 (62.5) | 49 (24.5) | 25 (12.5) | 1 (0.5) |
9 | 127 (63.5) | 38 (19) | 28 (14) | 7 (3.5) |
10 | 141 (70.5) | 24 (12) | 29 (14.5) | 6 (3) |
11 | 170 (85) | 22 (11) | 7 (3.5) | 1 (0.5) |
12 | 181 (90.5) | 14 (7) | 5 (2.5) | 0 (0) |
13 | 181 (90.5) | 14 (7) | 5 (2.5) | 0 (0) |
14 | 98 (49) | 59 (29.5) | 34 (17) | 9 (4.5) |
15 | 90 (45) | 65 (32.5) | 39 (19.5) | 6 (3) |
16 | 79 (39.5) | 52 (26) | 54 (27) | 15 (7.5) |
17 | 85 (42.5) | 64 (32) | 41 (20.5) | 10 (5) |
Factor | Item | Mean (SD) | Corrected Item–Total Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted | Cronbach’s Alpha (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anticipation of trauma | a | 0.39 | 0.67 | 0.73 | |
b | 0.31 | 0.72 | (0.63–0.81) | ||
c | 7.91 (2.31) | 0.40 | 0.66 | ||
d | 0.52 | 0.56 | |||
Intrusion | 1 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.73 | |
2 | 0.34 | 0.72 | (0.65–0.82) | ||
3 | 6.1 (1.83) | 0.48 | 0.64 | ||
4 | 0.70 | 0.48 | |||
5 | 0.43 | 0.64 | |||
Avoidance | 6 | 0.41 | 0.68 | 0.72 | |
7 | 4.02 (1.43) | 0.36 | 0.68 | (0.65–0.82) | |
8 | 0.34 | 0.58 | |||
Resignation | 9 | 0.32 | 0.73 | 0.71 | |
10 | 0.56 | 0.60 | (0.61–0.79) | ||
11 | 5.39 (1.86) | 0.47 | 0.52 | ||
12 | 0.37 | 0.59 | |||
Hyperstimulation | 13 | 0.38 | 0.84 | 0.80 | |
14 | 0.68 | 0.72 | (0.75–0.84) | ||
15 | 7.48 (2.99) | 0.65 | 0.73 | ||
16 | 0.67 | 0.73 | |||
17 | 0.69 | 0.72 |
Intrusion | Avoidance | Resignation | Hyperstimulation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anticipation of trauma | r | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 0.30 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | |
Intrusion | r | 1.00 | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.26 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Avoidance | r | 1.00 | 0.34 | 0.16 | |
p | <0.001 | 0.021 | |||
Resignation | r | 1.00 | 0.43 | ||
p | <0.001 |
EPDS | ||
---|---|---|
Anticipation of trauma | r | 0.37 |
p | <0.001 | |
Intrusion | r | 0.33 |
p | <0.001 | |
Avoidance | r | 0.06 |
p | 0.440 | |
Resignation | r | 0.33 |
p | <0.001 | |
Hyperstimulation | r | 0.54 |
p | <0.001 |
Anticipation of Trauma (A) | Intrusion (A) | Avoidance (A) | Resignation (A) | Hyperstimulation (A) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anticipation of trauma (Β) | r | 0.40 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.24 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Intrusion (Β) | r | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.36 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Avoidance (Β) | r | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.12 |
p | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.095 | |
Resignation (Β) | r | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.21 |
p | 0.043 | 0.002 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
Hyperstimulation (Β) | r | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.49 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Varela, P.; Zervas, I.; Diamanti, A.; Nanou, C.; Lykeridou, A.; Deltsidou, A. Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Following Childbirth: A Contribution to the Psychometric Evaluation of the Greek Version of the Traumatic Event Scale (TES) (Version B). Healthcare 2025, 13, 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070768
Varela P, Zervas I, Diamanti A, Nanou C, Lykeridou A, Deltsidou A. Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Following Childbirth: A Contribution to the Psychometric Evaluation of the Greek Version of the Traumatic Event Scale (TES) (Version B). Healthcare. 2025; 13(7):768. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070768
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarela, Pinelopi, Ioannis Zervas, Athina Diamanti, Christina Nanou, Aikaterini Lykeridou, and Anna Deltsidou. 2025. "Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Following Childbirth: A Contribution to the Psychometric Evaluation of the Greek Version of the Traumatic Event Scale (TES) (Version B)" Healthcare 13, no. 7: 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070768
APA StyleVarela, P., Zervas, I., Diamanti, A., Nanou, C., Lykeridou, A., & Deltsidou, A. (2025). Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Following Childbirth: A Contribution to the Psychometric Evaluation of the Greek Version of the Traumatic Event Scale (TES) (Version B). Healthcare, 13(7), 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070768