Gender Differential Morbidity in Quality of Life and Coping Among People Diagnosed with Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample and Recruitment
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Brief Symptom Checklist (LSB-50)
2.3.2. Quality of Life Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L)
2.3.3. Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Brief COPE-28)
2.4. Ethics Statement
2.5. Statistic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Sample
3.2. Adequacy of the Sample According to Psychopathological Symptomatology
3.3. Quality of Life Results According to Gender
3.4. Comparing Copying Strategies Between Gender
4. Discussion
4.1. Determinants of Vulnerability to Anxiety and Depression Disorders
4.2. Psychopathological Symptomatology
4.3. Dimensions of Quality of Life and Self-Perception of Health Status
4.4. Gender-Based Coping Strategies
4.5. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Women | Men | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n | % | n | % | p | ||
Total | 180 | 123 | 68.33 | 57 | 31.67 | <0.001 * | |
Age | 18–24 years | 6 | 4 | 3.25 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.248 |
25–44 years | 63 | 44 | 35.78 | 19 | 33.33 | <0.001 * | |
45–64 years | 91 | 62 | 50.41 | 29 | 50.88 | <0.001 * | |
>65 years | 20 | 13 | 10.57 | 7 | 12.28 | 0.058 | |
Current marital status | Married | 89 | 63 | 51.22 | 26 | 45.61 | <0.001 * |
In a relationship | 25 | 13 | 10.57 | 12 | 21.05 | 0.777 | |
Separated | 2 | 1 | 0.81 | 1 | 1.75 | 1.000 | |
Divorced | 33 | 23 | 18.70 | 10 | 17.54 | 0.001 * | |
Sigle | 25 | 17 | 13.82 | 8 | 14.04 | 0.011 * | |
Widowed | 6 | 6 | 4.88 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.001 * | |
Educational status | Primary | 45 | 32 | 26.02 | 13 | 22.81 | <0.001 * |
Secondary | 81 | 49 | 39.84 | 32 | 56.14 | 0.008 * | |
Superior | 52 | 40 | 32.52 | 12 | 21.05 | <0.001 * | |
None | 2 | 2 | 1.63 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.046 * | |
Family caregiver | Children < 18 years | 65 | 50 | 39.83 | 16 | 28.07 | <0.001 * |
Children > 18 years | 5 | 3 | 2.43 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.527 | |
Children < 18 years + Children > 18 years | 1 | 1 | 0.81 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.157 | |
Children < 18 years + Dependents residing at home | 5 | 3 | 2.44 | 2 | 3.51 | 1.000 | |
Dependents residing at home | 15 | 13 | 10.57 | 2 | 3.51 | <0.001 * | |
Dependents residing outside the home | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 1.75 | 0.157 | |
Primary caregiver of grandchildren | 3 | 3 | 1.69 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.014 * | |
No dependents | 85 | 51 | 41.46 | 34 | 59.65 | 0.009 * | |
Occupation | Employee | 103 | 70 | 56.91 | 33 | 57.89 | <0.001 * |
Self-employed | 12 | 8 | 6.50 | 4 | 7.02 | 0.102 | |
Unemployed | 26 | 21 | 17.07 | 5 | 8.77 | <0.001 * | |
Student | 4 | 2 | 1.63 | 2 | 3.51 | 1.000 | |
Retired | 35 | 22 | 17.89 | 13 | 22.81 | 0.031 * | |
Employment status | Full-time | 86 | 53 | 43.09 | 33 | 57.89 | 0.002 * |
Part-time | 24 | 22 | 17.89 | 2 | 3.51 | <0.001 * | |
Moonlighting | 5 | 3 | 2.44 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.527 | |
Eventual or weekends | 2 | 1 | 0.81 | 1 | 1.75 | 1.000 | |
Unemployed | 63 | 44 | 35.77 | 19 | 33.33 | <0.001 * | |
Monthly salary | <950 € | 54 | 44 | 35.77 | 10 | 17.54 | <0.001 * |
951–1500 € | 72 | 44 | 35.77 | 28 | 49.12 | 0.008 * | |
1501–2200 € | 29 | 19 | 15.45 | 10 | 17.54 | 0.018 * | |
>2200 € | 9 | 4 | 3.25 | 5 | 8.77 | 0.637 | |
Daily time spent on household chores | <15 min | 9 | 2 | 1.63 | 7 | 12.28 | 0.018 * |
15 min–1 h | 59 | 30 | 24.39 | 29 | 50.88 | 0.854 | |
1–2 h | 60 | 42 | 34.15 | 18 | 31.58 | <0.001 * | |
>2 h | 52 | 49 | 39.84 | 3 | 5.26 | <0.001 * | |
Daily time spent on leisure activities | <15 min | 43 | 32 | 26.02 | 11 | 19.30 | <0.001 * |
15 min–1 h | 75 | 60 | 48.78 | 15 | 26.32 | <0.001 * | |
1–2 h | 38 | 19 | 15.45 | 19 | 33.33 | 1.000 | |
>2 h | 24 | 12 | 9.76 | 12 | 21.05 | 1.000 | |
Daily time spent on personal self-care | <15 min | 91 | 58 | 47.15 | 33 | 57.89 | <0.001 * |
15 min–1 h | 79 | 56 | 45.53 | 23 | 40.35 | <0.001 * | |
1–2 h | 7 | 6 | 4.88 | 1 | 1.75 | 0.008 * | |
>2 h | 3 | 3 | 2.44 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.014 | |
Daily time spent caring of dependents | No dependents | 91 | 58 | 47.15 | 33 | 57.89 | <0.001 * |
<15 min | 26 | 13 | 10.57 | 13 | 22.81 | 1.000 | |
15 min–1 h | 22 | 16 | 13.01 | 6 | 10.53 | 0.003 * | |
1–2 h | 16 | 14 | 11.38 | 2 | 3.51 | <0.001 * | |
>2 h | 20 | 17 | 13.82 | 3 | 5.26 | <0.001 * | |
Caring for a dependent person full time | 5 | 5 | 4.07 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.002 * | |
Weekly physical activity | None | 20 | 17 | 13.82 | 3 | 5.26 | <0.001 * |
Low | 65 | 44 | 35.77 | 21 | 36.84 | <0.001 * | |
Moderate | 71 | 47 | 38.21 | 24 | 42.11 | <0.001 * | |
High | 24 | 15 | 12.20 | 9 | 15.79 | 0.083 |
Total | Women | Men | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | p | ||
Total | Punctuation | 180 | 123 | 57 | ||||
Psychoreactivity | ≤16 | 63 | 35.00 | 47 | 38.21 | 16 | 28.07 | 0.185 |
17–83 | 106 | 58.89 | 66 | 53.66 | 40 | 70.18 | 0.036 * | |
≥84 | 11 | 6.11 | 10 | 8.13 | 1 | 1.75 | 0.097 | |
Hypersensitivity | ≤16 | 92 | 51.11 | 72 | 58.54 | 20 | 35.09 | 0.003 * |
17–83 | 76 | 42.22 | 41 | 33.33 | 35 | 61.40 | <0.001 * | |
≥84 | 12 | 6.67 | 10 | 8.13 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.248 | |
Obsession-compulsion | ≤16 | 49 | 27.22 | 37 | 30.08 | 12 | 21.05 | 0.206 |
17–83 | 118 | 65.56 | 75 | 60.98 | 43 | 75.44 | 0.057 | |
≥84 | 13 | 7.22 | 11 | 8.94 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.190 | |
Anxiety | ≤16 | 95 | 52.78 | 71 | 57.72 | 24 | 42.11 | 0.051 |
17–83 | 74 | 41.11 | 43 | 34.96 | 31 | 54.39 | 0.014 * | |
≥84 | 11 | 6.11 | 9 | 7.32 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.321 | |
Hostility | ≤16 | 66 | 36.67 | 47 | 38.21 | 19 | 33.33 | 0.528 |
17–83 | 106 | 58.89 | 72 | 58.54 | 34 | 59.65 | 0.888 | |
≥84 | 8 | 4.44 | 4 | 3.25 | 4 | 7.02 | 0.254 | |
Somatization | ≤16 | 60 | 33.33 | 51 | 41.46 | 9 | 15.79 | 0.001 * |
17–83 | 106 | 58.89 | 61 | 49.59 | 45 | 78.95 | <0.001 * | |
≥84 | 14 | 7.78 | 11 | 8.94 | 3 | 5.26 | 0.391 | |
Depression | ≤16 | 89 | 49.44 | 66 | 53.66 | 23 | 40.35 | 0.097 |
17–83 | 78 | 43.33 | 46 | 37.40 | 32 | 56.14 | 0.018 * | |
≥84 | 13 | 7.22 | 11 | 8.94 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.190 | |
Sleep disturbances | ≤16 | 50 | 27.78 | 37 | 30.08 | 13 | 22.81 | 0.311 |
17–83 | 107 | 59.44 | 71 | 57.72 | 36 | 63.16 | 0.490 | |
≥84 | 23 | 12.78 | 15 | 12.20 | 8 | 14.04 | 0.731 | |
Extended sleep disturbances | ≤16 | 78 | 43.33 | 58 | 47.15 | 20 | 35.09 | 0.129 |
17–83 | 91 | 50.56 | 58 | 47.15 | 33 | 57.89 | 0.180 | |
≥84 | 11 | 6.11 | 7 | 5.69 | 4 | 7.02 | 0.730 | |
IRPsi | ≤16 | 84 | 46.67 | 71 | 57.72 | 13 | 22.81 | <0.001 * |
17–83 | 83 | 46.11 | 41 | 33.33 | 42 | 73.68 | <0.001 * | |
≥84 | 13 | 7.22 | 11 | 8.94 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.190 | |
GLOBAL | ≤16 | 94 | 52.22 | 69 | 56.10 | 25 | 43.86 | 0.126 |
17–83 | 76 | 42.22 | 46 | 37.40 | 30 | 52.63 | 0.054 | |
≥84 | 10 | 5.56 | 8 | 6.50 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.414 | |
NUM | ≤16 | 78 | 43.33 | 59 | 47.97 | 19 | 33.33 | 0.065 |
17–83 | 83 | 46.11 | 49 | 39.84 | 34 | 59.65 | 0.013 * | |
≥84 | 19 | 10.56 | 15 | 12.20 | 4 | 7.02 | 0.293 | |
INT | ≤16 | 95 | 52.78 | 67 | 54.47 | 28 | 49.12 | 0.504 |
17–83 | 79 | 43.89 | 52 | 42.28 | 27 | 47.37 | 0.522 | |
≥84 | 6 | 3.33 | 4 | 3.25 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.929 |
Total | Women | Men | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n | % | n | % | p | ||
Total | Items | 180 | 123 | 57 | <0.001 * | ||
Mobility | No problems | 137 | 88 | 48.89 | 49 | 85.96 | 0.035 * |
Slight problems | 26 | 21 | 11.67 | 5 | 8.77 | 0.141 | |
Moderate problems | 13 | 10 | 5.56 | 3 | 5.26 | 0.489 | |
Severe problems | 4 | 4 | 2.22 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.169 | |
Unable to walk about | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Self-care | No problems | 163 | 107 | 59.44 | 56 | 98.25 | 0.016 * |
Slight problems | 10 | 9 | 5.00 | 1 | 1.75 | 0.130 | |
Moderate problems | 6 | 6 | 3.33 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.090 | |
Severe problems | 1 | 1 | 0.56 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.495 | |
Unable to wash or dress | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Daily activities | No problems | 131 | 82 | 45.56 | 49 | 85.96 | 0.007 * |
Slight problems | 24 | 19 | 10.56 | 5 | 8.77 | 0.220 | |
Moderate problems | 14 | 12 | 6.67 | 2 | 3.51 | 0.145 | |
Severe problems | 9 | 9 | 5.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.036 * | |
Unable to do usual activities | 2 | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | 1.75 | 0.575 | |
Pain or Discomfort | No pain/discomfort | 55 | 34 | 18.89 | 21 | 36.84 | 0.213 |
Slight pain/discomfort | 61 | 36 | 20.00 | 25 | 43.86 | 0.054 | |
Moderately pain/discomfort | 39 | 29 | 16.11 | 10 | 17.54 | 0.361 | |
Severely pain/discomfort | 24 | 23 | 12.78 | 1 | 1.75 | 0.002 * | |
Extreme pain/discomfort | 1 | 1 | 0.56 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.495 | |
Anxiety or depression | Not anxious/depressed | 50 | 32 | 17.78 | 18 | 31.58 | 0.438 |
Slight anxious/depressed | 68 | 44 | 24.44 | 24 | 42.11 | 0.415 | |
Moderately anxious/depressed | 50 | 39 | 21.67 | 11 | 19.30 | 0.084 | |
Severely anxious/depressed | 10 | 7 | 3.89 | 3 | 5.26 | 0.907 | |
Extremely anxious/depressed | 2 | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | 1.75 | 0.575 | |
VAS Scale [0–100] a | Women b | Men b | |||||
180 | 65 [50, 80] | 75 [65, 90] | 0.002 * (U = 2525.5) |
OR | CI 95% | p | aOR | CI 95% | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any Mobility problems | Men | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Women | 2.43 | 1.04 | 5.66 | 0.039 * | 2.93 | 1.06 | 8.10 | 0.039 * | |
Any self-care problems | Men | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Women | 8.37 | 1.08 | 64.78 | 0.042 * | 7. 07 | 0.83 | 60.14 | 0.074 | |
Any usual activities problems | Men | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Women | 3.06 | 1.32 | 7.06 | 0.009 * | 2.75 | 1.08 | 6.96 | 0.033 * | |
Any pain or discomfort | Men | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Women | 1.52 | 0.78 | 2.97 | 0.214 | 2.24 | 0.99 | 5.03 | 0.051 | |
Any anxiety or depression | Men | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Women | 1.31 | 0.66 | 2.61 | 0.439 | 1.13 | 0.52 | 2.44 | 0.757 |
Women | Men | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Median b | U | p | ||
Active Coping | 4 (3, 5) | 3 (2, 4) | 2623.5 | 0.005 * |
Planning | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | 3409.5 | 0.763 |
Emotional Support | 2 (2, 4) | 2 (2, 3) | 3129.0 | 0.234 |
Instrumental Support | 3 (2, 4) | 2 (1, 4) | 2854.5 | 0.039 * |
Religion | 1 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 2949.5 | 0.065 |
Positive Reframing | 3 (2, 4) | 2 (2, 4) | 3023.0 | 0.131 |
Acceptance | 4 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 4) | 3181.5 | 0.309 |
Denial | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) | 3175.0 | 0.284 |
Humour | 2 (0, 3) | 2 (0, 3) | 3346.0 | 0.616 |
Self-distraction | 3 (2, 4) | 2 (2, 4) | 3022.5 | 0.131 |
Self-blame | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 3227.5 | 0.382 |
Behavioural disengagement | 0 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) | 2800.5 | 0.020 * |
Venting | 2 (1, 3) | 1 (1, 3) | 2858.5 | 0.041 * |
Use of substances c | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 3220.5 | 0.199 |
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Torrubia-Pérez, E.; Martorell-Poveda, M.-A.; Fernández-Sáez, J.; Mulet Barberà, M.; Reverté-Villarroya, S. Gender Differential Morbidity in Quality of Life and Coping Among People Diagnosed with Depression and Anxiety Disorders. Healthcare 2025, 13, 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070706
Torrubia-Pérez E, Martorell-Poveda M-A, Fernández-Sáez J, Mulet Barberà M, Reverté-Villarroya S. Gender Differential Morbidity in Quality of Life and Coping Among People Diagnosed with Depression and Anxiety Disorders. Healthcare. 2025; 13(7):706. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070706
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorrubia-Pérez, Elisabet, Maria-Antonia Martorell-Poveda, José Fernández-Sáez, Mónica Mulet Barberà, and Silvia Reverté-Villarroya. 2025. "Gender Differential Morbidity in Quality of Life and Coping Among People Diagnosed with Depression and Anxiety Disorders" Healthcare 13, no. 7: 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070706
APA StyleTorrubia-Pérez, E., Martorell-Poveda, M.-A., Fernández-Sáez, J., Mulet Barberà, M., & Reverté-Villarroya, S. (2025). Gender Differential Morbidity in Quality of Life and Coping Among People Diagnosed with Depression and Anxiety Disorders. Healthcare, 13(7), 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070706