Research on Body Composition and Lifestyle Behaviors During Pubertal Development in 6–12-Year-Old Children with Obesity
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Objects and Groups
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Physical Examination and Body Composition Assessment
2.2.2. Determination of Fasting Insulin and Fasting Blood Glucose
2.2.3. Questionnaire Survey Administered by a Professional Pediatrician
2.2.4. Relevant Indicators and Definitions of Lifestyle Behaviors and Dietary Intake
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Result
3.1. Relationship Between Puberty Development and Body Composition and Insulin Resistance in Children with Obesity
3.2. The Impact of Lifestyle, Diet, and Other Factors on the Development of Adolescents with Obesity in School-Age Children
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Male | Female | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puberty Undeveloped (n = 83) | Puberty Development (n = 69) | Statistic | p | Puberty Undeveloped (n = 30) | Puberty Development (n = 89) | Statistic | p | |
Age (year) | 9 (7.81,9.88) | 10.92 (9.5,12) | −6.029 | <0.001 | 7.66 (6.94,8.46) | 9.25 (8,10.2) | −4.580 | <0.001 |
Weight (Kg) | 50.95 (41.85,58.8) | 64.7 (53.2,73.1) | −5.732 | <0.001 | 36.55 (32.5,44.3) | 48.4 (39.5,60) | −4.079 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 141.63 ± 10.57 | 154.29 ± 9.28 | −7.765 | <0.001 | 132.42 ± 9.37 | 143.92 ± 11.68 | −5.445 | <0.001 |
BMI | 24.4 (22.48,27.07) | 26.3 (24.1,29) | −3.109 | 0.002 | 21.77 (20.26,23.78) | 23.3 (20.9,25.86) | −2.111 | 0.035 |
BMI z-score | −0.11 (−0.61,0.58) | 0.38 (−0.19,1.09) | −3.109 | 0.002 | −0.79 (−1.18,−0.27) | −0.39 (−1.02,0.27) | −2.111 | 0.035 |
Body fat (Kg) | 19.74 (15.25,25.18) | 23.65 (19.4,29.13) | −3.034 | 0.002 | 12.5 (11.2,15.28) | 17.39 (13.15,21.4) | −2.979 | 0.003 |
Body fat index (kg/m2) | 9.6 (7.69,12) | 10.1 (8.21,11.78) | −0.731 | 0.465 | 7.56 (6.6,8.74) | 8.21 (6.62,9.91) | −1.195 | 0.232 |
Muscle mass (Kg) | 29.2 (25.17,32.52) | 35.65 (32.5,42.1) | −6.682 | <0.001 | 23 (20.9,26.5) | 28.55 (23.97,34.6) | −3.900 | <0.001 |
Muscle mass index (kg/m2) | 14.4 (13.58,15.03) | 15.13 (14.59,16.32) | −4.733 | <0.001 | 13.44 (13.09,14.14) | 13.85 (13.25,15.38) | −1.948 | 0.051 |
Fat-free weight (Kg) | 31 (26.5,34.52) | 38.25 (35,44.97) | −6.930 | <0.001 | 24.5 (22.2,28) | 30.4 (25.55,36.77) | −3.945 | <0.001 |
Fat-free weight index(kg/m2) | 15.22 (14.42,15.92) | 16.13 (15.54,17.35) | −5.360 | <0.001 | 14.23 (13.81,14.91) | 14.72 (14.07,16.33) | −2.139 | 0.032 |
Body fat percentage (%) | 38.65 (34.15,42.9) | 38.3 (33.98,41.3) | 0.500 | 0.617 | 34.4 (31.8,37.2) | 35.2 (31.63,39.75) | −0.602 | 0.547 |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.84 (0.79,0.89) | 0.86 (0.82,0.9) | −2.102 | 0.036 | 0.77 (0.76,0.83) | 0.82 (0.78,0.87) | −2.346 | 0.019 |
Fasting insulin (uU/mL) | 17.1 (12.35,27.4) | 23.5 (14,33.7) | −2.309 | 0.021 | 13.55 (10.07,21.12) | 18.7 (12.2,29.9) | −2.370 | 0.018 |
Fasting blood sugar (mmol/L) | 5.03 ± 0.33 | 5 ± 0.47 | 0.435 | 0.664 | 4.8 (4.5,5.1) | 5 (4.8,5.3) | −2.632 | 0.008 |
HOMA-IR | 3.9 (2.69,5.89) | 5.49 (3.31,7.6) | −2.261 | 0.024 | 2.96 (2.2,4.65) | 4.24 (2.77,6.93) | −2.594 | 0.009 |
Factors | Male | Female | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | z | p | OR[95%CI] | B | SE | z | p | OR[95%CI] | ||
Puberty development | constant | −19.097 | 4.361 | −4.379 | <0.001 | −9.457 | 5.719 | −1.654 | 0.098 | ||
Age | 0.150 | 0.169 | 0.885 | 0.376 | 1.2[0.8,1.6] | 0.465 | 0.290 | 1.602 | 0.109 | 1.6[0.9,2.8] | |
Height | 0.133 | 0.038 | 3.523 | <0.001 | 1.1[1.1,1.2] | 0.091 | 0.046 | 1.964 | 0.050 | 1.1[1,1.2] | |
BMI | −0.060 | 0.090 | −0.674 | 0.5 | 0.9[0.8,1.1] | 0.055 | 0.024 | 2.319 | 0.021 | 1.06[0.7,1.2] | |
Muscle mass index | 0.392 | 0.219 | 1.787 | 0.074 | 1.5[1,2.3] | 0.110 | 0.408 | 0.269 | 0.788 | 1.1[0.5,2.5] | |
Waist/hip ratio | −7.639 | 4.119 | −1.855 | 0.064 | 0[0,1.5] | −6.968 | 5.906 | −1.180 | 0.238 | 0[0,100.2] | |
Fasting insulin | −0.002 | 0.013 | −0.121 | 0.903 | 1[1,1] | −0.018 | 0.017 | −1.085 | 0.278 | 1[0.9,1] |
Factors | Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puberty Undeveloped (n = 83) | Puberty Development (n = 69) | p | Puberty Undeveloped (n = 30) | Puberty Development (n = 89) | p | |
Night sleep time (h) | 9 (8.5,9.2) | 9 (8.5,9.2) | 0.613 | 9 (8.5,9.4) | 8.8 (8.3,9) | 0.462 |
Amount of exercise | 0.003 | 0.82 | ||||
Less | 53 (63.9%) | 59 (85.5%) | 23 (76.7%) | 70 (78.7%) | ||
More | 30 (36.1%) | 10 (14.5%) | 7 (23.3%) | 19 (21.3%) | ||
Sit-in time (min) | 60 (30,120) | 60 (40,120) | 0.22 | 30 (20,65) | 60 (40,120) | 0.003 |
Meat intake | 0.575 | 0.881 | ||||
Less | 23 (27.7%) | 22 (31.9%) | 11 (36.7%) | 34 (38.2%) | ||
More | 60 (72.3%) | 47 (68.1%) | 19 (63.3%) | 55 (61.8%) | ||
Sugary beverage intake | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
Less | 72 (86.7%) | 36 (52.2%) | 26 (86.7%) | 46 (51.7%) | ||
More | 11 (13.3%) | 33 (47.8%) | 4 (13.3%) | 43 (48.3%) | ||
Fried food intake | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Less | 80 (96.4%) | 36 (52.2%) | 28 (93.3%) | 40 (44.9%) | ||
More | 3 (3.6%) | 33 (47.8%) | 2 (6.7%) | 49 (55.1%) | ||
Birth weight (g) | 3408 ± 507.5 | 3574.1 ± 509.9 | 0.048 | 3454.8 ± 529.5 | 3442.8 ± 455.2 | 0.907 |
Father’s BMI | 24.98 ± 3.35 | 25.02 ± 2.78 | 0.063 | 26.55 ± 2.08 | 25.67 ± 3.23 | 0.369 |
Mother’s BMI | 22.20 ± 4.05 | 22.42 ± 3.53 | 0.525 | 23.69 ± 3.87 | 24.32 ± 4.06 | 0.806 |
Factors | B | SE | z | p | OR[95%CI] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puberty development | constant | −4.662 | 1.709 | −2.728 | 0.006 | |
Amount of exercise | −0.040 | 0.876 | −0.046 | 0.964 | 1[0.2,5.4] | |
Sugary beverage intake | 0.267 | 0.579 | 0.461 | 0.645 | 1.3[0.4,4.1] | |
Fried food intake | 2.981 | 0.765 | 3.898 | <0.001 | 19.7[4.4,88.2] | |
Birth weight | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.903 | 0.367 | 1[1,1] |
Factors | B | SE | z | p | OR[95%CI] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puberty development | constant | −2.914 | 1.000 | −2.914 | 0.004 | |
Sit-in time | 0.008 | 0.005 | 1.656 | 0.098 | 1[1,1] | |
Sugary beverage intake | 0.229 | 0.733 | 0.312 | 0.755 | 1.3[0.3,5.3] | |
Fried food intake | 2.535 | 0.891 | 2.845 | 0.004 | 12.6[2.2,72.3] |
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Zhang, J.; Zhang, T.; Wan, N. Research on Body Composition and Lifestyle Behaviors During Pubertal Development in 6–12-Year-Old Children with Obesity. Healthcare 2025, 13, 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060607
Zhang J, Zhang T, Wan N. Research on Body Composition and Lifestyle Behaviors During Pubertal Development in 6–12-Year-Old Children with Obesity. Healthcare. 2025; 13(6):607. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060607
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jin, Tian Zhang, and Naijun Wan. 2025. "Research on Body Composition and Lifestyle Behaviors During Pubertal Development in 6–12-Year-Old Children with Obesity" Healthcare 13, no. 6: 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060607
APA StyleZhang, J., Zhang, T., & Wan, N. (2025). Research on Body Composition and Lifestyle Behaviors During Pubertal Development in 6–12-Year-Old Children with Obesity. Healthcare, 13(6), 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060607