Occupational Stressors and Workplace Challenges Faced by Seafarers in Lithuania: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measurement Tool
2.3. Study Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Analysis of Results
4.3. Stress Management in Seafarers
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
4.5. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scale and Item | α |
---|---|
Demands Item 3: Different groups at work demand things from me that are hard to combine Item 6: I have unachievable deadlines Item 9: I have to work very intensively Item 12: I have to neglect some tasks because I have too much to do Item 16: I am unable to take sufficient breaks Item 18: I am pressured to work long hours Item 20: I have to work very fast Item 22: I have unrealistic time pressures | 0.760 |
Managerial Support Item 8: I am given supportive feedback on the work I do Item 23: I can rely on my line manager to help me out with a work problem Item 29: I can talk to my line manager about something that has upset or annoyed me about work Item 33: I am supported through emotionally demanding work Item 35: My line manager encourages me at work | 0.820 |
Peer support Item 7: If work gets difficult, my colleagues will help me Item 24: I get help and support I need from colleagues Item 27: I receive the respect at work I deserve from my colleagues Item 31: My colleagues are willing to listen to my work-related problems | 0.801 |
Relationships Item 5: I am subject to personal harassment in the form of unkind words or behavior Item 14: There is friction or anger between colleagues Item 21: I am subject to bullying at work Item 34: Relationships at work are strained | 0.687 |
Change at work Item 26: I have sufficient opportunities to question managers about change at work Item 28: Staff are always consulted about change at work Item 32: When changes are made at work, I am clear how they will work out in practice | 0.750 |
Work control Item 2: I can decide when to take a break Item 10: I have a say in my own work speed Item 15: I have a choice in deciding how I do my work Item 19: I have a choice in deciding what I do at work Item 25: I have some say over the way I work Item 30: My working time can be flexible | 0.800 |
Role clarity Item 1: I am clear what is expected of me at work Item 4: I know how to go about getting my job done Item 11: I am clear what my duties and responsibilities are Item 13: I am clear about the goals and objectives for my department Item 17: I understand how my work fits into the overall aim of the organization | 0.838 |
Total | 0.766 |
Subscale | Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic | Skewness | Kurtosis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statistic | df | p | |||
Demands | 0.78 | 381 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.141 |
Managerial support | 0.148 | 381 | 0.000 | 0.437 | 0.738 |
Peer support | 0.164 | 381 | 0.000 | 0.814 | 1.310 |
Relationships | 0.119 | 381 | 0.000 | 0.728 | 0.850 |
Change at work | 0.178 | 381 | 0.000 | 0.786 | 1.254 |
Work control | 0.120 | 381 | 0.000 | −0.278 | 0.538 |
Role clarity | 0.150 | 381 | 0.000 | −1.295 | 2.306 |
Variables of Subscales | Friedman Test | ||
---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean Rank | p Value | |
Demands | |||
I have to work very intensively | 3.47 | 6.51 | χ2 = 720.424; dƒ = 7; p = 0.000 |
I have to work very fast | 3.17 | 5.83 | |
I have to neglect some tasks because I have too much to do | 2.57 | 4.25 | |
I have unrealistic time pressures | 2.52 | 4.16 | |
Different groups at work demand things from me that are hard to combine | 2.51 | 4.10 | |
I am unable to take sufficient breaks | 2.46 | 4.01 | |
I am pressured to work long hours | 2.37 | 3.83 | |
I have unachievable deadlines | 2.14 | 3.22 | |
Managerial support | |||
I can rely on my line manager to help me out with a work problem | 3.99 | 4.09 | χ2 = 643.139; dƒ = 4; p = 0.000 |
I am given supportive feedback on the work I do | 3.81 | 3.88 | |
My line manager encourages me at work | 2.51 | 2.52 | |
I am supported through emotionally demanding work | 2.44 | 2.47 | |
I can talk to my line manager about something that has upset or annoyed me about work | 2.15 | 2.04 | |
Peer support | |||
If work gets difficult, my colleagues will help me | 4.10 | 3.69 | χ2 = 608.488; dƒ = 3; p = 0.000 |
My colleagues are willing to listen to my work-related problems | 2.24 | 2.28 | |
I receive the respect at work that I deserve from my colleagues | 2.05 | 2.08 | |
I get help and support I need from colleagues | 1.98 | 1.96 | |
Relationships | |||
Relationships at work are strained | 2.52 | 2.99 | χ2 = 281.965; dƒ = 3; p = 0.000 |
There is friction or anger between colleagues | 2.46 | 2.90 | |
I am subject to bullying at work | 1.98 | 2.22 | |
I am subject to personal harassment in the form of unkind words or behavior | 1.75 | 1.89 | |
Change at work | |||
When changes are made at work, I am clear how they will work out in practice | 2.21 | 2.08 | χ2 = 8.076; dƒ = 2; p = 0.018 |
Staff are always consulted about change at work | 2.14 | 1.98 | |
I have sufficient opportunities to question managers about change at work | 2.11 | 1.94 | |
Work control | |||
I can decide when to take a break | 3.94 | 4.46 | χ2 = 570.038; dƒ = 5; p = 0.000 |
I have some say over the way I work | 3.86 | 4.37 | |
I have a choice in deciding how I do my work | 3.69 | 4.02 | |
I have a choice in deciding what I do at work | 3.17 | 3.11 | |
My working time can be flexible | 2.77 | 2.82 | |
I have a say in my own work speed | 2.34 | 2.22 | |
Role clarity | |||
I am clear what my duties and responsibilities are | 4.59 | 3.39 | χ2 = 127.852; dƒ = 4; p = 0.000 |
I am clear what is expected of me at work | 4.53 | 3.20 | |
I am clear about the goals and objectives for my department | 4.39 | 2.94 | |
I know how to go about getting my job done | 4.41 | 2.87 | |
I understand how my work fits into the overall aim of the organization | 4.22 | 2.61 |
Variables | N | Demands | Managerial Support | Peer Support | Relationships | Change at Work | Work Control | Role Clarity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Total n = 385) | Mean Rank | Mean Rank | Mean Rank | Mean Rank | Mean Rank | Mean Rank | Mean Rank | |
Years of service 0–11 years 12 + years | 205 180 | 178.05 210.03 | 209.83 180.66 | 194.25 191.57 | 180.69 207.02 | 193.84 190.99 | 180.39 204.10 | 177.99 210.10 |
Mann–Whitney U p | z = −2.821 p = 0.005 | z = −2.077 p = 0.038 | z = −0.241 p = 0.809 | z = −2.333 p = 0.02 | z = −0.257 p = 0.797 | z = −2.113 p = 0.035 | z = −2.859 p = 0.004 | |
Effect size | −0.143 | −0.106 | - | −0.119 | - | −0.108 | −0.145 | |
Job position Senior Junior | 202 183 | 211.52 172.56 | 195.84 189.86 | 194.97 190.83 | 203.08 181.88 | 198.89 185.48 | 193.06 189.76 | 207.03 177.51 |
Mann–Whitney U p | z = −3.440 p = 0.001 | z = −0.536 p = 0.592 | z = −0.373 p = 0.709 | z = −1.880 p = 0.06 | z = −1.209 p = 0.227 | z = −0.294 p = 0.768 | z = −2.631 p = 0.009 | |
Effect size | −0.175 | - | - | - | - | - | −0.134 |
Variable/ Subscales | Years of Service | Job Position | Demands | Managerial Support | Peer Support | Relationships | Change at Work | Work Control | Role Clarity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years of service | |||||||||
Job position | −0.277 ** | ||||||||
Demands | 0.144 ** | −0.176 ** | |||||||
Managerial support | −0.106 * | −0.027 | 0.133 ** | ||||||
Peer support | −0.012 | −0.019 | 0.378 ** | 0.314 ** | |||||
Relationships | 0.119 * | −0.096 | 0.604 ** | 0.174 ** | 0.433 ** | ||||
Change at work | −0.013 | −0.062 | 0.410 ** | 0.205 ** | 0.375 ** | 0.446 ** | |||
Work control | 0.108 * | −0.015 | −0.209 ** | −0.036 | 0.310 ** | 0.269 ** | −0.309 ** | ||
Roleclarity | 0.146 ** | −0.134 ** | −0.343 ** | −0.115 * | −0.351 ** | −0.458 ** | −0.495 ** | 0.325 ** |
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Strukcinskiene, B.; Razbadauskas, A.; Grigoliene, R.; Jeriomenkaite, A.; Jurgaitis, J.; Punys, V.; Kontautiene, V.; Beniusiene, A.; Martisauskiene, D.; Zuperkiene, E.; et al. Occupational Stressors and Workplace Challenges Faced by Seafarers in Lithuania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2025, 13, 1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111334
Strukcinskiene B, Razbadauskas A, Grigoliene R, Jeriomenkaite A, Jurgaitis J, Punys V, Kontautiene V, Beniusiene A, Martisauskiene D, Zuperkiene E, et al. Occupational Stressors and Workplace Challenges Faced by Seafarers in Lithuania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2025; 13(11):1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111334
Chicago/Turabian StyleStrukcinskiene, Birute, Arturas Razbadauskas, Rasa Grigoliene, Aistė Jeriomenkaite, Jonas Jurgaitis, Vytenis Punys, Vyte Kontautiene, Asta Beniusiene, Dalia Martisauskiene, Erika Zuperkiene, and et al. 2025. "Occupational Stressors and Workplace Challenges Faced by Seafarers in Lithuania: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 13, no. 11: 1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111334
APA StyleStrukcinskiene, B., Razbadauskas, A., Grigoliene, R., Jeriomenkaite, A., Jurgaitis, J., Punys, V., Kontautiene, V., Beniusiene, A., Martisauskiene, D., Zuperkiene, E., Papadakaki, M., Zuperkaite, D., & Genowska, A. (2025). Occupational Stressors and Workplace Challenges Faced by Seafarers in Lithuania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 13(11), 1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111334