The Occurrence of Anxiety, Depression, and Distress among Professionals Working in Emergency Care
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Research Sample
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
2.4. Applied Questionnaires
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Summary of Descriptive Results of the Validated Questionnaires
3.3. Detailed Results of the Validated Questionnaires
3.3.1. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
3.3.2. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14)
3.3.3. The State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gray, P.; Senabe, S.; Naicker, N.; Kgalamono, S.; Yassi, A.; Spiegel, J.M. Workplace-Based Organizational Interventions Promoting Mental Health and Happiness among Healthcare Workers: A Realist Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, C.; Mattick, K.; Carrieri, D.; Cox, A.; Maben, J. ‘The WOW factors’: Comparing workforce organization and well-being for doctors, nurses, midwives and paramedics in England. Br. Med. Bull. 2023, 141, 60–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Walton, M.; Murray, E.; Christian, M.D. Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care 2020, 9, 241–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Basting, J.; Wong, J.; Berger, D.; Caldwell, C.; Saggi, S.; Mann, J. Prevalence of Social Needs & Social Risks Among EMS Providers. JEMS Exclus. 2023, 2023, 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Søvold, L.E.; Naslund, J.A.; Kousoulis, A.A.; Saxena, S.; Qoronfleh, M.W.; Grobler, C.; Münter, L. Prioritizing the Mental Health and Well-Being of Healthcare Workers: An Urgent Global Public Health Priority. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 679397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crowe, R.P.; Bower, J.K.; Cash, R.E.; Panchal, A.R.; Rodriguez, S.A.; Olivo-Marston, S.E. Association of Burnout with Workforce-Reducing Factors among EMS Professionals. Prehosp. Emerg. Care 2018, 22, 229–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crowe, R.P.; Fernandez, A.R.; Pepe, P.E.; Cash, R.E.; Rivard, M.K.; Wronski, R.; Anderson, S.E.; Hogan, T.H.; Andridge, R.R.; Panchal, A.R.; et al. The association of job demands and resources with burnout among emergency medical services professionals. J. Am. Coll. Emerg. Physicians Open 2019, 1, 6–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nascimento, J.C.P.; de Souza Costa, T.M.; Sarmento, S.D.G.; dos Santos, K.V.G.; dos Santos Dantas, J.K.; Queiroz, C.G.; Dantas, D.V. Analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder in emergency professionals. Acta Paul. Enferm. 2022, 35, eAPE03232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corman, M.K. Titrating the Rig: How Paramedics Work in and on Their Ambulance. Qual. Health Res. 2018, 1, 47–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrie, K.; Milligan-Saville, J.; Gayed, A.; Deady, M.; Phelps, A.; Dell, L.; Forbes, D.; Bryant, R.A.; Calvo, R.A.; Glozier, N.; et al. Prevalence of PTSD and common mental disorders amongst ambulance personnel: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatry Epidemiol. 2018, 53, 897–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoell, A.; Kourmpeli, E.; Dressing, H. Work-related posttraumatic stress disorder in paramedics in comparison to data from the general population of working age. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Health. 2023, 11, 1151248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, L.; Long, Y.; Yu, T.; Kang, X.; Liu, S.; Yan, J.; Zhang, A. Emergency medical service personnel’ posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological detachment: The mediating role of presenteeism. Front. Public Health 2023, 11, 1030456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cannavò, M.; La Torre, F.; Sestili, C.; La Torre, G.; Fioravanti, M. FioravantiWork Related Violence As A Predictor Of Stress And Correlated Disorders In Emergency Department Healthcare Professionals. Clin. Ter. 2019, 170, 110–123. [Google Scholar]
- James, K.A.; Stromin, J.I.; Steenkamp, N.; Combrinck, M.I. Understanding the relationships between physiological and psychosocial stress, cortisol and cognition. Front. Endocrinol. 2023, 14, 1085950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuente, G.A.C.-D.L.; Albendín-García, L.; Cañadas, G.R.; Luis-Costas, C.S.; Ortega-Campos, E.; I De La Fuente-Solana, E. Nurse burnout in critical care units and emergency departments: Intensity and associated factors. Emergencias 2018, 30, 328–331. [Google Scholar]
- Emergency Physician Shift Work. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2017, 70, 947–948. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fadel, M.; Roquelaure, Y.; Descatha, A. Interventions on Well-being, Occupational Health, and Aging of Healthcare Workers: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews. Saf. Health Work 2023, 14, 135–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sipos, D.; Jenei, T.; Kövesdi, O.L.; Novák, P.; Freihat, O.; Tollár, J.; Pandur, A.A.; Kovács, Á.; Repa, I.; Csima, M.P. Burnout and occupational stress among Hungarian radiographers working in emergency and non-emergency departments during COVID-19 pandemic. Radiography 2023, 29, 466–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jakšić, N.; Ivezić, E.; Jokić-Begić, N.; Surányi, Z.; Stojanović-Špehar, S. Factorial and Diagnostic Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in Croatian Primary Health Care. J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings 2013, 20, 311–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kopp, M. Beck Depression Inventory. In Perczel Forintos; Ajtay, D., Kiss, G., Eds.; Questionnaires and assessment scales in clinical psychology; Semmelweis Kiadó: Budapest, Magyarország, 2007; pp. 44–45. [Google Scholar]
- Simor, P.; Köteles, F.; Bódizs, R.; Bárdos, G. Subjective sleep quality questionnaire: Domestic validation of the Groningen Sleep Quality Scale. Mentálhig. Pszichoszomatika 2009, 10, 249–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stauder, A.; Konkoly-Thege, B. Features of the Hungarian version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS). Mentálhig. Pszichoszomatika 2006, 7, 203–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arany, E.; Girasek, J.; Pinczésné Palásthy, I. Methods for the assessment of personality traits and self-evaluation: Anxiety scales. Collection of Psychological Test Methods; Debrecen Reformed Theological University: Debrecen, Magyarország, 2017; ISBN 978-963-8429-95-7. [Google Scholar]
- Sipos, K.; Sipos, M.; Spielberger, C.D. Hungarian version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). In Pszichodiagnosztikai Vademecum; Mérei, F., Szakács, F., Eds.; Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó: Budapest, Magyarország, 1994; Volume 2, pp. 123–148. [Google Scholar]
- Harris, R.; Drummond, S.P.A.; Meadley, B. Mental health risk factors for shift work disorder in paramedics: A longitudinal study. Sleep Health 2023, 9, 49–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pettit, K.; Harris, C.; Smeltzer, K.; Sarmiento, E.J.; Hall, J.T.; Howell, C.; Liao, M.; Turner, J. Assessment of Gender Bias During Paramedic-Physician Handoffs. Cureus 2023, 15, e41709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irving, J.A.; Dobkin, P.L.; Park, J. Cultivating mindfulness in health care professionals: A review of empirical studies of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Complement Ther. Clin. Pract. 2009, 2, 61–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caponnetto, P.; Magro, R.; Inguscio, L.; Cannella, M.C. Quality of life, work motivation, burn-out and stress perceptions benefits of a stress management program by autogenic training for emergency room staff: A pilot study. Ment. Illn. 2019, 10, 7913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cleaver, G. Mental health crisis among emergency care clinicians. Lancet Respir. Med. 2019, 7, 113–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gualano, M.R.; Sinigaglia, T.; Lo Moro, G.; Rousset, S.; Cremona, A.; Bert, F.; Siliquini, R. The Burden of Burnout among Healthcare Professionals of Intensive Care Units and Emergency Departments during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Donnelly, E. Work-related stress and posttraumatic stress in emergency medical services. Prehosp. Emerg. Care 2012, 16, 76–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Afshari, A.; Borzou, S.R.; Shamsaei, F.; Mohammadi, E.; Tapak, L. Perceived occupational stressors among emergency medical service providers: A qualitative study. BMC Emerg. Med. 2021, 21, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Herttuainen, A.; Nordquist, H. Recent Paramedic Graduates’ Chronic Stress Adds Intentions to Leave the Profession: A Pilot Study Utilizing a Web-Based Survey. Inquiry 2023, 60, 469580231210706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khan, W.A.A.; Conduit, R.; Kennedy, G.A.; Jackson, M.L. The relationship between shift-work, sleep, and mental health among paramedics in Australia. Sleep Health 2020, 6, 330–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kandola, A.; Vancampfort, D.; Herring, M.; Rebar, A.; Hallgren, M.; Firth, J.; Stubbs, B. Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2018, 20, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Busa, F.; Csima, M.P.; Márton, J.A.; Rozmann, N.; Pandur, A.A.; Ferkai, L.A.; Sipos, D. Sleep Quality and Perceived Stress among Health Science Students during Online Education—A Single Institution Study. Healthcare 2024, 12, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tribis-Arrospe, B.; Ballesteros-Peña, S.; Inchaurregui, L.C.A.; Egea-Santaolalla, C.; Guerra-Martin, L.; de Larrinaga, A.R. Sleep quality and adaptation to shift-work among ambulance staff in the Basque Country. An. del Sist. Sanit. de Navar. 2020, 43, 189–202. [Google Scholar]
- Shriane, A.E.; Russell, A.M.T.; Ferguson, S.A.; Rigney, G.; Vincent, G.E. Sleep hygiene in paramedics: What do they know and what do they do? Sleep Health 2020, 6, 321–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, A.J.; Webb, T.L.; James, M.S.; Rowse, G.; Weich, S. Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med. Rev. 2021, 60, 101556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghalichi, L.; Pournik, O.; Ghaffari, M.; Vingard, E. Sleep quality among health care workers. Arch. Iran. Med. 2013, 16, 100–103. [Google Scholar]
- Barrea, L.; Pugliese, G.; Frias-Toral, E.; El Ghoch, M.; Castellucci, B.; Chapela, S.P.; Muscogiuri, G. Coffee consumption, health benefits and side effects: A narrative review andupdate for dietitians and nutritionists. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2023, 63, 1238–1261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Surya, M.; Jaff, D.; Stilwell, B.; Schubert, J. The Importance of Mental Well-Being for Health Professionals during Complex Emergencies: It Is Time We Take It Seriously. Glob. Health Sci. Pract. 2017, 27, 188–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pepłońska, B.; Nowak, P.; Trafalska, E. The association between night shift work and nutrition patterns among nurses: A literature review. Med. Pr. 2019, 70, 363–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vincze, Á.; Joó, T.; Pénzes, M. Smoking habits and cessation intention of the employees of the Hungarian National Ambulance Service. J. Hung. Interdiscip. Med. 2022, 21, 18–25. [Google Scholar]
- Karadaş, A.; Duran, S. The effect of social support on work stress in health workers during the pandemic: The mediation role of resilience. J. Community Psychol. 2022, 50, 1640–1649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moukarzel, A.; Michelet, P.; Durand, A.-C.; Sebbane, M.; Bourgeois, S.; Markarian, T.; Bompard, C.; Gentile, S. Burnout Syndrome among Emergency Department Staff: Prevalence and Associated Factors. BioMed. Res. Int. 2019, 2019, 6462472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carvello, M.; Zanotti, F.; Rubbi, I.; Bacchetti, S.; Artioli, G.; Bonacaro, A. Peer-support: A coping strategy for nurses working at the Emergency Ambulance Service. Acta BioMed. 2019, 90, 29–37. [Google Scholar]
Female (n = 74) | Male (n = 128) | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Variables | n (%) | ||
Educational attainment | |||
Elementary school | 3 (4.1%) | 13 (10.2%) | 16 (7.9%) |
Secondary school | 26 (35.1%) | 76 (59.4%) | 102 (50.5%) |
College/university | 45 (60.8%) | 39 (30.5%) | 84 (41.6%) |
Marital status | |||
Single | 14 (20.3%) | 25 (19.5%) | 39 (19.3%) |
Registered partnership | 22 (31.9%) | 33 (25.8%) | 55 (27.2%) |
Married | 33 (47.8%) | 66 (51.6%) | 99 (49%) |
Divorced | 5 (7.2%) | 4 (3.1%) | 9 (4.5%) |
Number of children | |||
Have no children | 38 (51.3%) | 53 (41.4%) | 91 (45%) |
1–2 | 28 (37.8%) | 59 (46.1%) | 87 (43.1%) |
2–4 | 7 (9.5%) | 16 (12.5%) | 23 (11.4%) |
>4 | 1 (1.4%) | - | 1 (0.5%) |
Type of residence | |||
Large town | 19 (25.7%) | 29 (22.7%) | 48 (23.8%) |
Town | 42 (56.8%) | 69 (53.9%) | 111 (54.9%) |
Village | 13 (17.6%) | 30 (23.4%) | 43 (21.3%) |
Female (n = 74) | Male (n = 128) | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Variables | n (%) | ||
Workplace | |||
Hungarian Ambulance Service | 24 (32.4%) | 101 (78.9%) | 125 (61.9%) |
Emergency Department | 50 (67.6%) | 27 (21.1%) | 77 (38.1%) |
Qualifications | |||
Ambulance driver/rescue technician | - | 32 (25%) | 32 (15.8%) |
Emergency nurse | 37 (50%) | 67 (52.3%) | 104 (51.5%) |
Paramedic | 25 (33.8%) | 23 (18%) | 48 (23.8%) |
Emergency doctor | 12 (16.2%) | 6 (4.7%) | 18 (8.9%) |
The type of shift | |||
8 h | 4 (5.4%) | 3 (2.3%) | 7 (3.5%) |
12 h | 40 (54.1%) | 11 (8.6%) | 51 (25.2%) |
24 h | 16 (21.6%) | 63 (49.2%) | 79 (39.1%) |
Also, 12 and 24 h | 14 (18.9%) | 51 (39.8%) | 65 (32.2%) |
Works night shift | |||
Yes | 70 (94.6%) | 126 (98.4%) | 196 (97%) |
No | 4 (5.4%) | 2 (1.6%) | 6 (3%) |
Secondary employment | |||
Yes | 33 (44.6%) | 87 (68%) | 120 (59.4%) |
No | 41 (55.4%) | 41 (32%) | 82 (40.6%) |
Regular coffee consumption during the shift | |||
Yes | 67 (87%) | 105 (82%) | 172 (85.1%) |
No | 10 (13%) | 23 (18%) | 33 (14.9%) |
Regular smoking during the shift | |||
Yes | 29 (39.2%) | 51 (39.8%) | 80 (39.6%) |
No | 45 (60.8%) | 77 (60.2%) | 122 (60.4%) |
Total Scores | Min. | Max. | IQR (Q1–Q3) | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
BDI 1 | 9 | 34 | 4 (11–15) | 13 ± 3.66 |
PSS-14 2 | 2 | 47 | 13 (15–28) | 21 ± 8.52 |
STAI-S 3 | 20 | 76 | 19 (30–49) | 39 ± 11.49 |
STAI-T 4 | 20 | 74 | 15 (32–47) | 40 ± 10.26 |
Variables | N | Mean Rank | Sum of Ranks | U | p-Value |
Gender | 3706.5 | 0.01 * | |||
Female | 74 | 115.41 | 8540.50 | ||
Male | 128 | 93.46 | 11,962.50 | ||
Workplace | 4432.0 | 0.34 | |||
Hungarian Ambulance Service | 125 | 98.46 | 98.46 | ||
Emergency Department | 77 | 106.44 | 106.44 | ||
Works night shift | 555.5 | 0.82 | |||
Yes | 196 | 101.67 | 19,926.50 | ||
No | 6 | 96.08 | 576.50 | ||
Secondary employment | 4618.0 | 0.46 | |||
Yes | 120 | 98.98 | 11,878.00 | ||
No | 82 | 105.18 | 8625.00 | ||
Regular coffee consumption | 2418.0 | 0.58 | |||
Yes | 172 | 102.44 | 17,620.00 | ||
No | 30 | 96.10 | 2883.00 | ||
Regular smoking | 4375.0 | 0.21 | |||
Yes | 80 | 95.19 | 7615.00 | ||
No | 122 | 105.64 | 12,888.00 | ||
Chronic illnesses | 4716.0 | 0.96 | |||
Yes | 74 | 101.77 | 7531.00 | ||
No | 128 | 101.34 | 12,972.00 | ||
Variables | N | Mean Rank | Kruskal–Wallis H | df | p-value |
Educational attainment | 0.531 | 2 | 0.77 | ||
Elementary school | 16 | 106.50 | |||
Secondary school | 102 | 103.52 | |||
College/university | 84 | 98.09 | |||
Marital status | 7.162 | 3 | 0.07 | ||
Single | 39 | 115.65 | |||
Registered partnership | 55 | 101.91 | |||
Married | 99 | 92.83 | |||
Divorced | 9 | 133.06 | |||
Number of children | 1.229 | 2 | 0.54 | ||
Have no children | 140 | 104.34 | |||
1–2 | 56 | 96.00 | |||
3–4 | 6 | 86.58 | |||
Type of residence | 1.335 | 2 | 0.51 | ||
Large town | 48 | 107.06 | |||
Town | 111 | 97.23 | |||
Village | 43 | 106.33 | |||
Qualifications | 4.394 | 3 | 0.22 | ||
Ambulance driver/rescue technician | 32 | 87.23 | |||
Emergency nurse | 104 | 104.18 | |||
Paramedic | 48 | 97.83 | |||
Emergency doctor | 18 | 121.17 | |||
The type of shift | 9.645 | 3 | 0.02 * | ||
8 h | 7 | 84.93 | |||
12 h | 51 | 121.80 | |||
24 h | 79 | 90.45 | |||
Also, 12 and 24 h | 65 | 100.78 | |||
Working years in the healthcare sector | 0.881 | 3 | 0.83 | ||
0–10 years | 101 | 104.61 | |||
11–21 years | 58 | 98.00 | |||
22–30 years | 29 | 102.26 | |||
31–41 years | 14 | 91.96 | |||
Number of treated patients/shift | 2.311 | 3 | 0.51 | ||
1–5 | 78 | 97.53 | |||
6–10 | 64 | 97.60 | |||
11–20 | 32 | 108.42 | |||
>20 | 28 | 113.57 | |||
Number of distressing emergency care cases/year | 11.026 | 3 | 0.01 * | ||
0 | 10 | 47.25 | |||
1–10 | 157 | 101.83 | |||
11–50 | 29 | 113.14 | |||
>50 | 6 | 127.08 | |||
Number of leisure activities/person | 1.645 | 2 | 0.44 | ||
1–2 | 56 | 97.61 | |||
3–4 | 94 | 98.91 | |||
5–8 | 52 | 110.37 |
Factor | Category | Exp(B) | 95% CI for Exp (B) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
BDI 1 <10 points: average scores >10 points: depressive symptoms | Gender | Male (Ref.) Female | 2.576 | 1.296 | 5.123 |
PSS-14 2 <18 points: low stress level >18 points: medium/high stress level | Years worked in healthcare | >20 years (Ref.) | |||
0–10 years | 7.436 | 7.111 | 8.348 | ||
11–20 years | 1.830 | 0.502 | 6.665 | ||
Gender | Male (Ref.) Female | 2.230 | 1.221 | 4.073 | |
STAI-S 3 <26 points: low anxiety >26 points: moderate/high anxiety | Gender | Male (Ref.) Female | 2.075 | 1.038 | 4.146 |
STAI-T 4 <26 points: low propensity of anxiety >26 points: moderate/high propensity of anxiety | Gender | Male (Ref.) Female | 1.995 | 1.114 | 3.574 |
Variables | N | Mean Rank | Sum of Ranks | U | p-Value |
Gender | 3329.5 | <0.001 ** | |||
Female | 74 | 120.51 | 8917.50 | ||
Male | 128 | 93.46 | 11,962.50 | ||
Workplace | 4230.0 | 0.15 | |||
Hungarian Ambulance Service | 125 | 96.84 | 12,105.50 | ||
Emergency Department | 77 | 109.06 | 8398.00 | ||
Works night shift | 586.0 | 0.99 | |||
Yes | 196 | 101.51 | 19,896.00 | ||
No | 6 | 101.17 | 607.00 | ||
Secondary employment | 4106.5 | 0.05 | |||
Yes | 120 | 94.72 | 11,366.50 | ||
No | 82 | 111.42 | 9136.50 | ||
Regular coffee consumption | 2346.0 | 0.43 | |||
Yes | 172 | 102.86 | 17,692.00 | ||
No | 30 | 93.70 | 2811.00 | ||
Regular smoking | 4500.5 | 0.35 | |||
Yes | 80 | 106.24 | 8499.50 | ||
No | 122 | 98.39 | 12,003.50 | ||
Chronic illnesses | 4514.0 | 0.58 | |||
Yes | 74 | 98.50 | 7289.00 | ||
No | 128 | 103.23 | 13,214.00 | ||
Variables | N | Mean Rank | Kruskal–Wallis H | df | p-value |
Educational attainment | 1.446 | 2 | 0.49 | ||
Elementary school | 16 | 89.63 | |||
Secondary school | 102 | 99.21 | |||
College/university | 84 | 106.55 | |||
Marital status | 9.764 | 3 | 0.02 * | ||
Single | 39 | 57.03 | |||
Registered partnership | 55 | 54.90 | |||
Married | 99 | 52.03 | |||
Divorced | 9 | 58.80 | |||
Number of children | 4.859 | 2 | 0.09 | ||
Have no children | 140 | 107.52 | |||
1–2 | 56 | 88.15 | |||
3–4 | 6 | 85.58 | |||
Type of residence | 0.564 | 2 | 0.75 | ||
Large town | 48 | 107.02 | |||
Town | 111 | 99.67 | |||
Village | 43 | 100.07 | |||
Qualifications | 15.685 | 3 | 0.001 * | ||
Ambulance driver/rescue technician | 32 | 65.66 | |||
Emergency nurse | 104 | 104.45 | |||
Paramedic | 48 | 112.10 | |||
Emergency doctor | 18 | 119.8 | |||
The type of shift | 9.603 | 3 | 0.02 * | ||
8 h | 7 | 95.50 | |||
12 h | 51 | 122.76 | |||
24 h | 79 | 90.97 | |||
Also, 12 and 24 h | 65 | 98.26 | |||
Working years in the healthcare sector | 7.385 | 3 | 0.001 * | ||
0–10 years | 101 | 517.81 | |||
11–21 years | 58 | 101.06 | |||
22–30 years | 29 | 85.81 | |||
31–41 years | 14 | 73.96 | |||
Number of treated patients/shift | 3.343 | 3 | 0.34 | ||
1–5 | 78 | 95.02 | |||
6–10 | 64 | 101.44 | |||
11–20 | 32 | 102.55 | |||
>20 | 28 | 118.50 | |||
Number of distressing emergency care cases/year | 8.324 | 3 | 0.04 * | ||
0 | 10 | 67.85 | |||
1–10 | 157 | 99.07 | |||
11–50 | 29 | 119.12 | |||
>50 | 6 | 136.00 | |||
Number of leisure activities/person | 0.856 | 2 | 0.65 | ||
1–2 | 56 | 97.46 | |||
3–4 | 94 | 100.55 | |||
5–8 | 52 | 107.58 |
STAI-S 1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N | Mean Rank | Sum of Ranks | U | p-Value |
Gender | 3580.0 | 0.004 * | |||
Female | 74 | 117.12 | 8667.00 | ||
Male | 128 | 92.47 | 11,836.00 | ||
Workplace | 4145.5 | 0.10 | |||
Hungarian Ambulance Service | 125 | 96.16 | 12,020.50 | ||
Emergency Department | 77 | 110.16 | 8482.50 | ||
Works night shift | 537.0 | 0.72 | |||
Yes | 196 | 101.24 | 19,843.00 | ||
No | 6 | 110.00 | 660.00 | ||
Secondary employment | 4709.5 | 0.61 | |||
Yes | 120 | 99.75 | 11,969.50 | ||
No | 82 | 104.07 | 8533.50 | ||
Regular coffee consumption | 2273.0 | 0.30 | |||
Yes | 172 | 103.28 | 17,765.00 | ||
No | 30 | 97.33 | 2738.00 | ||
Regular smoking | 4195.0 | 0.09 | |||
Yes | 80 | 110.06 | 8805.00 | ||
No | 122 | 95.89 | 11,698.00 | ||
Chronic illnesses | 4380.5 | 0.37 | |||
Yes | 74 | 96.70 | 7155.50 | ||
No | 128 | 104.28 | 13,347.50 | ||
Variables | N | Mean Rank | Kruskal–Wallis H | df | p-value |
Educational attainment | 0.043 | 2 | 0.98 | ||
Elementary school | 16 | 103.44 | |||
Secondary school | 102 | 100.74 | |||
College/university | 84 | 102.06 | |||
Marital status | 9.640 | 3 | 0.02 * | ||
Single | 39 | 106.88 | |||
Registered partnership | 55 | 112.64 | |||
Married | 99 | 89.92 | |||
Divorced | 9 | 137.50 | |||
Number of children | 11.694 | 2 | 0.003 * | ||
Have no children | 140 | 110.85 | |||
1–2 | 56 | 80.17 | |||
3–4 | 6 | 82.42 | |||
Type of residence | 3.025 | 2 | 0.22 | ||
Large town | 48 | 113.92 | |||
Town | 111 | 96.39 | |||
Village | 43 | 100.84 | |||
Qualifications | 6.064 | 3 | 0.11 | ||
Ambulance driver/rescue technician | 32 | 81.20 | |||
Emergency nurse | 104 | 102.98 | |||
Paramedic | 48 | 104.51 | |||
Emergency doctor | 18 | 121.00 | |||
The type of shift | 11.350 | 3 | 0.02 * | ||
8 h | 7 | 101.64 | |||
12 h | 51 | 121.51 | |||
24 h | 79 | 86.46 | |||
Also, 12 and 24 h | 65 | 104.07 | |||
Working years in the healthcare sector | 5.835 | 3 | 0.12 | ||
0–10 years | 101 | 110.53 | |||
11–21 years | 58 | 97.30 | |||
22–30 years | 29 | 84.28 | |||
31–41 years | 14 | 89.50 | |||
Number of treated patients/shift | 6.719 | 3 | 0.08 | ||
1–5 | 78 | 90.97 | |||
6–10 | 64 | 110.28 | |||
11–20 | 32 | 94.86 | |||
>20 | 28 | 118.34 | |||
Number of distressing emergency care cases/year | 8.345 | 3 | 0.04 * | ||
0 | 10 | 52.75 | |||
1–10 | 157 | 102.16 | |||
11–50 | 29 | 110.84 | |||
>50 | 6 | 120.25 | |||
Number of leisure activities/person | 2.132 | 2 | 0.34 | ||
1–2 | 56 | 97.74 | |||
3–4 | 94 | 100.33 | |||
5–8 | 52 | 110.89 | |||
STAI-T 2 | |||||
Variables | N | Mean Rank | Sum of Ranks | U | p-value |
Gender | 3559.0 | 0.003 * | |||
Female | 74 | 117.41 | 8688.00 | ||
Male | 128 | 92.30 | 11,815.00 | ||
Workplace | 4518.5 | 0.47 | |||
Hungarian Ambulance Service | 125 | 99.15 | 12,393.50 | ||
Emergency Department | 77 | 105.32 | 8109.50 | ||
Works night shift | 535.5 | 0.71 | |||
Yes | 196 | 101.77 | 19,946.50 | ||
No | 6 | 92.75 | 556.50 | ||
Secondary employment | 4414.5 | 0.22 | |||
Yes | 120 | 97.29 | 11,674.50 | ||
No | 82 | 107.66 | 8828.50 | ||
Regular coffee consumption | 2455.0 | 0.67 | |||
Yes | 172 | 102.23 | 17,583.00 | ||
No | 30 | 97.33 | 2920.00 | ||
Regular smoking | 4661.0 | 0.59 | |||
Yes | 80 | 104.24 | 8339.00 | ||
No | 122 | 99.70 | 12,164.00 | ||
Chronic illnesses | 4706.5 | 0.94 | |||
Yes | 74 | 101.90 | 7540.50 | ||
No | 128 | 101.27 | 12,962.50 | ||
Variables | N | Mean Rank | Kruskal–Wallis H | df | p-value |
Educational attainment | 0.935 | 2 | 0.63 | ||
Elementary school | 16 | 111.0 | |||
Secondary school | 102 | 103.36 | |||
College/university | 84 | 97.43 | |||
Marital status | 11.333 | 3 | 0.01 * | ||
Single | 39 | 110.21 | |||
Registered partnership | 55 | 109.28 | |||
Married | 99 | 89.63 | |||
Divorced | 9 | 146.78 | |||
Number of children | 6.432 | 2 | 0.04 * | ||
Have no children | 140 | 108.44 | |||
1–2 | 56 | 85.98 | |||
3–4 | 6 | 84.50 | |||
Type of residence | 0.426 | 2 | 0.81 | ||
Large town | 48 | 104.08 | |||
Town | 111 | 99.08 | |||
Village | 43 | 104.86 | |||
Qualifications | 1.951 | 3 | 0.58 | ||
Ambulance driver/rescue technician | 32 | 89.80 | |||
Emergency nurse | 104 | 102.70 | |||
Paramedic | 48 | 102.70 | |||
Emergency doctor | 18 | 112.19 | |||
The type of shift | 9.825 | 3 | 0.02 * | ||
8 h | 7 | 85.93 | |||
12 h | 51 | 121.15 | |||
24 h | 79 | 89.15 | |||
Also, 12 and 24 h | 65 | 102.77 | |||
Working years in the healthcare sector | 3.419 | 3 | 0.33 | ||
0–10 years | 101 | 108.13 | |||
11–21 years | 58 | 99.15 | |||
22–30 years | 29 | 90.95 | |||
31–41 years | 14 | 85.29 | |||
Number of treated patients/shift | 2.564 | 3 | 0.46 | ||
1–5 | 78 | 94.29 | |||
6–10 | 64 | 107.45 | |||
11–20 | 32 | 99.30 | |||
>20 | 28 | 110.52 | |||
Number of distressing emergency care cases/year | 10.214 | 3 | 0.02 * | ||
0 | 10 | 51.80 | |||
1–10 | 157 | 100.90 | |||
11–50 | 29 | 119.29 | |||
>50 | 6 | 113.92 | |||
Number of leisure activities/person | 4.015 | 2 | 0.13 | ||
1–2 | 56 | 92.31 | |||
3–4 | 94 | 99.81 | |||
5–8 | 52 | 114.44 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ferkai, L.A.; Schiszler, B.; Bánfai, B.; Pandur, A.; Gálos, G.; Kívés, Z.; Sipos, D.; Betlehem, J.; Stromájer-Rácz, T.; Deutsch, K. The Occurrence of Anxiety, Depression, and Distress among Professionals Working in Emergency Care. Healthcare 2024, 12, 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050579
Ferkai LA, Schiszler B, Bánfai B, Pandur A, Gálos G, Kívés Z, Sipos D, Betlehem J, Stromájer-Rácz T, Deutsch K. The Occurrence of Anxiety, Depression, and Distress among Professionals Working in Emergency Care. Healthcare. 2024; 12(5):579. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050579
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerkai, Luca Anna, Bence Schiszler, Bálint Bánfai, Attila Pandur, Gergely Gálos, Zsuzsanna Kívés, Dávid Sipos, József Betlehem, Tímea Stromájer-Rácz, and Krisztina Deutsch. 2024. "The Occurrence of Anxiety, Depression, and Distress among Professionals Working in Emergency Care" Healthcare 12, no. 5: 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050579
APA StyleFerkai, L. A., Schiszler, B., Bánfai, B., Pandur, A., Gálos, G., Kívés, Z., Sipos, D., Betlehem, J., Stromájer-Rácz, T., & Deutsch, K. (2024). The Occurrence of Anxiety, Depression, and Distress among Professionals Working in Emergency Care. Healthcare, 12(5), 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050579