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Article

Comparison of Secular Trends in Peptic Ulcer Diseases Mortality in China, Brazil and India during 1990–2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

by
Jinyi Sun
1,†,
Lihong Huang
1,†,
Ruiqing Li
1,
Tong Wang
1,
Shuwen Wang
1,
Chuanhua Yu
1,2,* and
Jie Gong
1,3,*
1
School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
2
Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
3
Wuhan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.
Healthcare 2023, 11(8), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081085
Submission received: 16 January 2023 / Revised: 31 March 2023 / Accepted: 3 April 2023 / Published: 11 April 2023
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Abstract

Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common disease worldwide, especially in developing countries. China, Brazil, and India are among the world’s fastest-growing emerging economies. This study aimed to assess long-term trends in PUD mortality and explore the effects of age, period, and cohort in China, Brazil, and India. Methods: We collected data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study and used an age–period–cohort (APC) model to estimate the effects of age, period, and cohort. We also obtained net drift, local drift, longitudinal age curve, and period/cohort rate ratios using the APC model. Results: Between 1990 and 2019, the age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) of PUD and PUD attributable to smoking showed a downward trend in all countries and both sexes. The local drift values for both sexes of all ages were below zero, and there were obvious sex differences in net drifts between China and India. India had a more pronounced upward trend in the age effects than other countries. The period and cohort effects had a similar declining trend in all countries and both sexes. Conclusions: China, Brazil, and India had an inspiring decrease in the ASMRs of PUD and PUD attributable to smoking and to period and cohort effects during 1990–2019. The decreasing rates of Helicobacter pylori infection and the implementation of tobacco-restricting policies may have contributed to this decrease.
Keywords: peptic ulcer disease (PUD); mortality; age-period-cohort (APC) model peptic ulcer disease (PUD); mortality; age-period-cohort (APC) model

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sun, J.; Huang, L.; Li, R.; Wang, T.; Wang, S.; Yu, C.; Gong, J. Comparison of Secular Trends in Peptic Ulcer Diseases Mortality in China, Brazil and India during 1990–2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081085

AMA Style

Sun J, Huang L, Li R, Wang T, Wang S, Yu C, Gong J. Comparison of Secular Trends in Peptic Ulcer Diseases Mortality in China, Brazil and India during 1990–2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. Healthcare. 2023; 11(8):1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081085

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sun, Jinyi, Lihong Huang, Ruiqing Li, Tong Wang, Shuwen Wang, Chuanhua Yu, and Jie Gong. 2023. "Comparison of Secular Trends in Peptic Ulcer Diseases Mortality in China, Brazil and India during 1990–2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis" Healthcare 11, no. 8: 1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081085

APA Style

Sun, J., Huang, L., Li, R., Wang, T., Wang, S., Yu, C., & Gong, J. (2023). Comparison of Secular Trends in Peptic Ulcer Diseases Mortality in China, Brazil and India during 1990–2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. Healthcare, 11(8), 1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081085

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