1. Introduction
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of neurobiological origin that affects both the development of communication and social interaction skills due to the presence of repetitive and restricted behaviours, lack of interest in general activities, speech development issues, difficulties with motor movement and the use of objects [
1]. Social communication deficits may include impairments in attention span and social reciprocity, as well as challenges in using verbal and nonverbal communication for social interaction. They also have little flexibility when there are changes to their routine, and hypersensitivity and/or hyposensitivity to sensory information [
2]. Although control over motor skills is not part of the diagnostic criteria for ASD, studies have shown that individuals with ASD frequently appear to have issues with gross motor [
3] and object control and often deficiencies in fine motor skills [
4,
5,
6].
All people, whatever their situation, have the right to a quality education that allows them to develop the skills necessary to function adequately and independently in the world around them [
7,
8]. Individuals with ASD face several problems when accessing education, some of them have to do with the characteristics of their condition and others with the conditions of the school and the context. When we talk about the problems related to the conditions of the school and the context, we refer to the difficulties of access to the educational institution, the physical conditions of the school, access to the common curriculum, the training of teachers to attend to individuals with special educational needs, and to the general training of educational personnel on the diagnosis. Physical education and physical activities are educational tools through which individuals with ASD can improve their current motor performance levels and gain new skills [
9,
10].
Borremans [
11] states that “promoting physical exercise and activity through physical education is very important for everyone, but mainly for individuals with special needs such as ASD”. The benefits of regular physical activity support the importance of physical exercise in improving overall health and well-being. In research on physical exercise, it is known that physical activity reduces stress, improves general health, improves motor skills, and helps to improve individual morality, self-confidence, discipline, responsibility, sociability, communication, friendship, and coordinated work. Considering the existing physical, mental, and social difficulties faced by individuals with ASD, it is seen that they need special education programs to improve their health and quality of life [
12]. At this point, adapted physical education and sports activities emerge as educational tools to meet the needs of individuals with ASD.
Adapted physical activity (APA) is a program designed to meet the specific needs of individuals. In relation to the changing special needs and skills of individuals, they may show less progress in specific fields and in developmental characteristics compared to their peers with normal development and offer specially selected activities and programs for them [
13]. The purpose of APA is not physical education practices for a certain group but to meet the needs of individuals with differences by applying physical education. In other words, it is not to provide a different physical education for the elderly, pregnant women and the disabled, but to provide adaptive physical education services according to individual differences. APA is a broad term that aims to collate all areas of intervention not covered by formal physical activity. In addition, according to DePauw and Doll Tepper [
14], APA is defined as “all physical activities and sports in which special attention is paid to the interests and abilities of the disabled, individuals with health problems, or the elderly, with restrictive conditions”. APA can be considered an interdisciplinary body of knowledge dedicated to identifying and resolving individual differences in physical activity and adapting to improve them. APA includes, but is not limited to, physical education, sports, entertainment, dance and the creative arts, nutrition, medicine, and rehabilitation [
15]. Planning special events that support motor development and include lifelong learning for students with special needs within the scope of general education enables us to focus on APA.
Researchers often ask teachers, parents, and individuals who help in the teaching process about their experiences with individuals with ASD [
16]. This is a way of examining how individuals with ASD perceive an experience. Considering the difficulties individuals with ASD have in expressing themselves and their feelings, it is a more appropriate method to evaluate the process through the opinions of individuals responsible for their education and care.
In this context, metaphor studies offer people who are responsible for caring for these individuals the opportunity to express themselves. A metaphor represents more than its original meaning. It creates new meanings that did not exist before [
17]. Thanks to metaphors, mental connections are established between unrelated things, while the underlying meanings of the concepts remain unchanged [
18]. According to Lakoff and Johnson [
19], conceptual metaphors structure our thinking. They enable the transfer of meaning from one object to another based on perceived similarity. According to Şaban [
20], the concept of “like” in metaphor studies is generally expected to provide information about the connection between the subject of the metaphor and its source. The concept of “because”, which is asked later, aims to explain the reason why the metaphor is expressed in this way. According to Morgan [
21], “the use of metaphor means a way of thinking and a way of seeing that permeates our understanding of the world in general”. In this respect, a metaphor is a powerful mental construct that an individual can employ in understanding and explaining a highly abstract, complex, or theoretical situation.
When metaphor studies on individuals with ASD were examined, no metaphorical study was found to have learned the views of families regarding adapted physical activity, and for this purpose, it was aimed that families with ASD individuals could clarify the participant’s perceptions, understanding and experiences of the inner world of the APA applications used in the education of these individuals through metaphors.
3. Results
When the perceptions of the participating families about educators are examined, 4 themes emerged as education, emotion, support and development. These 4 themes are again divided into the categories of guidance, skill, care and affection (see
Figure 2).
The majority of metaphors were related to education and emotion as shown in
Table 7. It indictes the metaphorical perceptions of the participating families about “educators” and the 4 common themes which emerged were education, emotion, support and development. These 4 themes are again divided into guidance, skill, affection, and care.
When the theme of “Education” is examined, it consists of 28 codes from 2 categories. When these 4 categories are examined, it is seen that families have a positive opinion about the educators who manage the APA training, the teaching methods of the educators, and how they guide their children. In this direction, the codes are divided into guiding and skill categories.
Examples of the metaphors established by families in the theme of education are given below.
P1; “He/She who guides is like a hero, because he/she teaches everything.”
P3; “She/he is like a sculptor because they shape my child.”
P18; “She/he is like a friend, because they teach my child through love.”
P30; “She/he is like our friend, because they easily teach our child the things that we have difficulty with.”
P50; “She/he is like a computer mouse because they choose the right lessons.”
When the “Emotion” theme is examined, it consists of 23 codes from 3 categories. When these 3 categories are examined, it can be said that although the care and affection categories are intense, skill is also an important factor. When the emotion category is examined, it can be said that the affection, interest, and closeness of the educators to their children through the metaphors used by the families in this theme come to the fore, but it can be said that the spinners use their experience skills while forming an emotional bond with the children.
Some metaphors established by families in the theme of emotion are given below.
P7; “She/he is like a comrade, because she is with my child throughout the entire education process.”
P13; “She/he is like a member of the family because they show affection like a member of the family.”
P48; “She/he is like a perfume, because their positivity spreads its beauty to everyone around them.”
P62; “She/he is like an artist because it makes my child love dance and music.”
P74; “It’s like having fun in the park because kids love them and have fun.”
When the “Support” theme is examined, it consists of 20 codes from 2 categories. When the codes collected under the guidance and care categories are examined, it can be said that the families see the educators as a guide, support and sincere.
Some metaphors established by families in the theme of support are given below.
P36; “She/he is like a favourite aunt or uncle because she/he is with you from when you take your first step.”
P37; “She/he is like a light, because they illuminate the way for my child to walk.”
P53; “She is like a mother because of the constant support they give through education.”
P57; “She/he is like a family member; they give as much support and effort as we do.”
P64; “She/he is like an angel because she/he does everything they can for my daughter.”
When the “Development” theme is examined, it consists of 14 codes from 2 categories. When these 2 categories are examined, it is seen that the metaphors are concentrated in the skill category. Considering that one of the basic building blocks of development is the appropriate use of skills and abilities, it is quite natural for families to make metaphors for the skill category. In addition, a guide category was created.
Some metaphors established by families in the theme of development are given below.
P28; “They are like friends because they are in harmony with them in any situation.”
P32; “It is like a door key, because it is the key to the door that will open for my child to live a better life.”
P39; “She/he is like a psychologist because they calm my child down.”
P70; “She/he is like a fairy godmother/godfather, because she/he adds goodness and beauty to the life of every child they work with.”
P73; “She/he is like a hero because she/he is an idol who gives skills.”
P78; “She/he’s like a witch because my son is someone else beside her/him.”
P79; “It’s like a spice because it does what we can’t with variety.”
P85; “She/he is like a tree because they develop roots with the soil and grow together.”
When the perceptions of the participating families about APA are examined, 3 themes emerged as education, emotion, and social adaptation. These 3 themes are again divided into the categories of experience, knowledge, entertainment, independence, happiness, and treatment (see
Figure 3).
Examining the distribution of categories in
Table 8, it is seen that the majority are connected to social adaptation and emotion. When the “Education” theme is examined, it consists of 15 codes from 2 categories. When these 2 categories are examined, it is seen that the knowledge and experience categories appear predominantly. It is seen that the families think that the individuals who attend the classes both have fun and gain experience through APA.
Some metaphors utilised by families in the theme of education are given below.
P4; “It’s like a favourite lesson because it teaches everything about life.”
P20; “It is like a pomegranate because it has a lot of hidden gains.”
P35; “It’s like life because they learn everything.”
P49; “It is like a field because knowledge grows.”
P51; “It’s like school because he/she goes there to learn.”
P56; “It is like the branches on a tree because there is a lot of information.”
When the “Emotion” theme is examined, it consists of 31 codes from 2 categories. When these 2 categories are examined, it is seen that the happiness and entertainment categories appear predominantly. The importance for families is having a good time in APA classes.
Common metaphors used by families on the theme of emotion are given below.
P34; “It’s like an amusement park because it’s a lot of fun.”
P42; “It’s like a game because it loves to play.”
P44; “It is like home, because it is comfortable and happy.”
P58; “It’s like the excitement of the first day of primary school because he/she’s very curious about school.”
P63; “It is like an amusement park because they are mentally very happy.”
P69; “It’s like rollerblading because they need balance and control to be comfortable.”
When the “Social Adaptation” theme is examined, it divides into 39 codes from 3 categories. When these 3 categories are examined, it is seen that the experience and independence categories appear predominantly. Regarding the adapted physical activity, it is seen that the families think that the individuals who attend the classes are supported to become independent through the experience. It is seen that the category of treatment has emerged in line with the metaphors used by families in these categories.
Some metaphors used by families in the theme of social adaptation are given below.
P32; “It is like a door because it opens new places for her/him to live a better life.”
P37; “It is like the road, because it is the place where she/he walks to live comfortably.”
P38; “It’s like a test, because when you get it right, it makes you happy.”
P46; “It is like medicine, because the obedient became a person who started to solve his/her own problems.”
P47; “It’s like a door key, because every skill he learns makes him/her a little more free, individual, independent.”
P48; “It’s like a compass because it helps you find direction.”
P52; “It is like a life-jacket because he/she has overcome his/her fear of water.”
P61; “It is like the theatre, because they take on a completely different character while watching and practicing in the lessons.”
P68; “It’s like a puzzle, because all pieces need to fit together to work as one.”
P73; “It’s like therapy because it is a safe, non-judgemental and free space.”
P77; “It’s like a clock, because it makes it more capable.”
P81; “He/she is like a saviour because he/she helps him when he/she is struggling.”
P84; “It is like water because it is transparent.”
4. Discussion
The aim of this study is to represent the opinions of the families of individuals with ASD about APA and the educators who administer it through their use of metaphors. Today, we are all aware of the importance of health in society and that physical activity produces a positive mood with many other health benefits, but it is of particular importance to evaluate it from the perspective of families who can closely observe positive or negative changes. The benefits of regular and moderate exercise have been known for a long time and supported by many scientific studies [
40,
41]. These benefits are not just seen physically but are also apparent in the psychology of participating individuals, and so APA is fundamental for the rehabilitation of people with severe physical disabilities [
42]. It is known that these activities not only help to improve the physical capacities of any person but also have mental and sensory benefits, in addition to being effective in people who experience loss of performance due to physical and mental conditions such as illness, accident, and trauma [
43].
Although all individuals have the right to an education, often just going to school can be a major challenge for those with ASD. Individuals with ASD often have sensory dysfunction, so things like bright lights, peers shouting, or the sound of the school bell may be the dominant stimuli that trigger excessive anxiety, aggression, or behaviours such as self-harm [
44]. These individuals need an individualized program that must be compatible with the right and need of all students to receive a quality education shared with their peer group. When we consider the definition of educator in general, the level of knowledge of educators and the ability to accurately convey this knowledge to individuals draws attention as a very important criterion. Considering that the perception and expression of the emotions and desires of these individuals will improve their integration at both the personal and social level, innovations and individualization in education should be made to detect and treat possible abnormalities and deficiencies in understanding the emotions of these individuals [
45]. To the greatest extent possible, educators should understand and appreciate the feelings and needs of each person with special needs and their family.
Educators have core goals such as personalizing support, adapting to each person, considering personal options, determining goals and priorities together based on the needs of the individual, supporting personal development, and acquiring functional and important skills. The educators act decisively and in a positive sense [
46]. If we evaluate in general, we can say that the families feel the educators are close to them and their children. Considering the problems experienced by individuals with ASD in expressing their feelings and empathizing, it can be said that the formation of an emotional bond with both the individuals attending the classes and their families positively affects the participation of individuals with ASD in APA. According to McLeskey and Waldron [
47], the aim of successful education should be to support in a way that is a “natural and modest” part of education in the classroom. For these individuals with social communication problems, increasing their self-confidence and feeling happier, socializing, and minimizing any social communication problems which may have emerged as a result of ASD.
In these individuals, education should be offered as early as possible and should focus on the acquisition of daily life skills as well as social, communication, academic, and behavioural development. It is very important for these individuals, who have problems in socialization, to transform the new knowledge they have acquired into experiences, to show them what they can achieve. It is important to provide education in the least restrictive educational environments to these individuals who are faced with many restrictive behaviours in society and feel emotionally deficient because of these restrictive situations. The fact that these individuals who have a limited number of interaction areas feel more comfortable through these lessons stands out as an important output for these individuals who have difficulty in expressing themselves.
Helping everyone develop their full potential and life goals can be achieved with appropriate support. Through these activities, different factors such as independent action, self-confidence, acceptance by others, socialization, and communication can be supported by contributing to the health and quality of life of individuals [
48]. Socialization is a constant concern for parents and an expressed desire of children [
46]. It can be said that these individuals started to act independently in society in line with the opinions of their families, thanks to the experiences they gained in the lessons. It emerges because of the metaphors of families, where knowledge, experience and social adaptation of individuals who can apply these experiences in structured lessons are supported by increasing their self-confidence.