Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions in Childbirth and Puerperium: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mercer, R.T. Nursing support of the process of becoming a mother. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 2006, 35, 649–651. Available online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16958722/ (accessed on 14 February 2022). [CrossRef]
- Mercer, R.T. Becoming a mother versus maternal role attainment. J. Nurs. Scholarsh. 2004, 36, 226–232. Available online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15495491/ (accessed on 14 February 2022). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramírez-Peláez, H.; Rodriguez-Gallego, I.; Beneficios del acompañamiento a la mujer por parte de su pareja durante el embarazo, el parto y el puerperio en relación con el vínculo paternofilial. Revisión bibliográfica. Matronas. Prof. 2014, 15, e1–e6. [Google Scholar]
- Gobierno de España. Documento técnico. Manejo de la mujer embarazada y el recién nacido con COVID-19. España. 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Gobierno de España. ESTRATEGIA ESTATAL CONTRA LA SEGUNDA OLA. España. 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Bradfield, Z.; Hauck, Y.; Homer, C.S.E.; Sweet, L.; Wilson, A.N.; Szabo, R.A.; Wynter, K.; Vasilevski, V.; Kuliukas, L. Midwives’ experiences of providing maternity care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Women Birth 2022, 35, 262–271. Available online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33752996/ (accessed on 20 February 2022). [CrossRef]
- Hazfiarini, A.; Zahroh, R.I.; Akter, S.; Homer, C.S.E.; Bohren, M.A. Indonesian midwives’ perspectives on changes in the provision of maternity care during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Midwifery 2022, 108, 103291. Available online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35279435/ (accessed on 25 February 2022). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Real Decreto 900/2020, de 9 de octubre, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para responder ante situaciones de especial riesgo por transmisión no controlada de infecciones causadas por el SARS-CoV-2. Boletín Oficial del Estado España nº 268. 9 October 2020.
- Ley 2/2021, de 29 de marzo, de medidas urgentes de prevención, contención y coordinación para hacer frente a la crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. Boletín Oficial del Estado España nº 76. 29 March 2021.
- Real Decreto-ley 30/2021, de 23 de diciembre, por el que se adoptan medidas urgentes de prevención y contención para hacer frente a la crisis sanitaria ocasionada por la COVID-19. Boletín Oficial del Estado, España, nº 307. 23 December 2021.
- Consejería de Salud. Gobierno de la Región de Murcia. LACTANCIA MATERNA, desde el principio. 2018. Available online: https://www.murciasalud.es/publicaciones.php?op=mostrar_publicacion&id=2598&idsec=88 (accessed on 20 February 2022).
- Comité de Lactancia Materna de la Asociación Española de Pediatría. LACTANCIA MATERNA, EL MEJOR INICIO PARA AMBOS. 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Bohren, M.A.; Hofmeyr, G.J.; Sakala, C.; Fukuzawa, R.K.; Cuthbert, A. Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barrio-Forné, N.; Gasch-Gallén; Á. Companionship as a method to reduce anxiety in pregnant women hospitalized during their third trimester. Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP 2021, 55, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Bohren, M.A.; Berger, B.O.; Munthe-Kaas, H.; Tunçalp, Ö. Perceptions and experiences of labour companionship: A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2019, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre la Atención al Parto Normal. España. 2010. Available online: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/equidad/guiaPracClinPartoCompleta.pdf (accessed on 20 February 2022).
- Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Estrategia de Atención al Parto Normal en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. España. 2008. Available online: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/InformeFinalEAPN_revision8marzo2015.pdf (accessed on 20 February 2022).
- Ministerio de Sanidad Política Social e Igualdad. Plan de Parto y Nacimiento. España. 2011. Available online: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/equidad/planPartoNacimiento.pdf (accessed on 20 February 2022).
- WHO. Recomendaciones de la OMS Para Los Cuidados Durante el Parto, Para Una Experiencia de Parto Positive; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- WHO. Promoting Effective Perinatal Care 2002 Essential Newborn Care and Breastfeeding Training Modules WHO Regional Office for Europe; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Federación de Asociaciones de Matronas de España. Posicionamiento FAME Covid-19. España. 2020. Available online: https://www.federacion-matronas.org/2020/03/23/posicionamiento-fame-covid/=21 (accessed on 20 February 2022).
- Ministerio de Sanidad; Gobierno de España. Información y pautas generales para mujeres embarazadas en situación de confinamiento. España. 2020. Available online: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/ciudadania.htm (accessed on 20 February 2022).
- WHO; OPS. Cuidar a Mujeres Embarazadas y Recién Nacidos con Confirmación o Sospecha de COVID-19; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Arroyo-Menéndez, M.; Finkel, L. Encuestas por Internet y nuevos procedimientos muestrales. Panor. Social 2019, 30, 41–53. [Google Scholar]
- Almanasreh, E.; Moles, R.; Chen, T.F. Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Res. Social Adm. Pharm. 2019, 15, 214–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lancet, T. A fifth amendment for the declaration of Helsinki. Lancet 2000, 356, 1123. Available online: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S014067360002746X/fulltext (accessed on 15 September 2021). [CrossRef]
- Olza-Fernández, I.; Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España. LACTANCIA DESPUÉS DE LA CESÁREA. Personal communication, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, F.; Cheng, J.; Yan, S.; Wu, H.; Bai, T. Early Feeding Behaviors and Breastfeeding Outcomes After Cesarean Section. Breastfeed. Med. 2019, 14, 325–333. Available online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30864825/ (accessed on 15 September 2021). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Altman, M.R.; Eagen-Torkko, M.K.; Mohammed, S.A.; Kantrowitz-Gordon, I.; Khosa, R.M.; Gavin, A.R. The impact of COVID-19 visitor policy restrictions on birthing communities of colour. JAN Lead. Glob. Nurs. Res. 2021, 77, 4827–4835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jackson, L.; de-Pascalis, L.; Harrold, J.A.; Fallon, V.; Silverio, S.A. Postpartum women’s experiences of social and healthcare professional support during the COVID-19 pandemic: A recurrent cross-sectional thematic analysis. Women Birth 2022, 35, 511–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rice, K.; Williams, S. Women’s postpartum experiences in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. CMAJ. Open 2021, 9, E556–E562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sweet, L.; Wilson, A.N.; Bradfield, Z.; Hauck, Y.; Kuliukas, L.; Homer, C.S.E.; Szabo, R.A.; Wynter, K.; Vasilevski, V. Childbearing women’s experiences of the maternity care system in Australia during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Women Birth 2022, 35, 223–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Karavadra, B.; Stockl, A.; Prosser-Snelling, E.; Simpson, P.; Morris, E. Women’s perceptions of COVID-19 and their healthcare experiences: A qualitative thematic analysis of a national survey of pregnant women in the United Kingdom. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020, 20, 600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco. Guía Para las Madres que Amamantan. Vitoria. 2017. Available online: www.guiasalud.es (accessed on 16 September 2021).
- Martínez-Cardona, J.A.; Cordova-Salazar, J.K. Implicaciones de la restricción de las visitas familiares por la pandemia por COVID-19 y el crecimiento-desarrollo del prematuro en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Aten Primaria 2021, 53, 101971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Balaguer, M.S.; Nieto, M.A.; Peressutti, S.N. Acercando las Unidades Neonatales Mediante Vínculos Saludables: Visitas Programadas de Hermanos en Neonatología. Actas II Congreso Internacional de Psicología “CIENCIA Y PROFESIÓN”. Córdoba España 2018, 3, 128–133. [Google Scholar]
- Bautista-Balbás, L.; Velasco-Guijarro, O.; Sandino-Gómez, R.; Rosado-Palacios, M.; Gil-Conesa, M.; Cordero-Castrejón, V.; Gil Rosado, R.; Moraleda, P.L.; Palacios, F.P.; Parras, B.P. Experiencia de un hospital de media estancia en época COVID-19 con protocolos de visitas. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica 2021, 95, e1–e17. Available online: https://medes.com/publication/165820 (accessed on 21 September 2021).
- Consejería de Salud. Estrategia de Detección Precoz, Vigilancia y Control de la COVID-19 Adaptación para el Servicio Murciano de Salud Murcia. 2021. Available online: https://sede.carm.es/verificardocumentos (accessed on 21 September 2021).
- Aranaz-Andrés, J.M.; Gea-Velázquez de Castro, M.T.; Vicente-Guijarro, J.; Beltrán-Peribáñez, J.; García-Haro, M.; Valencia-Martín, J.L.; Bischofberger Valdés, C.; Grupo de Trabajo COVID-19 del Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Mascarillas como equipo de protección individual durante la pandemia de COVID-19: Cómo, cuándo y cuáles deben utilizarse. J. Healthc. Qual. Res. 2020, 35, 245–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Resolución de 13 de julio de 2020, de la Secretaría General de la Consejería de Presidencia y Hacienda. Boletín Oficial de la Región de Murcia. España, nº 170. 13 July 2022.
- Orden SND/422/2020, de 19 de Mayo, Por la que se Regulan las Condiciones Para el uso Obligatorio de Mascarilla Durante la Situación de Crisis Sanitaria Ocasionada por el COVID-1. Boletín Oficial del Estado, España, nº153 (30 May 2020). Available online: https://www.boe.es (accessed on 21 September 2021).
- Real Decreto 115/2022, de 8 de Febrero, Por el Que se Modifica la Obligatoriedad del Uso de Mascarillas Durante la Situación de Crisis Sanitaria Ocasionada Por el COVID-19. Boletín Oficial del Estado, España, nº34 (9 February 2022). Available online: https://www.boe.es (accessed on 21 September 2021).
- Real Decreto 286/2022, de 19 de Abril, por el que se Modifica la Obligatoriedad del Uso de Mascarillas Durante la Situación de Crisis Sanitaria Ocasionada por la COVID-19. Boletín Oficial del Estado, España, nº94 (20 April 2022). Available online: https://www.boe.es (accessed on 21 September 2021).
- Poon, L.C.; Yang, H.; Kapur, A.; Melamed, N.; Dao, B.; Divakar, H.; McIntyre, H.D.; Kihara, A.B.; Ayres-De-Campos, D.; Ferrazzi, E.M.; et al. Global interim guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during pregnancy and puerperium from FIGO and allied partners: Information for healthcare professionals. Int. J. Gynaecol Obstet. 2020, 149, 273–286. Available online: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijgo.13156 (accessed on 21 September 2021). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
n = 434 | Frequencies | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Nationality | Spanish | 421 | 97.5% |
Non-Spanish | 13 | 2.5% | |
Level of Studies | University | 290 | 67.6% |
Vocational training | 104 | 24.2% | |
Basic Studies | 35 | 8.2% | |
Weeks of gestation | M = 39.3 | SD = 1.52 | |
Parity | Primiparous | 268 | 61.9% |
multiparous | 165 | 38.1% | |
Mode of delivery | Normal Birth | 247 | 56.9% |
Instrumental delivery | 96 | 22.1% | |
Caesarean | 91 | 21% | |
Induced delivery | Yes | 166 | 22.1% |
No | 267 | 77.9% | |
COVID-19 | Positive | 176 | 40.6% |
Negative | 258 | 59.4% | |
Weeks of gestation is reported as mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) |
n (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | N | Min. Max. | M (SD) | Med. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Dimension 1. Visit restrictions. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.27 (0.910) | 4.67 | |||||
1. I believe that the measure to limit visits is necessary because of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.29 (0.994) | 5 | 8 (1.8%) | 35 (8.1%) | 16 (3.7%) | 137 (31.6%) | 238 (54.8%) |
2. I feel that not having visitors has been a positive thing for my birthing process. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.15 (1.143) | 5 | 16 (3.7%) | 45 (10.4%) | 25 (5.8%) | 122 (28.1%) | 226 (52.1%) |
3. I believe that not having visitors has been positive in establishing the mother–newborn bond. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.37 (0.989) | 5 | 8 (1.8%) | 31 (7.1%) | 20 (4.6%) | 108 (24.9%) | 267 (61.5%) |
4. I have been lonely during my hospital stay, missing my loved ones. * | 434 | 1 5 | 2.76 (1.387) | 94 (21.7%) | 135 (31.1%) | 48 (11.1%) | 94 (21.7%) | 63 (14.5%) | |
5. I feel that the postpartum period has been more relaxed than in previous deliveries due to the limitations of the visits. ** | 206 | 1 5 | 4.18 (1.057) | 9 (4.4%) | 8 (3.9%) | 21 (10.2%) | 66 (32%) | 102 (49.5%) | |
Dimension 2. PCR testing | 430 | 1 5 | 4.15 (0.824) | 4.33 | |||||
6. I consider that the performance of a PCR test on admission to hospital is a wise measure due to the pandemic situation in which we find ourselves. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.16 (1.010) | 15 (3.5%) | 20 (4.6%) | 42 (9.7%) | 161 (37.1%) | 196 (45.2%) | |
7. I think that the PCR should have been done also to my companion. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.19 (1.050) | 5 | 16 (3.7%) | 20 (4.6%) | 49 (11.3%) | 129 (29.7%) | 220 (50.7%) |
8. Knowing that my PCR was negative has given me peace of mind. | 430 | 1 5 | 4.09 (1.033) | 17 (4%) | 12 (2.8%) | 73 (17%) | 141 (32.8%) | 187 (43.5%) | |
Dimension 3. Mask use. | 433 | 2.25 5 | 3.98 (0.496) | ||||||
9. I consider that the use of the mask should be compulsory only in the case of unknown or positive PCR. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.07 (1.254) | 5 | 28 (6.5%) | 44 (10.1%) | 26 (6%) | 107 (24.7%) | 229 (52.8%) |
10. I consider that the use of a mask is a wise measure due to the pandemic situation in which we find ourselves. | 434 | 1 5 | 3.46 (1.286) | 43 (9.9%) | 75 (17.3%) | 55 (12.7%) | 161 (37.1%) | 100 (23%) | |
11. I consider that the use of a mask in the room when they are shared is necessary. | 434 | 1 5 | 3.68 (1.223) | 25 (5.8%) | 74 (17.1%) | 43 (9.9%) | 163 (37.8%) | 128 (29.5%) | |
12. I believe that the use of the mask should be made more flexible at the time of delivery, allowing the woman to remove it. | 433 | 1 5 | 4.70 (0.697) | 5 | 4 (0.9%) | 8 (1.8%) | 11 (2.5%) | 70 (16.2%) | 340 (78.5%) |
ITEMS | N | Min. Max. | M (DS) | t | gl | p | N | M | DS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension 1. Visit restrictions. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.27 (0.910) | −1.894 | 432 | 0.059 | YES NO | 176 258 | 4.17 4.34 | 1.034 0.811 |
1. I believe that the measure to limit visits is necessary because of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.29 (0.994) | −3.0678 | 432 | 0.002 | YES NO | 176 258 | 4.12 4.41 | 1.122 0.879 |
2. I feel that not having visitors has been a positive thing for my birthing process. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.15 (1.143) | −0.7307 | 432 | 0.465 | YES NO | 176 258 | 4.10 4.18 | 1.227 1.084 |
3. I believe that not having visitors has been positive in establishing the mother–newborn bond. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.37 (0.989) | −1.3153 | 432 | 0.189 | YES NO | 176 258 | 4.30 4.42 | 1.087 0.915 |
4. I have been lonely during my hospital stay, missing my loved ones. * | 434 | 1 5 | 2.76 (1.387) | −0.0867 | 432 | 0.931 | YES NO | 176 258 | 2.76 2.77 | 1.399 1.381 |
5. I feel that the postpartum period has been more relaxed than in previous deliveries due to the limitations of the visits. ** | 206 | 1 5 | 4.18 (1.057) | −0.0663 | 204 | 0.947 | YES NO | 84 122 | 4.18 4.19 | 1.043 1.071 |
Dimension 2. PCR testing | 430 | 1 5 | 4.15 (0.824) | −3.146 | 428 | 0.002 | YES NO | 172 258 | 3.99 4.25 | 0.886 0.765 |
6. I consider that the performance of a PCR test on admission to hospital is a wise measure due to the pandemic situation in which we find ourselves. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.16 (1.010) | −2.9262 | 432 | 0.004 | YES NO | 176 258 | 3.99 4.28 | 1.074 0.949 |
7. I think that the PCR should have been done also to my companion. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.19 (1.050) | −1.9301 | 432 | 0.054 | YES NO | 176 258 | 4.07 4.27 | 1.116 0.996 |
8. Knowing that my PCR was negative has given me peace of mind. | 430 | 1 5 | 4.09 (1.033) | −2.5519 | 428 | 0.011 | YES NO | 172 258 | 3.94 4.19 | 1.104 0.971 |
Dimension 3. Mask use. | 433 | 2.25 5 | 3.98 (0.496) | −0.390 | 431 | 0.696 | YES NO | 176 257 | 3.96 3.98 | 0.496 0.497 |
9. I consider that the use of the mask should be compulsory only in the case of unknown or positive PCR. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.07 (1.254) | 1.9894 | 432 | 0.047 | YES NO | 176 258 | 4.22 3.97 | 1.180 1.295 |
10. I consider that the use of a mask is a wise measure due to the pandemic situation in which we find ourselves. | 434 | 1 5 | 3.46 (1.286) | −1.0727 | 432 | 0.284 | YES NO | 176 258 | 3.38 3.52 | 1.241 1.315 |
11. I consider that the use of a mask in the room when they are shared is necessary. | 434 | 1 5 | 3.68 (1.223) | −2.4135 | 432 | 0.016 | YES NO | 176 258 | 3.51 3.80 | 1.256 1189 |
12. I believe that the use of the mask should be made more flexible at the time of delivery, allowing the woman to remove it. | 433 | 1 5 | 4.70 (0.697) | 1.3568 | 431 | 0.176 | YES NO | 176 257 | 4.75 4.66 | 0.646 0.729 |
ITEMS | N | Min. Max. | M (DS) | f | gl | p | N | M | DS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension 1. Visit restrictions. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.27 (0.910) | 1.6716 | 184.6 | 0.191 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 4.34 4.19 4.16 | 0.887 0.917 0.958 |
1. I believe that the measure to limit visits is necessary because of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.29 (0.994) | 0.8340 | 186.5 | 0.436 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 4.35 4.22 4.23 | 0.980 0.943 1.086 |
2. I feel that not having visitors has been a positive thing for my birthing process. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.15 (1.143) | 2.1926 | 181.9 | 0.115 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 4.24 4.07 3.96 | 1.096 1.145 1.246 |
3. I believe that not having visitors has been positive in establishing the mother–newborn bond. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.37 (0.989) | 0.9618 | 179.5 | 0.384 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 4.43 4.29 4.30 | 0.938 1.025 1.080 |
4. I have been lonely during my hospital stay, missing my loved ones. * | 434 | 1 5 | 2.76 (1.387) | 3.0793 | 186.7 | 0.048 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 2.66 2.74 3.08 | 1.361 1.416 1.392 |
5. I feel that the postpartum period has been more relaxed than in previous deliveries due to the limitations of the visits. ** | 206 | 1 5 | 4.18 (1.057) | 0.2097 | 52.1 | 0.812 | EU INS CS | 146 31 29 | 4.18 4.10 4.28 | 1.050 1.193 0.960 |
Dimension 2. PCR testing | 430 | 1 5 | 4.15 (0.824) | 1.9060 | 183.1 | 0.152 | EU INS CS | 246 93 91 | 4.13 4.05 4.28 | 0.803 0.935 0.749 |
6. I consider that the performance of a PCR test on admission to hospital is a wise measure due to the pandemic situation in which we find ourselves. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.16 (1.010) | 0.6454 | 194.6 | 0.526 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 4.15 4.10 4.25 | 1.026 1.090 0.877 |
7. I think that the PCR should have been done also to my companion. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.19 (1.050) | 2.2726 | 200.5 | 0.106 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 4.17 4.08 4.36 | 1.084 1.130 0.837 |
8. Knowing that my PCR was negative has given me peace of mind. | 1 5 | 4.09 (1.033) | 1.2255 | 176.8 | 0.296 | EU INS CS | 246 93 91 | 4.09 3.97 4.22 | 0.977 1.174 1.020 | |
Dimension 3. Mask use. | 433 | 2.25 5 | 3.98 (0.496) | 0.7555 | 190.0 | 0.471 | EU INS CS | 246 96 91 | 3.97 4.02 3.94 | 0.498 0.466 0.524 |
9. I consider that the use of the mask should be compulsory only in the case of unknown or positive PCR. | 434 | 1 5 | 4.07 (1.254) | 1.4209 | 188.6 | 0.244 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 4.06 4.23 3.92 | 1.244 1.138 1.384 |
10. I consider that the use of a mask is a wise measure due to the pandemic situation in which we find ourselves. | 434 | 1 5 | 3.46 (1.286) | 0.0682 | 188.4 | 0.934 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 3.44 3.48 3.49 | 1.283 1.281 1.311 |
11. I consider that the use of a mask in the room when they are shared is necessary. | 434 | 1 5 | 3.68 (1.223) | 0.0718 | 187.0 | 0.931 | EU INS CS | 247 96 91 | 3.69 3.65 3.71 | 1.212 1.214 1.276 |
12. I believe that the use of the mask should be made more flexible at the time of delivery, allowing the woman to remove it. | 1 5 | 4.70 (0.697) | 0.7445 | 190.6 | 0.476 | EU INS CS | 246 96 91 | 4.71 4.74 4.62 | 0.697 0.603 0.786 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Suárez-Cortés, M.; Castaño-Molina, M.d.l.Á.; Ramos-Morcillo, A.J.; Molina-Rodriguez, A.; Jiménez-Ruiz, I.; Hernández-López, M.J.; Harillo-Acevedo, F.D.; Carrillo-García, C. Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions in Childbirth and Puerperium: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2023, 11, 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020249
Suárez-Cortés M, Castaño-Molina MdlÁ, Ramos-Morcillo AJ, Molina-Rodriguez A, Jiménez-Ruiz I, Hernández-López MJ, Harillo-Acevedo FD, Carrillo-García C. Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions in Childbirth and Puerperium: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(2):249. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020249
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuárez-Cortés, María, María de los Ángeles Castaño-Molina, Antonio Jesús Ramos-Morcillo, Alonso Molina-Rodriguez, Ismael Jiménez-Ruiz, María Jesús Hernández-López, Francisco David Harillo-Acevedo, and César Carrillo-García. 2023. "Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions in Childbirth and Puerperium: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 11, no. 2: 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020249
APA StyleSuárez-Cortés, M., Castaño-Molina, M. d. l. Á., Ramos-Morcillo, A. J., Molina-Rodriguez, A., Jiménez-Ruiz, I., Hernández-López, M. J., Harillo-Acevedo, F. D., & Carrillo-García, C. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions in Childbirth and Puerperium: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 11(2), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020249