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Volume 11
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Article

The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors Involving the Maxillary Sinus: Recommendation of an Examination Sieve and Risk Alarm Score

by
Atif Bashir
1,2,
Zafar Ali Khan
3,*,
Afsheen Maqsood
4,
Namdeo Prabhu
3,
Muhammad Mudassar Saleem
5,
Bader K. Alzarea
6,
Rakhi Issrani
7,
Shammas Raza Khan
8,
Naseer Ahmed
9,10,*,
Maria Shakoor Abbasi
10,
Anand Marya
11,12,
Mohammed Ghazi Sghaireen
6 and
Artak Heboyan
13
1
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Cork University Hospital, T12 DC4A Cork, Ireland
2
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Dental Section, King Saud Hospital, Unaizah 56437, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Oral Pathology, Bahria University Dental College, Karachi 74400, Pakistan
5
Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Yanbu General Hospital, Yanbu 46411, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
8
Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, King Salman Hospital, Hail 55471, Saudi Arabia
9
Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Kota Bharu, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
10
Department of Prosthodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi 75500, Pakistan
11
Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
12
Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
13
Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Str. Koryun 2, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
 
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Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Healthcare 2023, 11(2), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020194
Submission received: 11 November 2022 / Revised: 24 December 2022 / Accepted: 6 January 2023 / Published: 9 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Topic State-of-the-Art Dentistry and Oral Health)
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Abstract

This observational study was conducted to evaluate the clinical signs and symptoms of maxillary sinus tumors and to propose a clinical examination sieve and a unique risk alarm score to be used for timely patient referral and vigilance. The study consisted of 70 patients between 20 to 82 years of age from both sexes. The clinical information gained was collected from the upper dentoalveolar segment, orbit, and nasal sites. Regarding the early clinical sign and symptoms of patients, nasal obstruction was found in 67 patients (95.7%), facial swelling in 69 patients (98.6%), paresthesia in 41 patients (58.6%), and epistaxis in 50 patients (71.4%). Furthermore, in terms of the late signs and symptoms, a palpable mass in buccal sulcus was observed in 65 (92.9%) of the patients, lymphadenopathy in 24 (34.3%), paresthesia in 38 (54.3%), and diplopia in 22 (31.4%). Furthermore, general sign and symptoms like exophthalmos was present in 35 patients (50%), anosmia was observed in 37 patients (52.9%), and oroantral fistula was noted in 37 patients (55.9%). Additionally, 67 (95.7%) of the patients complained of nasal obstruction. Similarly, facial asymmetry was observed in 69 (98.6%) of the patients and double vision was observed in 24 (34.4%). Tumors of the maxillary sinus have a very insidious course of spread and uncertain clinical signs and symptoms. What makes diagnosis worse is the fact that the symptoms of these tumors are so well hidden in the sponge-like nature of the midfacial region that they are easily misinterpreted by patients. Therefore, diagnoses must be made early, dentists must be vigilant, and patients must be fully investigated at the slightest suspicion of a tumor, albeit benign.
Keywords: epistaxis; exophthalmos; maxillary sinus; malignant; squamous cell carcinoma epistaxis; exophthalmos; maxillary sinus; malignant; squamous cell carcinoma

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bashir, A.; Khan, Z.A.; Maqsood, A.; Prabhu, N.; Saleem, M.M.; Alzarea, B.K.; Issrani, R.; Khan, S.R.; Ahmed, N.; Abbasi, M.S.; et al. The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors Involving the Maxillary Sinus: Recommendation of an Examination Sieve and Risk Alarm Score. Healthcare 2023, 11, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020194

AMA Style

Bashir A, Khan ZA, Maqsood A, Prabhu N, Saleem MM, Alzarea BK, Issrani R, Khan SR, Ahmed N, Abbasi MS, et al. The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors Involving the Maxillary Sinus: Recommendation of an Examination Sieve and Risk Alarm Score. Healthcare. 2023; 11(2):194. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020194

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bashir, Atif, Zafar Ali Khan, Afsheen Maqsood, Namdeo Prabhu, Muhammad Mudassar Saleem, Bader K. Alzarea, Rakhi Issrani, Shammas Raza Khan, Naseer Ahmed, Maria Shakoor Abbasi, and et al. 2023. "The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors Involving the Maxillary Sinus: Recommendation of an Examination Sieve and Risk Alarm Score" Healthcare 11, no. 2: 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020194

APA Style

Bashir, A., Khan, Z. A., Maqsood, A., Prabhu, N., Saleem, M. M., Alzarea, B. K., Issrani, R., Khan, S. R., Ahmed, N., Abbasi, M. S., Marya, A., Sghaireen, M. G., & Heboyan, A. (2023). The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors Involving the Maxillary Sinus: Recommendation of an Examination Sieve and Risk Alarm Score. Healthcare, 11(2), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020194

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