Community Pharmacists’ Experiences and Attitudes towards the Provision of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: An International Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Study Context
Pharmacy Education and Scope of Practice
Japan | Thailand | Canada | |
---|---|---|---|
General characteristics [38,39,40,41,42] | |||
Population (millions) | 125.7 | 71.6 | 38.25 |
Licensed pharmacists | 302,500 | 47,525 | 48,134 |
Community Pharmacies | 180,415 | 20,516 | 11,554 |
Pharmacy education [26,35,43,44,45] | |||
No. of pharmacy educational programs | 74 | 19 | 10 |
Current academic credential | BPharm | PharmD | PharmD |
Length of current program (years) | 6 | 6 | 4 |
Pre-pharmacy requirements (years) | - | - | 2 |
First year of transition from BPharm to a PharmD program (or extended BPharm) | 2003 | 1999 | 2007 |
Completion year of transition to an all-PharmD (or extended BPharm) program | 2006 | 2010 | 2020 |
National examination for entry to practice | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Community pharmacy scope of practice [27,28,29,33,45,46,47,48] | |||
Availability of open-shelf drugs at the pharmacy | No | Yes | Yes |
Dispensing prescription medications | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Prescribing authorization | No | No | Yes |
Administration of injections | No | No | Yes |
Performing assessment based on symptoms | No | Yes | Yes |
Performing point-of-care testing | No | No | Yes |
Patient counselling and education | Yes | Yes | Yes |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Instrument
2.3. Variables
2.4. Bias
2.5. Sample Size
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Provision of SRH Services
3.3. Attitudes towards the Provision of SRH Professional Pharmacy Services
3.4. Perceived Factors Influencing the Provision of SRH Professional Pharmacy Services
3.5. Preferences for Additional Training on SRH
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Japan | Thailand | Canada | |
---|---|---|---|
Recruitment strategy | Emails were sent to contact lists from pharmacy professional organizations, pharmacy and drugstore chains, and community pharmacist groups. Attendees of continuing education conferences. Facebook and Twitter promotion [52]. | Emails sent to contact list from regional professional pharmacy associations | Emails sent to contact list from the regional professional regulatory body (Alberta) |
Distribution | |||
Total number of pharmacists contacted | N/A | 760 * | 5349 * |
Responses | 534 | 85 | 303 |
Estimated response rate | N/A | N/A | 8% [53] |
Reminders | None | 3 | 3 |
Dates of data collection | November 2020– April 2021 | December 2020– June 2021 | June 2020– July 2020 |
Duration of open survey | 6 months | 6 months | 2 months |
Incentive | None | None | $100 gift card draw (odds of winning 1 in 10) |
Characteristics | Japan (N = 534) n (%) | Thailand (N = 85) n (%) | Canada (N = 303) n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 295 (55) | 54 (64) | 199 (66) |
Age range | |||
20–30 years | 208 (39) | 17 (20) | 71 (24) |
31–40 years | 116 (22) | 40 (47) | 120 (40) |
41–50 years | 97 (18) | 11 (13) | 60 (20) |
51–60 years | 81 (15) | 8 (9) | 41 (14) |
61–70 years | 29 (5) | 7 (8) | 9 (3) |
71+ years | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) |
Professional Education | |||
Bachelor of Pharmacy (4 years) | 245 (46) | 47 (55) | 239 (79) |
Bachelor of Pharmacy (6 years) | 257 (48) | - | - |
Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) | - | 21 (25) | 32 (11) |
Residency | - | - | 3 (1) |
Post-professional or post-baccalaureate PharmD | - | - | 3 (1) |
Master (M.Sc. or M.Pharm.) | 23 (4) | 12 (14) | 20 (7) |
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) | 6 (1) | 2 (2) | 4 (1) |
Years of registration as a pharmacist | |||
<1 year | 9 (2) | 2 (2) | 16 (5) |
1–5 years | 214 (40) | 16 (19) | 92 (30) |
6–10 years | 50 (9) | 21 (25) | 63 (21) |
11–20 years | 91 (17) | 23 (27) | 68 (22) |
21–30 years | 95 (18) | 8 (9) | 38 (13) |
>31 years | 74 (14) | 15 (18) | 25 (8) |
Type of pharmacy | |||
Independent | 68 (13) | 67 (79) | 83 (27) |
Corporate/chain | 322 (61) | 12 (14) | 172 (57) |
Banner/franchise | 1 (0) | 6 (7) | 44 (15) |
Drugstore chain | 135 (26) | - | - |
Other | 4 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) |
Service | Country | ||
---|---|---|---|
Japan (N = 534) n (%) | Thailand (N = 85) n (%) | Canada (N = 303) n (%) | |
| |||
Patient education on pregnancy tests | 192 (36) | 83 (98) | 211 (70) |
| |||
Patient education on ovulation tests | 222 (42) | 70 (83) | 152 (50) |
| |||
Provide | |||
Combined hormonal contraceptives | 250 (47) | 84 (99) | 298 (98) |
Patient education on | |||
Combined hormonal contraceptives | 207 (39) | 84 (99) | 295 (97) |
Barrier contraception for men | 299 (56) | 67 (79) | 210 (69) |
| |||
Provision of EC pills (Levonorgestrel only pills, e.g., Plan B®) | 37 (7) | 82 (98) | 294 (97) |
Patient education on EC (Levonorgestrel only pills, e.g., Plan B®) | 81 (15) | 84 (99) | 296 (98) |
| |||
Patient education on STBBI treatment | 96 (18) | 82 (97) | 247 (82) |
Patient education on STBBI prevention | 68 (13) | 80 (94) | 216 (71) |
| |||
Patient education on nutrition and vitamin supplementation for prenatal and pregnancy care | 253 (48) | 79 (93) | 278 (92) |
Provision of information on safety of medications in pregnancy | 395 (74) | 85 (100) | 297 (98) |
Provision of information of recommended vaccines prior to and during pregnancy | 139 (26) | 39 (46) | 259 (86) |
Provision of information on safety of medications in breastfeeding | 408 (76) | 85 (100) | 298 (98) |
| |||
Patient education on sexual dysfunction related to medications | 159 (30) | 51 (61) | 255 (84) |
Assist female patients identify/select options for sexual dysfunction | 61 (11) | 33 (39) | 102 (34) |
Assist male patients identify/select options for sexual dysfunction | 67 (13) | 53 (63) | 207 (68) |
Address sexual health concerns/needs of LGBTQ+ patients | 95 (18) | 40 (48) | 132 (44) |
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Share and Cite
Navarrete, J.; Hughes, C.A.; Yuksel, N.; Schindel, T.J.; Yamamura, S.; Terajima, T.; Sriboonruang, T.; Patikorn, C.; Anantachoti, P. Community Pharmacists’ Experiences and Attitudes towards the Provision of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: An International Survey. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111530
Navarrete J, Hughes CA, Yuksel N, Schindel TJ, Yamamura S, Terajima T, Sriboonruang T, Patikorn C, Anantachoti P. Community Pharmacists’ Experiences and Attitudes towards the Provision of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: An International Survey. Healthcare. 2023; 11(11):1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111530
Chicago/Turabian StyleNavarrete, Javiera, Christine A. Hughes, Nese Yuksel, Theresa J. Schindel, Shigeo Yamamura, Tomoko Terajima, Tatta Sriboonruang, Chanthawat Patikorn, and Puree Anantachoti. 2023. "Community Pharmacists’ Experiences and Attitudes towards the Provision of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: An International Survey" Healthcare 11, no. 11: 1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111530