Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Injuries and Diseases of Upper Extremities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Authors,
- Country,
- Study design,
- Sample size,
- Study population,
- Intervention characteristics,
- Relevant outcomes and results.
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Effectiveness of VR Technologies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Country | Study Design | Sample Size | Study Population | Intervention Characteristics | Outcomes | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dahl-Popolizio et al. [20] | USA | Randomized controlled pilot study | IG: 4 CG: 4 | Shoulder injuries | IG: Microsoft Kinect motion tracking technology. Participant movement was displayed on a large screen, which was mounted to a motion sensor and could detect in real time. Participants received audiovisual feedback. CG: Standard rehabilitation program. | Shoulder functionality assessed with ROM and FOTO; pain assessed with VAS; satisfaction assessed with a 10-point Likert scale | All measured variables were not significantly different between the two groups. Participants of IG reported high satisfaction with VR system. |
Yohannan et al. [21] | USA | Randomized controlled pilot study | IG: 11 CG: 12 | Burns | IG: Nintendo Wii fit/sports. Participants first received a standard rehabilitation program for 15 min and then VR exercises mounted to a motion sensor. Participants were supported by trained professionals. CG: Standard rehabilitation program. | Functionality assessed with ROM; pain assessed with VAS | All measured variables were not significantly different between the two groups. |
Parker et al. [22] | Australia | Randomized controlled pilot study | IG: 12 CG: 10 | Burns | IG: Nintendo Wii fit/sports. Participants first received a standard rehabilitation program and then VR exercises mounted to a motion sensor. CG: Standard rehabilitation program. | Functionality assessed with ROM; pain assessed with VAS | Patients who participated in VR showed significant improvements in pain perception. There were no significant differences in ROM between the two groups. |
Voon et al. [23] | Australia | Randomized controlled pilot study | IG: 15 CG: 15 | Burns | IG: Xbox 360 Kinect. Participant movement was displayed on a large screen, which was mounted to motion sensor and could detected in real-time, while participants interacted with the virtual environment. Participants first received a standard rehabilitation program for 15 min and then VR exercises for 15 min. CG: Standard rehabilitation program for 30 min. | Functionality assessed with Quick-DASH; satisfaction assessed with VAS; pain assessed with a 10-point Likert scale | Patients who participated in VR showed significant improvements in satisfaction with rehabilitation. There were no significant differences in Quick-DASH and VAS. |
Zernicke et al. [24] | Germany | Randomized controlled pilot study | IG: 15 CG: 15 | Rheumatoid arthritis | IG: Nintendo Wii fit plus. Participants first received different VR exercises for12 weeks and then 12 weeks of standard rehabilitation. CG: Participants first a received standard rehabilitation program for 12 weeks and then VR exercises for the next 12 weeks. | Functionality assessed with HAQ-DI; pain assessed with VAS; quality of life assessed with SF-36; muscle strength assessed with a dynamometer | All measured variables were not significantly different between the two groups. |
Chau et al. [25] | USA | Pilot study | N = 8 | Chronic pain syndrome | HTC Vive. VR system using wired headset, two handheld motion controllers, and two base stations, which provided boundaries and tracking system of the virtual space. Headset and controllers allowed real-time 3D motion tracking. Exercising with virtual activities such as washing hands, sorting dishware, and arranging utensils. | Pain assessed with VAS, SF-MPQ, and WBF | The were no significant changes in measured variables. Participants tolerated the VR system well and were motivated to continue the rehabilitation program until the end. |
House et al. [26] | USA | Pilot study | N = 6 | Chronic pain syndrome after breast cancer surgery | The BrightArm Duo System is an experimental robotic platform that modulates gravity loading on the upper extremities, consisting of a low-friction robotic rehabilitation table, computerized forearm supports, and a screen that displays motion tracking in real time. Participants were supported by trained professionals | Pain assessed with NRS; functionality assessed with Fugl–Meyer assessment, JTT, and ROM; mobility assessed with Chedokee arm and hand activity inventory-9; activities in daily living assessed with UEFI-20 | Significant changes in pain perception and functionality assessed with ROM after 4 weeks and significant changes in daily living assessed with UEFI-20 after 8 weeks were observed. |
Lee et al. [27] | China | Pilot study | N = 16 | Frozen shoulder | Interactive motor training system involving shoulder joint stretching and muscle strengthening. The 3D game engine software was adopted to formulate a goal-directed shoulder rehabilitation program. Sensors were secured to the shoulder joints to record movement execution while patients were undergoing various exercises. | Shoulder flexibility assessed with CMS; functionality assessed with ROM; muscle strength assessed with a dynamometer | Significant changes in the measured variables were recorded in the study period. |
Feyzi-oglu et al. [28] | Turkey | Randomized controlled study | IG: 20 CG: 20 | Functional impairment of upper extremities after breast cancer surgery | IG: Xbox 360 Kinect. Participant movement was displayed on a large screen, which was mounted to a motion sensor and could detect in real time, while participants interacted with the virtual environment. CG: Standard rehabilitation program. | Functionality assessed with ROM and DASH; muscle strength and flexibility assessed with a dynamometer | Significant changes in measured variables were seen in both groups, while effect sizes in CG were greater than in IG. |
Pekyavas & Ergun [29] | Turkey | Randomized controlled study | IG: 15 CG: 15 | Impingement syndrome | IG: Nintendo Wii. Participants received differentVR exercises, which were displayed on a large screen in real time. CG: Standard rehabilitation program. | Pain assessed with VAS; clinical symptoms assessed with Neer and Hawkins tests; functionality assessed with LSST, SRT, and SAT; pain and impairments in daily living assessed with SPADI | Significant differences were observed in Neer test but not Hawkins test, favoring IG. Significant differences were observed in SRT, SAT, and SPADI, favoring IG. No significant differences were seen in pain perception assessed with VAS. |
Joo et al. [30] | South Korea | Randomized controlled study | IG: 28 CG: 29 | Burns | IG: RAPAEL Smart Glove. An exoskeleton type of glove and VR system were used, which could be operated through active movement. The software could be used to visualize the virtual hands in the VR tool according to data gathered by the glove-shaped sensor device. Participants received audiovisual feedback. CG: Standard rehabilitation program. | Functionality assessed by JTT and MHQ; grip strength assessed by grasp and pinch power test | Significant differences in subscales “picking up small objects” and “simulated feeding” of the JTT were recorded, favoring IG. Significant differences in the subscales “daily activity”, “pain”, “work”, and “satisfaction” of the MHQ were recorded, favoring IG. No significant differences were seen in grip strength between both groups. |
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Tokgöz, P.; Stampa, S.; Wähnert, D.; Vordemvenne, T.; Dockweiler, C. Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Injuries and Diseases of Upper Extremities. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061124
Tokgöz P, Stampa S, Wähnert D, Vordemvenne T, Dockweiler C. Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Injuries and Diseases of Upper Extremities. Healthcare. 2022; 10(6):1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061124
Chicago/Turabian StyleTokgöz, Pinar, Susanne Stampa, Dirk Wähnert, Thomas Vordemvenne, and Christoph Dockweiler. 2022. "Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Injuries and Diseases of Upper Extremities" Healthcare 10, no. 6: 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061124