Understanding Consumer Stockpiling during the COVID-19 Outbreak through the Theory of Planned Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Research Model
2.1. Theoretical Underpinning
2.2. Research Hypotheses
3. Data, Materials and Methods
3.1. Questionnaire
- BAR1: Adjusting your current consumption behavior to your actual needs requires significant effort (objective barrier).
- BAR2: The prospect of adjusting your consumption level scares you (psychological distress).
- BEN1: The prospect of adjusting your current consumption level helps you understand what your actual needs are (personal benefit).
- BEN2: The prospect of adjusting your current consumption level helps you from an economic point of view (economic benefit).
- IN1: Your friends find that scarcity of basic products is very likely to appear.
- IN2: Your family finds that scarcity of basic products is very likely to appear.
- IN3: People find that scarcity of basic products is very likely to appear.
- DN1: You have friends/acquaintances who tend to stock up trying to manage a possible scarcity of basic products.
- DN2: Members of your family tend to stock up trying to manage a possible scarcity of basic products.
- PBC: You feel perfectly able to adjust your consumption level to your actual needs during this period of time.
- BI: Next time when you shop for basic products, you will buy more than usual.
- AB: These days, you tend to stockpile trying to manage a possible scarcity of basic products.
3.2. Data
3.3. Method
4. Results
4.1. Qualitative Results
4.2. Reliability and Validity of the Measurement Model
4.3. The PLS Models
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implications
6. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Statistics |
---|---|
Age | Min = 15, Max = 82, Mean = 30.24 (sd = 12.85) |
Gender: | |
Female | 73% |
Male | 26% |
No response | 1% |
The highest level of completed education: | |
Middle education | 45% |
Higher education | 55% |
Your income is: | |
Less than my daily needs | 21% |
Enough for my daily needs | 62% |
Above my daily needs | 17% |
Your civil status is: | |
Single | 33% |
In a relationship | 37% |
Married | 30% |
Variable | Composite Reliability (Dillon Goldstein Rho) | Cronbach’s Alpha | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) | Observed Variable | Loadings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits | 0.869 | 0.698 | 0.768 | BEN1 BEN2 | 0.876 0.876 |
Barriers | 0.874 | 0.712 | 0.776 | BAR1 BAR2 | 0.881 0.881 |
Descriptive Norms | 0.900 | 0.777 | 0.818 | DN1 DN2 | 0.904 0.904 |
Injunctive Norms | 0.913 | 0.857 | 0.778 | IN1 IN2 IN3 | 0.897 0.893 0.854 |
Variable | Benefits | Barriers | Descriptive Norms | Injunctive Norms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits | 0.876 | 0.108 | 0.202 | 0.266 |
Barriers | 0.881 | 0.342 | 0.232 | |
Descriptive Norms | 0.904 | 0.522 | ||
Injunctive Norms | 0.882 |
Variable | Benefits | Barriers | Descriptive Norms | Injunctive Norms |
---|---|---|---|---|
BEN1 | 0.876 | 0.047 | 0.130 | 0.021 |
BEN2 | 0.876 | −0.047 | −0.130 | −0.021 |
BAR1 | −0.081 | 0.881 | 0.140 | 0.047 |
BAR2 | 0.081 | 0.881 | −0.140 | −0.047 |
DN1 | 0.060 | −0.026 | 0.904 | −0.010 |
DN2 | −0.060 | 0.026 | 0.904 | 0.010 |
IN1 | 0.057 | −0.019 | −0.006 | 0.897 |
IN2 | 0.007 | −0.011 | −0.073 | 0.893 |
IN3 | −0.067 | 0.032 | 0.083 | 0.854 |
Model | Actual Stockpiling Behavior | Behavioral Intention to Buy More |
---|---|---|
Estimated coefficients | ||
Benefits | 0.047 (0.223) | 0.064 (0.147) |
Barriers | 0.231 *** (<0.001) | 0.296 *** (<0.001) |
Descriptive Norms | 0.674 *** (<0.001) | 0.365 *** (<0.001) |
Injunctive Norms | 0.002 (0.486) | 0.063 (0.152) |
PBC | 0.054 (0.187) | −0.039 (0.262) |
Age | 0.001 (0.495) | −0.059 (0.169) |
Gender Male Female | Reference −0.032 (0.303) | Reference −0.064 (0.147) |
Income Above my daily needs Enough for my daily needs Less than my daily needs | Reference −0.003 (0.922) | Reference 0.005 (0.894) |
Education Higher education Middle education | Reference 0.017 (0.550) | Reference 0.011 (0.811) |
Goodness of fit measures | ||
R2/Adjusted 2 | 63.6% | 39.5% |
Tenehaus GoF (small ≥ 0.1, medium ≥ 0.25, large ≥ 0.36) | 0.753 | 0.593 |
SRMR | 0.07 | 0.068 |
SMAR | 0.05 | 0.048 |
Model | Behavioral Intention to Buy More | Actual Stockpiling Behavior |
---|---|---|
Effect sizes of the predictors | ||
Attitudes—Benefits | 0.012 | 0.014 |
Attitudes—Barriers | 0.111 | 0.140 |
Descriptive Norms | 0.521 | 0.193 |
Injunctive Norms | 0.001 | 0.023 |
Perceived Behavioral Control | 0.012 | 0.009 |
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Roșu, M.-M.; Ianole-Călin, R.; Dinescu, R.; Bratu, A.; Papuc, R.-M.; Cosma, A. Understanding Consumer Stockpiling during the COVID-19 Outbreak through the Theory of Planned Behavior. Mathematics 2021, 9, 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9161950
Roșu M-M, Ianole-Călin R, Dinescu R, Bratu A, Papuc R-M, Cosma A. Understanding Consumer Stockpiling during the COVID-19 Outbreak through the Theory of Planned Behavior. Mathematics. 2021; 9(16):1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9161950
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoșu, Maria-Magdalena, Rodica Ianole-Călin, Raluca Dinescu, Anca Bratu, Răzvan-Mihail Papuc, and Anastasia Cosma. 2021. "Understanding Consumer Stockpiling during the COVID-19 Outbreak through the Theory of Planned Behavior" Mathematics 9, no. 16: 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9161950
APA StyleRoșu, M.-M., Ianole-Călin, R., Dinescu, R., Bratu, A., Papuc, R.-M., & Cosma, A. (2021). Understanding Consumer Stockpiling during the COVID-19 Outbreak through the Theory of Planned Behavior. Mathematics, 9(16), 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9161950