Computer Analysis of Human Belligerency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fundamental Concepts and Tools
2.1. Distance Indices
2.2. Hierarchical Clustering
2.3. Multidimensional Scaling
2.4. Spectral Domain
2.5. Entropy
3. The Spans of Wars
3.1. Description of the Dataset
3.2. The HC Analysis and Visualization of the Spans of Wars
3.3. The MDS Analysis and Visualization of the Spans of Wars
3.4. The MDS Analysis and Visualization of the Spans of Wars based on a Generalized Distance
4. Sociological Interpretation of the Spans of Wars
5. Entropy Analysis of the Span of Wars
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
i | Name | Note | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | −540 | 20 | 4 | 100,000 | Conquests of Cyrus the Great | Does not include civilian deaths (from texts by contemporary writers) |
2 | −474 | 51 | 2 | 73,800 | Greco-Persian Wars | |
3 | −317 | 54 | 2 | 33,500 | Samnite Wars | Does not include civilian deaths (from texts by Roman writers) |
4 | −330 | 14 | 4 | 142,000 | Wars of Alexander the Great | Does not include civilian deaths (from texts by Greek writers) |
5 | −205 | 119 | 2 | 1,520,691 | Punic Wars | |
6 | −253 | 24 | 2 | 185,000 | First Punic War | Part of the Punic Wars |
7 | −210 | 18 | 2 | 770,000 | Second Punic War | Part of the Punic Wars |
8 | −148 | 4 | 2 | 193,649 | Third Punic War | Part of the Punic Wars |
9 | −262 | 2 | 2 | 173,205 | Kalinga War | |
10 | −226 | 10 | 6 | 700,000 | Qin’s Wars of Unification | Part of Warring States Period |
11 | −107 | 13 | 3 | 516,236 | Cimbrian War | Part of the Germanic Wars |
12 | −54 | 9 | 2 | 1,000,000 | Gallic Wars | |
13 | 61 | 2 | 2 | 150,000 | Iceni Revolt | Part of the Roman Conquest of Britain. Year is uncertain. |
14 | 101 | 71 | 2 | 836,660 | Jewish-Roman Wars | |
15 | 70 | 8 | 2 | 605,614 | First Jewish-Roman War | Part of Jewish-Roman Wars |
16 | 116 | 3 | 2 | 440,000 | Kitos War | Part of Jewish-Roman Wars |
17 | 134 | 5 | 2 | 481,664 | Bar Kokhba Revolt | Part of Jewish-Roman Wars |
18 | 269 | 1 | 2 | 320,000 | Gothic War (269) | Part of the Germanic Wars |
19 | 277 | 1 | 2 | 400,000 | Probus’s German War | Part of the Germanic Wars |
20 | 379 | 7 | 2 | 40,000 | Gothic War (376–382) | Part of the Germanic Wars |
21 | 232 | 97 | 2 | 37,947,332 | Three Kingdoms War | Includes the "unofficial" part of the Three Kingdoms period |
22 | 195 | 22 | 2 | 4,582,576 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | Part of Three Kingdoms War |
23 | 372 | 136 | 2 | 150,000 | Wars of the Sixteen Kingdoms | Does not include civilian deaths |
24 | 424 | 59 | 2 | 165,000 | Hunnic Invasions | Does not include civilian deaths (from texts by Roman writers). |
25 | 541 | 15 | 2 | 5,000,000 | Moorish Wars | |
26 | 840 | 422 | 4 | 130,000 | Arab-Byzantine Wars | Does not include civilian deaths (from texts by contemporary writers). |
27 | 1102 | 782 | 4 | 7,000,000 | Reconquista | |
28 | 759 | 9 | 3 | 21,633,308 | An Lushan Rebellion | |
29 | 1006 | 27 | 2 | 90,000 | Goryeo-Khitan Wars | |
30 | 1193 | 197 | 4 | 1,732,051 | Crusades | |
31 | 1219 | 22 | 3 | 447,214 | Albigensian Crusade | Part of the Crusades |
32 | 1287 | 163 | 2 | 34,641,016 | Mongol conquests | Does not include deaths due to the Black Death migration |
33 | 1327 | 62 | 2 | 94,868 | Wars of Scottish Independence | |
34 | 1395 | 117 | 2 | 2,754,995 | Hundred Years’ War | |
35 | 1388 | 36 | 4 | 12,649,111 | Conquests of Timur | |
36 | 1466 | 31 | 4 | 873,000 | Conquests of Mehmed II “the Conqueror” | |
37 | 1471 | 33 | 4 | 41,833 | Wars of the Roses | |
38 | 1527 | 66 | 4 | 346,410 | Italian Wars | |
39 | 1576 | 114 | 2 | 24,300,000 | Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire | Includes the cocoliztli plagues |
40 | 1557 | 77 | 2 | 1,460,000 | Spanish conquest of Yucatán | Includes deaths due to European diseases |
41 | 1553 | 40 | 2 | 8,400,000 | Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire | Includes deaths due to European diseases |
42 | 1544 | 46 | 4 | 200,000 | Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent | |
43 | 1525 | 2 | 2 | 100,000 | German Peasants’ War | |
44 | 1580 | 37 | 2 | 2,828,427 | French Wars of Religion | |
45 | 1608 | 81 | 5 | 648,074 | Eighty Years’ War | |
46 | 1595 | 20 | 4 | 138,285 | Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) | |
47 | 1595 | 7 | 3 | 1,000,000 | Japanese invasions of Korea | |
48 | 1639 | 47 | 6 | 25,000,000 | Qing conquest of the Ming | |
49 | 1633 | 31 | 2 | 5,873,670 | Thirty Years’ War | |
50 | 1647 | 25 | 4 | 200,000 | Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) | |
51 | 1645 | 13 | 4 | 876,000 | Wars of the Three Kingdoms | |
52 | 1647 | 10 | 2 | 511,527 | English Civil War | Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms |
53 | 1683 | 50 | 2 | 5,600,000 | Mughal-Maratha Wars | |
54 | 1675 | 7 | 4 | 220,000 | Franco-Dutch War | |
55 | 1691 | 17 | 4 | 120,000 | Great Turkish War | |
56 | 1711 | 22 | 4 | 350,000 | Great Northern War | |
57 | 1708 | 14 | 2 | 707,390 | War of the Spanish Succession | |
58 | 1746 | 11 | 2 | 400,000 | Maratha expeditions in Bengal | |
59 | 1760 | 8 | 4 | 1,102,361 | Seven Years’ War | |
60 | 1767 | 5 | 2 | 70,000 | Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) | |
61 | 1779 | 9 | 4 | 37,324 | American Revolutionary War | |
62 | 1800 | 4 | 3 | 65,000 | French campaign in Egypt and Syria | |
63 | 1803 | 2 | 3 | 135,000 | Saint-Domingue expedition | |
64 | 1809 | 13 | 4 | 4,949,747 | Napoleonic Wars | |
65 | 1812 | 1 | 2 | 540,000 | French invasion of Russia | Part of the Napoleonic Wars |
66 | 1821 | 26 | 4 | 600,000 | Spanish American Wars of Independence | |
67 | 1817 | 14 | 2 | 228,000 | Venezuelan War of Independence | Part of Spanish American Wars of Independence |
68 | 1828 | 26 | 4 | 1,732,051 | Mfecane | |
69 | 1848 | 57 | 2 | 200,000 | Carlist Wars | |
70 | 1838 | 19 | 2 | 300,000 | French conquest of Algeria | |
71 | 1857 | 15 | 2 | 24,494,897 | Taiping Rebellion | |
72 | 1855 | 4 | 4 | 382,047 | Crimean War | |
73 | 1865 | 18 | 2 | 943,398 | Panthay Rebellion | |
74 | 1858 | 2 | 2 | 2,828,427 | Indian Rebellion of 1857 | |
75 | 1863 | 5 | 2 | 806,226 | American Civil War | |
76 | 1870 | 16 | 3 | 9,797,959 | Dungan Revolt | |
77 | 1865 | 6 | 3 | 49,287 | French intervention in Mexico | |
78 | 1867 | 7 | 4 | 600,000 | Paraguayan War | |
79 | 1873 | 11 | 2 | 241,000 | Ten Years’ War | |
80 | 1877 | 15 | 2 | 32,404 | Conquest of the Desert | |
81 | 1894 | 42 | 2 | 101,877 | Aceh War | |
82 | 1895 | 2 | 2 | 48,311 | First Sino-Japanese War | |
83 | 1897 | 4 | 3 | 362,000 | Cuban War of Independence | |
84 | 1901 | 4 | 2 | 120,000 | Thousand Days’ War | |
85 | 1901 | 4 | 4 | 81,056 | South African War (Second Boer War) | |
86 | 1906 | 14 | 2 | 234,000 | Philippine-American War | |
87 | 1915 | 11 | 2 | 1,000,000 | Mexican Revolution | |
88 | 1913 | 2 | 4 | 140,000 | Balkan Wars | |
89 | 1916 | 5 | 27 | 23,568,559 | World War I | |
90 | 1920 | 6 | 4 | 6,708,204 | Russian Civil War | |
91 | 1961 | 86 | 4 | 210,784 | Iraqi-Kurdish conflict | |
92 | 1971 | 100 | 2 | 100,000 | Kurdish rebellions in Turkey | |
93 | 1928 | 10 | 2 | 40,000 | Second Italo-Senussi War | |
94 | 1938 | 23 | 2 | 9,671,401 | Chinese Civil War | |
95 | 1934 | 4 | 2 | 100,000 | Chaco War | |
96 | 1936 | 2 | 2 | 278,350 | Second Italo-Ethiopian War | |
97 | 1938 | 4 | 2 | 707,107 | Spanish Civil War | |
98 | 1941 | 9 | 5 | 22,360,680 | Second Sino-Japanese War | Part of World War II |
99 | 1942 | 7 | 193 | 69,069,811 | World War II | |
100 | 1940 | 2 | 2 | 173,071 | Winter War | Part of World War II |
101 | 1941 | 2 | 2 | 27,080 | Greco-Italian War | Part of World War II |
102 | 1943 | 4 | 3 | 387,333 | Continuation War | Part of World War II |
103 | 1945 | 1 | 3 | 56,574 | Soviet-Japanese War | Part of World War II |
104 | 1950 | 9 | 4 | 400,000 | First Indochina War | |
105 | 1948 | 4 | 2 | 158,000 | Greek Civil War | |
106 | 1948 | 2 | 2 | 35,000 | Malagasy Uprising | |
107 | 1984 | 74 | 2 | 93,808 | Kashmir Conflict | |
108 | 1953 | 11 | 2 | 193,697 | La Violencia | |
109 | 1984 | 73 | 2 | 180,278 | Internal conflict in Myanmar | |
110 | 1984 | 73 | 3 | 116,074 | Arab-Israeli conflict | |
111 | 1948 | 1 | 2 | 84,116 | Indian annexation of Hyderabad | |
112 | 1952 | 4 | 16 | 3,000,000 | Korean War | |
113 | 1958 | 9 | 2 | 724,569 | Algerian War | |
114 | 1987 | 67 | 3 | 34,000 | Ethnic conflict in Nagaland | |
115 | 1965 | 21 | 18 | 3,144,873 | Vietnam War | |
116 | 1964 | 18 | 2 | 500,000 | First Sudanese Civil War | |
117 | 1963 | 6 | 5 | 100,000 | Congo Crisis | |
118 | 1968 | 14 | 3 | 92,452 | Angolan War of Independence | |
119 | 1966 | 9 | 4 | 141,421 | North Yemen Civil War | |
120 | 1992 | 58 | 4 | 244,949 | West Papua conflict | |
121 | 1969 | 11 | 2 | 74,965 | Mozambican War of Independence | |
122 | 1992 | 57 | 7 | 25,000 | Insurgency in Northeast India | |
123 | 1992 | 57 | 4 | 220,000 | Colombian conflict | |
124 | 1969 | 4 | 2 | 1,732,051 | Nigerian Civil War | |
125 | 1994 | 51 | 3 | 120,000 | Moro Conflict | |
126 | 1995 | 52 | 2 | 35,917 | CPP-NPA-NDF rebellion | |
127 | 1971 | 1 | 2 | 3,000,000 | Bangladesh Liberation War | |
128 | 1983 | 18 | 2 | 866,025 | Ethiopian Civil War | |
129 | 1989 | 28 | 2 | 504,158 | Angolan Civil War | |
130 | 1983 | 16 | 4 | 134,164 | Lebanese Civil War | |
131 | 1991 | 33 | 4 | 100,000 | Insurgency in Laos | |
132 | 1999 | 43 | 4 | 1,574,802 | War in Afghanistan | |
133 | 1999 | 43 | 2 | 45,000 | Kurdish-Turkish conflict | Part of the Kurdish rebellions in Turkey |
134 | 1984 | 11 | 3 | 1,095,445 | Soviet-Afghan War | Part of War in Afghanistan |
135 | 1984 | 9 | 6 | 564,041 | Iran-Iraq War | |
136 | 2000 | 41 | 3 | 70,000 | Internal conflict in Peru | |
137 | 1984 | 6 | 3 | 223,607 | Ugandan Bush War | |
138 | 1994 | 23 | 2 | 1,414,214 | Second Sudanese Civil War | |
139 | 1996 | 27 | 2 | 89,443 | Sri Lankan Civil War | |
140 | 2003 | 35 | 2 | 387,298 | Somali Civil War | |
141 | 2004 | 34 | 2 | 223,607 | Lord’s Resistance Army insurgency | |
142 | 1991 | 7 | 4 | 38,000 | Nagorno-Karabakh War | |
143 | 1991 | 2 | 2 | 32,091 | Gulf War | |
144 | 1997 | 12 | 3 | 93,808 | Algerian Civil War | |
145 | 1993 | 5 | 4 | 100,903 | Bosnian War | |
146 | 1991 | 1 | 2 | 141,333 | 1991 Iraqi Civil War | |
147 | 1997 | 12 | 3 | 122,474 | Sierra Leone Civil War | |
148 | 1999 | 13 | 3 | 300,000 | Burundian Civil War | |
149 | 1994 | 1 | 2 | 800,000 | Rwandan genocide | |
150 | 1997 | 2 | 2 | 447,214 | First Congo War | |
151 | 2001 | 6 | 4 | 3,674,235 | Second Congo War | |
152 | 2001 | 5 | 2 | 60,000 | Ituri conflict | Part of the Second Congo War |
153 | 2011 | 20 | 4 | 585,423 | War on Terror | |
154 | 2011 | 20 | 2 | 53,949 | War in Afghanistan (2001-present) | Part of the War on Terror and War in Afghanistan |
155 | 2007 | 9 | 4 | 190,000 | Iraq War | Part of the War on Terror |
156 | 2012 | 18 | 4 | 300,000 | War in Darfur | |
157 | 2012 | 17 | 4 | 100,000 | Kivu Conflict | Part of the Second Congo War |
158 | 2012 | 17 | 8 | 60,165 | War in North-West Pakistan | Part of the War on Terror and War in Afghanistan (2001-present) |
159 | 2013 | 15 | 2 | 200,000 | Mexican Drug War | |
160 | 2015 | 12 | 4 | 51,567 | Boko Haram insurgency | |
161 | 2016 | 10 | 4 | 570,000 | Syrian Civil War | |
162 | 2016 | 4 | 4 | 197,500 | Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) | |
163 | 2018 | 6 | 3 | 91,600 | Yemeni Civil War |
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A. Tenreiro Machado, J.; M. Lopes, A.; Mata, M.E. Computer Analysis of Human Belligerency. Mathematics 2020, 8, 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8081201
A. Tenreiro Machado J, M. Lopes A, Mata ME. Computer Analysis of Human Belligerency. Mathematics. 2020; 8(8):1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8081201
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Tenreiro Machado, José, António M. Lopes, and Maria Eugénia Mata. 2020. "Computer Analysis of Human Belligerency" Mathematics 8, no. 8: 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8081201