1. Introduction
In [
1], B.-Y.Chen introduced slant submanifolds of an almost Hermitian manifold, as those submanifolds for which the angle
between
and the tangent space is constant, for any tangent vector field
X. They play an intermediate role between complex submanifolds (
) and totally real ones (
). Since then, the study of slant submanifolds has produced an incredible amount of results and examples in two different ways: various ambient spaces and more general submanifolds.
On the one hand, J. L. Cabrerizo, A. Carriazo, L. M. Fernández, and M. Fernández analyzed slant submanifolds of a Sasakian manifold in [
2], and B. Sahin did so in almost product manifolds in [
3]. The study of slant submanifolds in a semi-Riemannian manifold has been also initiated: B.-Y. Chen, O. Garay, and I. Mihai classified slant surfaces in Lorentzian complex space forms in [
4,
5]. K. Arslan, A. Carriazo, B.-Y. Chen, and C. Murathan defined slant submanifolds of a neutral Kaehler manifold in [
6], while A. Carriazo and M. J. Pérez-García did so in neutral almost contact pseudo-metric manifolds in [
7]. Moreover, M. A. Khan, K. Singh, and V. A. Khan introduced slant submanifolds in LP-contact manifolds in [
8], and P. Alegre studied slant submanifolds of Lorentzian Sasakian and para Sasakian manifolds in [
9]. Finally, slant submanifolds of para Hermitian manifolds were defined in [
10].
On the other hand, some generalizations of both slant and CR submanifolds have also been defined in different ambient spaces, such as semi-slant [
11,
12,
13], hemi-slant [
14,
15], bi-slant [
16], or generic submanifolds [
17].
In this paper, we continue on this line, introducing semi-slant, hemi-slant, and bi-slant submanifolds of para Hermitian manifolds.
2. Preliminaries
Let
be a
-dimensional manifold. If it is endowed with a structure
, where
J is a
tensor and
g is a semi-defined metric, satisfying:
for any vector fields
on
, it is called a
para Hermitian manifold. It is said to be
para Kaehler if, in addition,
, where
is the Levi–Civita connection of
g.
Let now
M be a semi-Riemannian submanifold of
. The Gauss and Weingarten formulas are given by:
for any tangent vector fields
and any normal vector field
V, where
h is the second fundamental form of
M,
is the Weingarten endomorphism associated with
V, and
is the normal connection.
The Gauss and Codazzi equations are given by:
for any vectors fields
tangent to
M.
For every tangent vector field
X, we write:
where
is the tangential component of
and
is the normal one. For every normal vector field
V,
where
and
are the tangential and normal components of
, respectively.
For such a submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold, taking the tangent and normal part and using the Gauss and Weingarten formulas (
2) and (
3):
for all tangent vector fields
.
In [
10], we introduced the notion of slant submanifolds of para Hermitian manifolds, taking into account that we cannot measure the angle for light-like vector fields:
Definition 1 ([
10])
. A semi-Riemannian submanifold M of a para Hermitian manifold is called slant submanifold
if for every space-like or time-like tangent vector field X, the quotient is constant. Remark 1. It is clear that, if M is a para-complex submanifold, then , and so, the above quotient is equal to one. On the other hand, if M is totally real, then and the quotient equals zero. Therefore, both para-complex and totally real submanifolds are particular cases of slant submanifolds. A neither para-complex nor totally real slant submanifold will be called a proper slant.
Three cases can be distinguished, corresponding to three different types of proper slant submanifolds:
Definition 2 ([
10])
. Let M be a proper slant semi-Riemannian submanifold of a para Hermitian manifold . We say that it is of:- Type 1
if for any space-like (time-like) vector field X, is time-like (space-like), and ,
- Type 2
if for any space-like (time-like) vector field X, is time-like (space-like), and ,
- Type 3
if for any space-like (time-like) vector field X, is space-like (time-like).
These three types can be characterized as follows:
Theorem 1 ([
10])
. Let M be a semi-Riemannian submanifold of a para Hermitian manifold . Then,- (1)
M is a slant of Type 1 if and only if for any space-like (time-like) vector field X, is time-like (space-like), and there exists a constant such that: We write , with .
- (2)
M is a slant of Type 2 if and only if for any space-like (time-like) vector field X, is time-like (space-like), and there exists a constant such that: We write , with .
- (3)
M is a slant of Type 3 if and only if for any space-like (time-like) vector field X, is space-like (time-like), and there exists a constant such that: We write , with .
In every case, we call θ the slant angle.
Remark 2. It was proven in [10] that Conditions (9), (10), and (11) also hold for every light-like vector field, as every light-like vector field can be decomposed as a sum of one space-like and one time-like vector field. Furthermore, every slant submanifold of Type 1 or 2 must be a neutral semi-Riemannian manifold. Para-complex and totally real submanifolds can also be characterized by
. In [
10], we did not consider that case, but it will be useful in the present study.
Theorem 2. Let M be a semi-Riemannian submanifold of a para Hermitian manifold . Then,
- 1)
M is a para-complex submanifold if and only if
- 2)
M is a totally real submanifold if and only if
Proof. If
M is para-complex,
directly. Conversely, if
, from:
we have:
then
and hence,
, which implies
.
The second statement can be proven in a similar way. □
3. Slant Distributions
In [
11], N. Papaghiuc introduced
slant distributions in a Kaehler manifold. Given an almost Hermitian manifold,
, and a differentiable distribution
D, it is called a slant distribution if for any nonzero vector
,
, the angle between
and the vector space
is constant, that is it is independent of the point
x. If
is the projection of
over
D, they can be characterized as
. This, together with the definition of slant submanifolds of a para Hermitian manifold, aims us to give the following:
Definition 3. A differentiable distribution D on a para Hermitian manifold is called a slant distribution if for every non-light-like , the quotient is constant.
A distribution is called invariant if it is a slant with slant angle zero, that is if for all non-light-like . It is called anti-invariant if for all . In other cases, it is called a proper slant distribution.
With this definition, every one-dimensional distribution defines an anti-invariant distribution in , so we are just going to take under study non-trivial slant distributions, that is with dimensions greater than one. Just like for slant submanifolds, we can consider three cases depending on the casual character of the implied vector fields.
Obviously, a submanifold M is a slant submanifold if and only if is a slant distribution.
Definition 4. Let D be a proper slant distribution of a para Hermitian manifold . We say that it is of:
- Type 1
if for every space-like (time-like) vector field X, is time-like (space-like), and ,
- Type 2
if for every space-like (time-like) vector field X, if is time-like (space-like), and ,
- Type 3
if for every space-like (time-like) vector field X, is space-like (time-like).
These slant distributions can be characterized as slant submanifolds as in Theorem 1 [
10].
Theorem 3. Let D be a distribution of a para Hermitian metric manifold . Then,
- (1)
D is a slant distribution of Type 1 if and only for any space-like (time-like) vector field X, is time-like (space-like), and there exits a constant such that: Moreover, in such a case, .
- (2)
D is a slant distribution of Type 2 if and only for any space-like (time-like) vector field X, is time-like (space-like), and there exits a constant such that: Moreover, in such a case, .
- (3)
D is a slant distribution of Type 3 if and only for any space-like (time-like) vector field X, is space-like (time-like), and there exits a constant such that: Moreover, in such a case, .
In each case, we call θ the slant angle.
Proof. If
D is a slant distribution of Type 1, for any space-like tangent vector field
,
and
are also time-like, where we have used (
1). They satisfy
. Therefore, there exists
such that:
Considering
instead of
X, we obtain:
Therefore, using (
15), (
16), and (
17):
Since both
X and
are space-like, it follows that they are collinear, that is
. Finally, from (
15), we deduce that
.
Everything works in a similar way for any time-like tangent vector field
, but now,
and
are space-like, and so, instead of (
15), we should write:
Since , for any space-like or time-like , it also holds for light-like vector fields, and so, we have that .
The converse is just a simple computation.
For the second case, let
D be a slant distribution of Type 2, for any space-like or time-like vector field
,
, and so, there exists
such that:
Proceeding as before, we prove that , and as both X and are space-like vector fields, it follows that they are collinear, that is . The converse is just a direct computation.
Finally, if
D is a slant distribution of Type 3, for any space-like vector field
,
is also space-like, and there exists
such that:
Once more, we can prove that and . Again, the converse is a direct computation. □
Remember that an holomorphic distribution satisfies , so every holomorphic distribution is a slant distribution with angle zero, but the converse is not true. It is called a totally real distribution if ; therefore, every totally real distribution is anti-invariant but the converse does not always hold. For holomorphic and totally real distributions, the following necessary conditions are easy to prove:
Theorem 4. Let D be a distribution of a submanifold of a para Hermitian metric manifold .
- (1)
If D is a holomorphic distribution, then , for all .
- (2)
If D is a totally real distribution, then , for all .
However, the converse results do not hold if
D is not
; in such a case
, and for a unit vector field
X:
Therefore from:
and
, in the case that
is also space-like, it is only deduced that:
or, in the case it is time-like,
Therefore, in general
, and
D is not invariant.
Similarly, it can be shown that the converse of the second statement does not always hold.
Theorem 5. Let M be a semi-Riemannian submanifold of a para Hermitian metric manifold .
- 1)
The maximal holomorphic distribution is characterized as .
- 2)
The maximal totally real distribution is characterized as .
Proof. For the first statement, if a distribution
D is holomorphic, obviously
. For the converse, consider
. We should prove that it is a holomorphic distribution. Let
,
be tangent to
M, and:
for all
. Therefore,
. That implies
for all
, so
D is holomorphic.
The second statement is trivial. □
4. Bi-Slant, Semi-Slant and Hemi-Slant Submanifolds
In [
11],
semi-slant submanifolds of an almost Hermitian manifold were introduced as those submanifolds whose tangent space could be decomposed as a direct sum of two distributions, one totally real and the other a slant distribution. In [
16],
anti-slant submanifolds were introduced as those whose tangent space is decomposed as a direct sum of an anti-invariant and a slant distribution; they were called
hemi-slant submanifolds in [
14]. Finally, in [
12], the authors defined
bi-slant submanifolds with both distributions slant ones.
Definition 5. A semi-Riemannian submanifold M of a para Hermitian manifold is called a bi-slant submanifold if the tangent space admits a decomposition with both and slant distributions.
It is called a semi-slant submanifold if with a holomorphic distribution and a proper slant distribution. In such a case, we will write .
It is called a hemi-slant submanifold if with a totally real distribution and a proper slant distribution. In such a case, we will write .
Remark 3. As we have said before, being holomorphic (totally real) is a stronger condition than being a slant with slant angle zero ().
We write , the projections over and , .
Let us consider two different para Kaehler structures over
:
and:
Using the examples of slant submanifolds of
given in [
10] and making products, we can obtain examples of bi-slant submanifolds in
. To present different examples with all the combinations of slant distributions, we consider the following para Kaehler structures over
:
where
is the corresponding null matrix.
Example 1. For any with , and ,defines a bi-slant submanifold in , with slant distributions and . We can see the different types in the Table 1: Remark 4. The decomposition of into two slant distributions is not unique, for example, if we choose and in the previous example, both distributions are anti-invariant, that is and ; therefore, and . However, they are not totally real distributions.
Example 2. Taking in the previous example, we obtain a semi-slant submanifold, and taking , we obtain a hemi-slant submanifold.
Example 3. For any with , :defines a bi-slant submanifold, with slant distributions and . We can see the different types in the Table 2: Now, we are interested in those bi-slant submanifolds of an almost para Hermitian manifold that are Lorentzian. Let us remember that the only odd-dimensional slant distributions are the totally real ones and that Type 1 and 2 are neutral distributions. Taking this into account, the only possible cases are the following:
- (i)
with , where is a one-dimensional, time-like, anti-invariant distribution and is a space-like, Type 3 slant distribution.
- (ii)
with , where is a two-dimensional, neutral, slant distribution of Type 1 or 2 and is a space-like, Type 3 slant distribution.
With Examples 1 and 3, we can obtain examples for Case (ii). It only remains to construct a Case (i) example.
Example 4. Consider in the almost para Hermitian structure given by:with Θ
the corresponding null matrix. For any ,defines a bi-slant submanifold in with a totally real distribution and a Type 3 slant distribution with . We can present a bi-slant submanifold, with the same angle for both slant distributions, that is not a slant submanifold.
Example 5. The submanifold of defined by:is a bi-slant submanifold. The slant distributions are and , with and . It is not a slant submanifold. 5. Semi-Slant Submanifolds of a Para Kaehler Manifold
It is always interesting to study the integrability of the involved distributions.
Proof. Let M be a semi-slant submanifold of a para Hermitian manifold. Both the holomorphic and the slant distributions are P invariant. □
Proof. Let be
the decomposition with
holomorphic and
the slant distribution. Of course
is invariant as
implies
. Now, consider
,
Given , , as is invariant. Moreover, for all , . Therefore and , so . □
Theorem 6. Let M be a semi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold. The holomorphic distribution is integrable if and only if for all .
Proof. For
,
,
,
, and
. From (
8), it follows that
. Then,
, that is
is integrable, if and only if
. □
Theorem 7. Let M be a semi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold. The slant distribution is integrable if and only if:for all , where is the projection over the invariant distribution . Proof. From (
7),
. Then:
Then, (
18) is equivalent to
. As
, it holds if and only if
. Finally, from Theorem 5,
is
P invariant, so we obtain
. □
Now, we study the conditions for the involved distributions being totally geodesic.
Proof. Let M be a semi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold . If the holomorphic distribution is totally geodesic, then , and for any . □
Proof. For a para Kaehler manifold taking
, (
7)–(
8), leads to:
If is totally geodesic, and , which imply the result. □
Proof. Let M be a semi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold . The slant distribution is totally geodesic if and only if , and for any . □
Proof. If
is a totally geodesic distribution, from (
7) and (
8), taking
:
which implies the given conditions. On the converse, if
, then
, which implies
. From (
8) and
, it holds that
. Then, for
:
and as
is a proper slant distribution,
, it must be
for all
. □
Given two orthogonal distributions and over a submanifold, it is called a -mixed totally geodesic if for all , .
Proof. Let M be a semi-slant submanifold of a para Hermitian manifold . M is a mixed totally geodesic if and only if for any , , . □
Proof. If
M is a
mixed totally geodesic, for any
,
,
which implies
The same proof is valid for
and for the converse. □
Proof. Let M be a semi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold . If , then either M is -mixed totally geodesic or is a eigenvector of associated with the eigenvalue of one, for all , . □
Proof. Let be
,
, if
, from (
8),
.
As
is holomorphic, that is
J-invariant,
is
P-invariant. Therefore,
with
(
, respectively). However, also:
From both equations, either or it is an eigenvalue of associated with . □
Proof. Let M be a mixed totally geodesic semi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold . If is integrable, then , for all and . □
Proof. From Theorem 6,
for all
,
Given
,
because
M is mixed totally geodesic. From both equations,
, which finishes the proof. □
Finally, the mixed totally geodesic characterization can be summarized with:
Theorem 8. Let M be a proper semi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold . M is a -mixed totally geodesic if and only if and , for all in different distributions.
Proof. On the one hand, if
M is a
-mixed totally geodesic, let
belong to different distributions. From (
7) and (
8), both conditions are deduced.
On the other hand, from (
7) and
, it is deduced
. From (
8) and
, it is deduced:
for all
in different distributions.
Therefore, for
and
:
and also:
As
M is a proper semi-slant submanifold,
, and
, so
M is a mixed totally geodesic. □
6. Hemi-Slant Submanifolds of a Para Kaehler Manifold
We will also study the integrability of the involved distributions for a hemi-slant submanifold.
Proof. Let M be a hemi-slant submanifold of a para Hermitian manifold. The slant distribution is P invariant. □
Proof. Let be
, the decomposition with
totally real, and
the slant distribution. Consider
,
Given , , as is totally real, therefore . As , given , , then , and it is proven that . □
Lemma 1. Let M be a hemi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold. The totally real distribution is integrable if and only if for all .
Proof. For
,
,
,
, and
. From (
7), it follows that
. Then,
, that is
is integrable, if and only if
. □
The following result is known for hemi-slant submanifolds of Kaehler manifolds [
14]. We obtain the equivalent one for hemi-slant submanifolds of para Kaehler manifolds:
Theorem 9. Let M be a hemi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold. The totally real distribution is always integrable.
Proof. From the previous lemma, it is enough to prove
, for
and
Z tangent. Then,
using (
7):
which finishes the proof. □
Now, we study the integrability of the slant distribution.
Theorem 10. Let M be a hemi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold. The slant distribution is integrable if and only if:for all , where is the projection over the totally real distribution . The proof is analogous to the one of Theorem 7.
Lemma 2. Let M be a hemi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold . The totally real distribution is totally geodesic if and only if , and for any .
Proof. From (
7) and (
8) for
:
which imply the given conditions. □
The same proof of Lemma 5 is valid for the slant distribution of a hemi-slant distribution.
Lemma 3. Let M be a hemi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold . The slant distribution is totally geodesic if and only if , and for any .
Remember that the classical De Rham–Wu Theorem [
18,
19], says that two orthogonal, complementary, and geodesic foliations (called a direct product structure) in a complete and simply connected semi-Riemannian manifold give rise to a global decomposition as a direct product of two leaves. Therefore, from the previous lemmas, it is directly deduced:
Theorem 11. Let M be a complete and simply-connected hemi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold . Then, M is locally the product of the integral submanifolds of the slant distributions if and only if , and for both any or .
Finally, we can also study when a hemi-slant submanifold is mixed totally geodesic. We get a result similar to Proposition 8, but now the proof is much easier.
Proof. Let M be a hemi-slant submanifold of a para Kaehler manifold . M is a -mixed totally geodesic if and only if and , for all in different distributions. □
Proof. Again, if
M is a
-mixed totally geodesic and
belong to different distributions, from (
7) and (
8), both conditions are deduced.
Now, if we suppose both conditions, from (
7) and (
8), it is deduced that
and
. Therefore, taking
and
, we get
and
. Therefore,
and
M is a mixed totally geodesic. □
7. CR-Submanifolds of a Para Kaehler Manifold
CR-submanifolds have been intensively studied in many environments [
20]. Moreover, there are also some works about CR submanifolds of para Kaehler manifolds [
21]. A semi-Riemannian submanifold
M of an almost para Hermitian manifold is called a
CR-submanifold if the tangent bundle admits a decomposition
with
D a holomorphic distribution, that is
, and
a totally real one, that is
.
Now, we make a study similar to the one made for generalized complex space forms in [
22].
Examples of CR-submanifolds can be obtained from Example 1. Taking , is a totally real distribution, and is a holomorphic distribution. Moreover:
- (1)
is Type 1 if
- (2)
is Type 2 if ,
- (3)
is Type 2 if ,
- (4)
is Type 3 if .
Therefore, we obtain examples of CR-submanifolds of Types 1-2, 1-3, 2-2, and 2-3. Taking we can obtain the Types 2-1, 2-2, 3-1, and again 3-2 examples.
For a para Kaehler manifold with constant holomorphic curvature for every non-light-like vector field, that is
, the curvature tensor is given by:
such a manifold is called a
para complex space form.
Theorem 12. Let M be a slant submanifold of a para Kaehler space form . Then, M is a proper CR submanifold if and only if the maximal holomorphic subspace , , defines a non-trivial differentiable distribution on M such as:where denotes the orthogonal complementary of D on . Proof. If
M is a CR submanifold, from (27):
for all
and
, and this is normal to
M; therefore, the equality holds.
On the other hand, let
be, and suppose
Again, from (27),
for every
,
. Taking
, a non-light-like vector, it follows that
. Then,
is orthonormal to
, and it is normal. Therefore,
is anti-invariant, and
M is a CR submanifold. □
There is a well-known result for CR submanifolds of a complex space form
[
22] establishing that if the invariant distribution is integrable, then the holomorphic sectional curvature determined by a unit vector field,
, is upper bounded by the global holomorphic sectional curvature. That is, for every unit vector field
X:
The situation in the semi-Riemannian case, for a para complex space form, is completely different. From (
27) and (
4), for every non-light-like tangent unit vector field
X, it holds that:
Now, if
D is integrable, from Theorem 6,
, and then:
A submanifold is called totally umbilical if there exists a normal vector field L such as for all tangent vector fields . Totally geodesic submanifolds are particular cases with .
Theorem 13. There do not exist proper CR totally umbilical submanifolds of a para complex space form with .
Proof. From (
27), it follows that:
for all
tangent vectors fields. Supposing
M is a proper CR submanifold, we can choose two non-light-like vector fields
and
; for them:
However, for a totally umbilical submanifold, Codazzi’s equation (
5) gives:
Comparing both equations, if , it follows that , which is a contradiction. □
Moreover, the same proof is valid for asserting:
Corollary 1. There do not exist proper semi-slant totally umbilical submanifolds of a para complex space form with .