Non-Contact Pulse Rate Detection Methods Based on Adaptive Projection Plane

Fu, Chang-Hong; Zhang, Yan; Pan, Jiawei; He, Xingyan; Hong, Hong

doi:10.3390/math13172749

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Open AccessArticle

Non-Contact Pulse Rate Detection Methods Based on Adaptive Projection Plane

by

Chang-Hong Fu

,

Yan Zhang

,

Jiawei Pan

,

Xingyan He

and

Hong Hong

^*

School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Mathematics 2025, 13(17), 2749; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13172749

Submission received: 12 July 2025 / Revised: 19 August 2025 / Accepted: 23 August 2025 / Published: 26 August 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Multichannel Signal Processing and Multichannel Machine Learning)

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Abstract

For an intuitive understanding of traditional remote photoplethysmography (rPPG), this study categorizes existing algorithms into two main types: spatial vector projection and spatial angle projection in RGB color space. The RGB variation induced by noise (RGB_noise) is visualized in color space and approximated by the raw RGB signal. We propose APON (Adaptive Projection plane Orthogonal to Noise) to suppress artifacts. Two rPPG methods, APON_Vector and APON_Angle, are then developed from this adaptive plane. Comparative experiments on the public databases show that APON_Vector is comparable to state-of-the-art methods like CHROM and POS (achieving an Accuracy of 87.35%), while APON_Angle outperforms other angle projection methods (reducing MAE to 0.78 bpm). The results show that the simple yet effective APON contains significant pulse variation and holds potential for more pulse detection methods.

Keywords: adaptive projection plane; color space; RGB; Hue channel; rPPG

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fu, C.-H.; Zhang, Y.; Pan, J.; He, X.; Hong, H. Non-Contact Pulse Rate Detection Methods Based on Adaptive Projection Plane. Mathematics 2025, 13, 2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13172749

AMA Style

Fu C-H, Zhang Y, Pan J, He X, Hong H. Non-Contact Pulse Rate Detection Methods Based on Adaptive Projection Plane. Mathematics. 2025; 13(17):2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13172749

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fu, Chang-Hong, Yan Zhang, Jiawei Pan, Xingyan He, and Hong Hong. 2025. "Non-Contact Pulse Rate Detection Methods Based on Adaptive Projection Plane" Mathematics 13, no. 17: 2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13172749

APA Style

Fu, C.-H., Zhang, Y., Pan, J., He, X., & Hong, H. (2025). Non-Contact Pulse Rate Detection Methods Based on Adaptive Projection Plane. Mathematics, 13(17), 2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13172749

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Non-Contact Pulse Rate Detection Methods Based on Adaptive Projection Plane

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