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Article

An In-Depth Exploration of the BELONG Conceptual Model of Engineering Persistence

by
Gail Baura
1,*,
Leanne Kallemeyn
2,
Erika Esmeralda de la Riva
2,
Andrea Hercules
2 and
Matthew J. Miller
2
1
Department of Engineering, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
2
School of Education, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121604
Submission received: 20 September 2025 / Revised: 7 November 2025 / Accepted: 24 November 2025 / Published: 27 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking Engineering Education)

Abstract

At Loyola University Chicago, the B.S. Engineering program graduates about 53% women annually, which is much higher than the United States’ average of 25%. In this paper, Loyola University Chicago’s BELONG (Becoming Engineers Leading Our Next Generation) Conceptual Model of Engineering Persistence is described. Grounded in social cognitive career theory, the BELONG model inputs collaborative program structures and uses sense of belonging to explain engineering persistence. Program structures that minimize the chilly climate of engineering for women, particularly those administered during the first undergraduate semester, are described. To explore the model, qualitative semi-structured interviews with self-identified women of color were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of their program experiences during their first semester. After applying emergent, focused, and thematic coding, results revealed student experiences and understandings of engineering self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interest, sense of belonging, and experiences of program structures. Results support the BELONG model, an approach that addresses the exclusion of women in engineering through program structures and rethinks and repositions engineering education as a more inclusive environment.
Keywords: women in engineering; engineering persistence; chilly climate; sense of belonging; active learning; social justice; engineering education; social cognitive career theory women in engineering; engineering persistence; chilly climate; sense of belonging; active learning; social justice; engineering education; social cognitive career theory

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MDPI and ACS Style

Baura, G.; Kallemeyn, L.; de la Riva, E.E.; Hercules, A.; Miller, M.J. An In-Depth Exploration of the BELONG Conceptual Model of Engineering Persistence. Educ. Sci. 2025, 15, 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121604

AMA Style

Baura G, Kallemeyn L, de la Riva EE, Hercules A, Miller MJ. An In-Depth Exploration of the BELONG Conceptual Model of Engineering Persistence. Education Sciences. 2025; 15(12):1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121604

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baura, Gail, Leanne Kallemeyn, Erika Esmeralda de la Riva, Andrea Hercules, and Matthew J. Miller. 2025. "An In-Depth Exploration of the BELONG Conceptual Model of Engineering Persistence" Education Sciences 15, no. 12: 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121604

APA Style

Baura, G., Kallemeyn, L., de la Riva, E. E., Hercules, A., & Miller, M. J. (2025). An In-Depth Exploration of the BELONG Conceptual Model of Engineering Persistence. Education Sciences, 15(12), 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121604

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