Early Determinants of Intergenerational Upward and Downward Educational Mobility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Achievement and Effort
1.2. Teacher and Parent Expectations
1.3. Conscientiousness
1.4. Gender
1.5. Migration Backgrounds
1.6. Hypotheses
2. Method
2.1. Sample
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Downward Mobility
3.2.1. Group Differences
3.2.2. Testing of the Hypotheses
3.3. Upward Mobility
3.3.1. Group Differences
3.3.2. Testing of the Hypotheses
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model 1 Sample (Downward Mobility and Reference Group) | Model 2 Sample (Upward Mobility and Reference Group) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | M | SD | N | M | SD | |
Parent Expectations (t1) | 484 | 4.54 | 0.63 | 346 | 4.49 | 0.62 |
Teacher Expectations (t1) | 444 | 2.16 | 0.64 | 326 | 2.07 | 0.65 |
Achievement in German (t1) | 486 | 0.87 | 1.05 | 349 | 0.68 | 1.00 |
Achievement in Mathematics (t1) | 487 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 350 | 0.63 | 0.92 |
Conscientiousness (t2) | 1533 | 4.68 | 0.81 | 1283 | 4.71 | 0.80 |
Effort (t2) | 1581 | 4.27 | 0.93 | 1325 | 4.29 | 0.90 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Gender (t1) | - | 0.02 | −0.12 * | −0.15 ** | 0.23 *** | −0.01 | −0.18 *** | −0.13 *** | 0.03 | −0.08 ** |
2 Parent Exp (t1) | −0.03 | - | 0.25 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.05 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.21 *** |
3 Teacher Exp (t1) | −0.09 | 0.28 *** | - | 0.20 *** | 0.12 * | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
4 Achievement in Ger (t1) | −0.21 *** | 0.37 *** | 0.24 *** | - | 0.53 *** | −0.20 *** | −0.01 | −0.11 * | 0.01 | 0.20 *** |
5 Achievement in Math (t1) | 0.16 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.22 *** | 0.57 *** | - | −0.21 ** | −0.10 | −0.12 * | −0.06 | 0.20 *** |
6 Migration Backgr (t2) | 0.02 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.15 *** | −0.11 *** | - | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.23 *** |
7 Effort (t2) | −0.20 *** | 0.10 * | 0.11 * | 0.08 | −0.04 | −0.03 | - | 0.46 *** | −0.10 *** | 0.06 * |
8 Conscientiousness (t3) | −0.13 *** | 0.05 | 0.13 ** | −0.06 | −0.09 | 0.01 | 0.49 *** | - | −0.08 ** | −0.03 |
9 Downward Mobility (t3) | 0.08 ** | −0.08 | 0.04 | −0.07 | −0.11 * | 0.12 *** | −0.14 *** | −0.08 ** | - | - |
10 Upward Mobility (t3) | −0.11 *** | 0.13 ** | −0.04 | 0.17 *** | 0.20 *** | −0.01 | 0.09 *** | −0.04 | - | - |
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Neuenschwander, M.P.; Ramseier, L.; Garrote, A. Early Determinants of Intergenerational Upward and Downward Educational Mobility. Educ. Sci. 2025, 15, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010071
Neuenschwander MP, Ramseier L, Garrote A. Early Determinants of Intergenerational Upward and Downward Educational Mobility. Education Sciences. 2025; 15(1):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010071
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeuenschwander, Markus P., Lukas Ramseier, and Ariana Garrote. 2025. "Early Determinants of Intergenerational Upward and Downward Educational Mobility" Education Sciences 15, no. 1: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010071
APA StyleNeuenschwander, M. P., Ramseier, L., & Garrote, A. (2025). Early Determinants of Intergenerational Upward and Downward Educational Mobility. Education Sciences, 15(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010071