Next Article in Journal
Structural Competency: A Framework for Racial Justice Intervention in Student Affairs Preparation and Practice
Next Article in Special Issue
Digital Innovation in Language Teaching—Analysis of the Digital Competence of Teachers according to the DigCompEdu Framework
Previous Article in Journal
Engaging Children in Music-Making: A Feasibility Study Using Disabled Musicians as Mentors in Primary Schools
Previous Article in Special Issue
Digitally Enabled Experiential Learning Spaces for Engineering Education 4.0
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Education Sciences
Volume 13
Issue 1
10.3390/educsci13010073
education-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Systematic Review

A Systematic Review on the Role of ICT and CLIL in Compulsory Education

by
Tania Martínez-Soto
* and
Paz Prendes-Espinosa
*
Research Group in Educational Technology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Educ. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13010073
Submission received: 20 September 2022 / Revised: 27 December 2022 / Accepted: 29 December 2022 / Published: 10 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Innovation in Education)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The ubiquity of digital technologies for teaching at large is a reality that can be observed at diverse educational stages and in numerous fields, including the teaching of foreign languages, which is the field of study of this research. In view of this situation, this work is intended to determine the role of ICT in foreign language teaching that follows a CLIL method. It was decided to conduct a systematic review based on PRISMA model and adding information obtained from the analysis of fugitive literature. The literature review was carried out on a total of 22 articles. The main inclusion criteria were a temporal selection from January 2017 to February 2022, the inclusion of the terms CLIL/AICLE and ICT/TIC in the title, abstract or keywords of the articles, and the focus on primary and secondary education. The main results show an increasing tendency of this topic, notably in English research. Most relevant conclusions of the systematic review evidence a positive relationship between ICT and CLIL to improve the learning of a foreign language, although some negative aspects are also highlighted as there is still a lack of resources and teacher training.

1. Introduction

Foreign language learning has evolved from the arrival of the 20th century to deal with different changes in society as traditional methods based solely on the grammatical structures of the language and not on its practical skills did not reflect the nature of languages. Similarly, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become a vital factor in every field, as it is the field of education. As a consequence of globalization, European legislation reflects the importance of developing digital and communicative competences. The Council of the European Union [1] identifies eight competences that citizens need for personal fulfilment and lifelong learning among which multilingualism and digital and technology-based competences are included. To achieve this twofold aim from an early age, this work focuses on the compulsory educational stages of primary and secondary education.

1.1. A Shift in Foreign Language Teaching

Different approaches to language teaching have been influenced by the fields of sociology and psychology from the arrival of the 20th century under the idea that a language is part of a society and its identity, which led to an evolution in the history of language teaching. The end of this century paved the way for new communicative approaches [2,3,4,5] concerned with teaching a language in ways that allowed learners to communicate meaning, rather than memorising structures or rules. Thus, the teaching of a foreign language needed to be re-examined in terms of goals, materials and activities. In addition, the growing tendency of bilingual programmes on the European scene [6] led to recent trends, namely Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL).
European legislation seeks to promote the integration of ICT in compulsory education. In supporting digital adaptation and training, they promoted the Digital Education Action Plan 2021/2027 [7]. This plan was designed to improve digital competences and abilities, and to develop an effective digital learning environment. In addition, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFRL) argues for the need to be communicatively competent to enhance citizens’ professional profile and defends making full use of the potential of ICT [8].

1.2. CLIL

CLIL emerged to refer to a situation in which school subjects are taught using a foreign language with a dual aim: content learning and foreign language learning. That is to say, “an educational approach to foreign language teaching in which the linguistic form ceases to be an end in itself and becomes the means to express non-linguistic contents” [9] (pp. 317–318). Thus, the aim is to use a language of instruction other than the students’ mother tongue in order to learn formal content. The target language is learnt as a result of triggering linguistic competences in order to take in the content that is required in a specific subject.
The type of resource is vital in this method to provide access to both linguistic and non-linguistic contents, where there is a tendency to choose digital resources rather than analogic to fulfil this aim [10,11]. The use of digital resources permits the integration of updated, communicative, real and authentic materials in the classroom, what matches the current society demand. In this line, new areas of interest have arisen as in the case of TELL (Technology Enhanced Language Learning) [12] to defend the role of technology not as a means for guiding the language learning process, but as part of the learning environment. Although it is true that the use and implementation of new resources does not entail a proper methodological change, digital technologies may have a huge potential in a bid to improve language learning and the educational scene in a broad sense.

1.3. ICT in Education

The widespread use of technology is constantly advancing, and European citizens are digital technology users in the present climate [1]. Also called digital technologies, ICTs refer to a group of technological tools and resources that allow processes related to the transmission, processing, storage and exchange of information given that there is technological support [13,14,15]. In view of the fact that the introduction of ICT in every field has led to its integration in education, an impact on teaching and learning habits was to be expected [15].
In addition, ICTs have widened the possibilities of education since they have made distance learning, electronic learning and blended-learning possible [15]. They also permit the personalization and adaptation of the information presented and there is a wide range of online reinforcement and extension activities to contribute to this use [11], which may also contribute to autonomy, self-learning and creativity [16]. Furthermore, ICT may serve as a tool to foster a student-centred methodology since it presumably leads to participation and the promotion of active learning in which students feel the protagonists of their learning process [16,17]. Hence, they trigger students’ interaction and collaborative work [18]. The reason for fostering participation and interaction relies on motivation since some studies have suggested that digital technologies are set to increase interest towards the target language [19].
Different digital tools coexist in most of today’s schools among which we find the digital whiteboard as a substitute for the traditional screen and projector that increases creativity, stimulates cognition and underpins learning [20]. Another example is the learning management system (LMS), a digital platform to incorporate other digital elements for educational institutions [21]. In a similar sort of fashion, some studies have considered the use of mobile technologies (smartphones, tablets, laptops) in the classroom, which has also led to other emerging approaches [22]. A set of technologies that facilitates content comprehension and fosters skills development by creating a real-world experience through digital devices is virtual and augmented reality [23,24]. Yet, software elements are increasingly becoming a vital support in classes. Although there is not an established classification, some authors [25] have tried to classify them according to teachers’ goals. Following these guidelines, some categories such as presentations, diagrams, storage of information, timelines, documents to register information, videos, communication tools, audios, portfolios, evaluation tools and management of tasks have been proposed.
In addition, some approaches have been adapted to integrate ICT, giving rise to emerging methods supported by the use of digital technologies, even though they are not strictly linked to ICT. For instance, mobile learning allows learning to occur at any time and place while it fosters motivation and cooperation [22]. Another example is the flipped classroom, which replaces lectures by using videos or other materials and class time is used for practical activities and the resolution of doubts [26]. Gamification or game-based learning also benefits from the use of ICT, fostering motivation and cooperation, and leading to digital educational games such as breakout EDU [27,28]. Cooperative learning based on ICT allows for different ways of communication to share knowledge, ideas and opinions [18]. Similarly, project-based or task-based language learning make students collaborate in tasks involving critical thinking, problem resolution and decision making [29].

1.4. CLIL and ICT in Primary and Secondary Education

Since the learning of a foreign language has already been supported, CLIL is a method that could foster the acquisition of a plurilingual profile and development of digital skills promoted by European legislation. The integration of ICT in the CLIL classroom may be beneficial in hindering anxiety, fostering motivation and interaction and providing formal content and target language learning. This is because ICT may provide more in-depth explanations through visual aids [9,30]. Thus, ICT in the CLIL classroom can be a learning facilitator. It could also broaden the possibilities of face-to-face learning and permit distance learning.
On the other hand, some negative aspects have been recognized since students may have a low level of command of the language of instruction or it may result in subject content loss [31]. This may be due to the fact that teachers need to attend to two curricular goals (subject content and language of instruction), what may result in a slower teaching. Another negative point is the digital divide [32]. In low educational stages it is easy to find students from different backgrounds and needs. Thus, it is not appropriate to conduct a proper online digital CLIL, but to introduce and combine different digital technologies.
For a deeper insight of the relationship between CLIL and ICT, let us now examine real learning experiences in compulsory education. Yet, the literature on this topic seems limited. Some studies have argued for the use of hardware and software elements along with other digital resources in different groupings of students. Although both subject contents and language command improved, some flaws including connection troubles, software incompatibilities and the need for teachers’ supervision were highlighted [33]. Moreover, other studies have suggested a combined use of search engines, educational websites and the Internet, presentations, text editors, video projector, multimedia CD-ROM and DVD, e-mail, smart board, digital camera and video, games, educational software packages, spreadsheets, chats, video conferences and digital microscope. Although teachers may stand for the potential of integrating ICT in CLIL, some negative aspects have been recognized: lack of training and resources, students’ low levels and the fact that it is a time-consuming task [34].

1.5. CLIL and ICT from a Teacher’s Perspective

As we have seen, teachers seem to agree that the integration of ICT in the classroom can be a positive step forward, even though it may be fraught with challenges. CLIL has brought an incoming tide of designing learning materials and resources [11] and ICT aims at facilitating this issue offering tools to create support materials. For instance, to create online activities, or to search and present information. Be that as it may, teachers have admitted that it is a time-consuming task. Moreover, there is a need for collaboration between educators since they may not master specific subject contents, or they may not be proficient in language command [19]. In addition, new teaching approaches require teaching training to be digitally competent [35,36,37]. The importance of teachers’ digital competence is recognized in the European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu) [38].
On the surface, it seems that integrating ICT in education is currently becoming a priority since the impact of COVID-19 may have contributed to this urge [7]. Thus, teachers’ digital competence favors the integration of ICT in education so that students learn from their digital knowledge and skills.

2. Materials and Methods

A systematic review adding fugitive literature was conducted as a procedure to analyse the ICT and CLIL relation in order to determine the need for its implementation in compulsory education. The reason for selecting a systematic review relates to its value in the field of educational research [39] as it involves processes of identification, synthetisation and assessment to provide a reliable and critical answer to research [40]. Since its development and production requires a rigorous procedure [41], the process was conducted throughout the digital tool Rayyan. Furthermore, this systematic review was in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach (PRISMA) [42,43], and it also followed other guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis and for the use of fugitive literature [39,40]. Then, other sources of information, apart from those selected for systematic reviews, were also considered in order to mitigate publication bias.

2.1. Research Questions and Objectives

A wide range of research studies have addressed the role of ICT in CLIL to foster foreign language learning along with the current legislation. Then, our research problem was: what is the role of ICT in a CLIL-based classroom of primary and secondary education?
To answer this question (research problem), this work intended to follow this main objective: to analyse the implementation of ICT as a facilitator of foreign language learning in the CLIL classroom of compulsory education (primary and secondary). In the same vein, to achieve this goal, this work had some research questions and objectives (Table 1).

2.2. Information Sources and Search Strategy

The research was conducted in the databases Scopus and WOS in the first days of March 2022. The keywords used were CLIL and ICT in English and AICLE and TIC in Spanish. These terms were considered in the search field “title, abstract, keywords” of each database using the Boolean operator “and”. As this work also aimed to consider other sources of information that may be significant but missed in PRISMA approach [39], fugitive literature was included to mitigate this matter. In addition, as research in Scopus and WOS led to a vast majority of documents in the English language, the inclusion of fugitive literature [40] was also intended to broaden the sample of Spanish results. To this effect, research was conducted in the database Dialnet using the Spanish keywords AICLE and TIC in the search field “title, abstract, keywords” and using the Boolean operator “and”.

2.3. Eligibility Criteria

The boundaries of this systematic review had the following inclusion and exclusion criteria.
The inclusion criteria were as follows:
  • Publications were articles from scientific journals and book chapters;
  • Time selection from 2017 to February 2022;
  • Inclusion of the terms CLIL/AICLE and ICT/TIC in title, abstract or keywords;
  • Articles focused on primary and/or secondary education;
  • Articles which were correctly referenced, not redundant and the role of ICT and CLIL was a main topic in the discussion;
  • The object of study related to students, pre-service teachers, teachers and materials;
  • Articles were available under open access.
The exclusion criteria were as follows:
  • Articles focused on preschool level, higher education or adult education;
  • ICT and CLIL were not related;
  • Articles were not available under open access.

2.4. Phases and Procedure

As we have described, the first phase was the search in Scopus and WOS in March of 2022. This first phase led to the finding of 56 results in these databases in accordance with the search strategy defined. Research in English evidenced 24 results in Scopus and 32 in WOS, while research in Spanish reflected 2 results in Scopus and 0 in World of Science.
In the second phase, articles were analysed by their title, abstract and keywords, which led to 13 duplicates and the exclusion of 16 articles that were not in accordance with the inclusion criteria of primary and secondary education. Then, these excluded articles focused on preschool level, higher education and adult education. Moreover, another article did not put forward a relation between the topic ICT and CLIL.
In the third phase, the resulting sample of 27 articles were fully examined and 8 articles did not match the inclusion criteria, but it was not possible to determine this fact in the second phase by only examining the title, abstract and keywords. These articles were not focused on primary or secondary education and the relation between ICT and CLIL was not a priority issue. Then, this third phase led to a sample of 19 articles. Figure 1 provides some insight over the complete development of this process.
The fourth phase was to include fugitive literature in an attempt to introduce other sources of information and to broaden the sample of Spanish research. Research in Dialnet evidenced 32 results of which 3 were included in synthesis as they were focused on primary and secondary education, according to our inclusion criteria.

3. Results

A total amount of 19 articles were included in the synthesis following PRISMA guidelines for systematic results, along with three articles from the fugitive literature, what made a total of 22 studies in the corpus of this research. The factors of analysis of the results related to date, language, level and object of study and type. As for date, articles were analysed according to their date of publication. Articles were limited from 2017 to February 2022. As regards language, articles were observed attending to language. That is to say, English, use of English language in the research, and Spanish, use of Spanish language in the research. Considering the level and object of study, articles were analyzed according to their educational stage (primary education, secondary education) and object of study (materials, students, teachers or pre-service teachers). It should be noted that students’ ages may vary since there is not an established educational stage distribution common to different countries. Moreover, primary education involves all types of works concerned with students and teachers in Primary Education. On the other hand, secondary education involves involves all types of works concerned with students and teachers in Compulsory Secondary Education. As for type, articles were analysed according to type, establishing empirical, revision studies, and those providing an educational proposal. Empirical studies refer to those where there is a real learning experience conducted on the use of ICT in CLIL classes. Revision studies are those where there is not a formal experience or methodology implemented, but a theoretical review of literature. Educational proposal studies provide an educational proposal. It may show a prior investigation to determine needs and a later implementation, or it may not have been implemented but remains as a planned set of decisions. Following these categories, the sample of 22 studies was classified as shown in Table 2.
The 22 articles resulting from the methodological process presented in Section 2 were subjected to an exhaustive review and classified according to five analytical categories. The type of technology determined an analysis of articles according to the type of technology implemented: hardware (technological devices and peripherals), software (programs and applications), other types (digital tools, webpages, multimedia materials). Hence, the analysis of results was conducted as follows:
  • Date;
  • Language;
  • Level and object of study;
  • Type of study;
  • Type of technology.

3.1. Date

Focusing on date of publication, there was an increase in 2018 (six articles) [54,55,56,57,58,59], followed by a decrease in the number of later studies up to the current date. Although the last years seemed to turn to a higher publication of articles on this topic [35,44,45,46,47,48,49,50], the interest in the use of ICT in the CLIL classroom was in decline. Yet, it is still worth considering that this tendency will continue throughout 2022 and the ensuing years (see the next Figure 2).

3.2. Language

The systematic review only left one study on this topic using the Spanish language in research [49]. On the other hand, the inclusion of fugitive literature expanded Spanish research narrowly with three more studies [46,52,59]. See the Figure 3.

3.3. Level and Object of Study

With regard to the educational stage and object of study, 10 results were concerned with ICT and CLIL implementation in Secondary Education [35,49,53,55,56,58,59,61,63,64]. Similarly, in the same educational stage, only one study analysed the issue from the perspective of the materials and resources implemented by teachers [51]. Primary Education represented a minority in this field as it only provided a sample of three studies [60,63]. One study was concerned with analysing students’ multilevel perspectives on the topic [57], involving both primary and secondary education, but it also seemed to represent a non-significant issue. Moreover, eight studies [44,45,46,47,48,50,52,54] addressed the topic by means of a pre-service teachers’ or teachers’ perspective, either in primary or secondary education (Figure 4).

3.4. Type of Study

There was a predominance of empirical studies that represented 45% of the sample [35,44,46,47,48,50,54,56,60,64], even though they still represented a lack of articles in this field (ten results). Notwithstanding, revision studies (five articles) [45,51,55,57,63] or educational proposal studies (seven articles) [49,52,53,58,59,61,62] represented a minor sample, 23% and 32% of the total of studies, respectively.

3.5. Type of Technology

Concerning the type of technology implemented in empirical studies, we can determine that a wide range of studies tended to introduce hardware elements in CLIL classes, especially whiteboards and computers or similar devices [48,60]. Then, another percentage of studies made use of software elements as was the case with applications such as Plickers and programmes such as PowerPoint [35,45,46,52,53,58,59,61,64]. Interestingly, there was a wide variety of software elements implemented to mitigate the educational scene over the course of the pandemic situation of COVID-19. What is more, there was a widespread use of resources coming from the Internet including audios, videos, webpages, etc. [47,49,50,51,53,56,62,63,64] Most of these materials were highly linked to fulfil an interactive and collaborative purpose. Moreover, it is significant to comment on the inclusion of communicative technologies. For instance, the virtual collaboration or telecollaboration [44,54], blogs where students can share information and comment, and other channels of communication such as e-mail. Similarly, there was an increasing tendency in the use of software elements, especially LMS (Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams) and digital tools to fulfil different purposes in the CLIL classroom [45,46,53,57]. Notwithstanding, only one article was concerned with introducing a different type of technology as it is augmented reality [55].

4. Discussion

The results of the sample of studies concurred with each other that there is a need to move forward traditional methodologies and make room for the integration of digital technologies in the classroom of the 21st century. This agreement is in accordance with previous findings that uphold the integration of technological elements in the teaching-learning process.
The introduction of ICT in the CLIL classroom of primary and secondary education triggers interaction and collaboration, resulting in content and language learning [44,46,47,56,60]. Nonetheless, collaboration goes further in relation to students’ work since it also implies teachers, what matches previous findings in the literature [19].
In a similar sort of fashion, ICT involves the idea of social communication given that there is a technological support [14]. Then, there is a social aim in using ICT and bilingualism to fulfil the needs of the current society [50], which is supported by the previous literature [16,17]. In the same vein, the act of collaboration favors a student-centred methodology [35,56,57]. Thus, combining ICT and CLIL leads to an autonomous learning, which is in line with previous findings [16,17].
In addition, the integration of ICT in the classroom is a motivating factor for students [35,44,48,51,60,62], what matches the idea of ICT as engaging elements to foster willingness to participate and work towards achieving foreign language command [19].
Another important factor in ICT and CLIL is the use of authentic materials. ICT provides access to a wide range of materials and resources [45,46,48,50,56]. CLIL provides exposure to the language through authentic materials [2,11]. Thus, digital materials and resources make learning attractive, real and useful for students.
The unprecedented COVID-19 situation was a starting point to increase the use of ICT [46], which has led to flexible ways of learning, particularly distance learning [14,15,53]. Be that as it may, this widespread use has highlighted the existence of a greater digital divide. Moreover, the results point out that it is a time-consuming activity [47,52].
Another key element of discussion is digital competence. Its development is a consequence of introducing ICT in the CLIL classroom [54,56]. A CLIL-based approach favors ICT integration [47,48], which correlates with the current European legislation. Then, it is of the uttermost importance that teachers develop digital competence so that students will be able to benefit from those skills and knowledge [38]. Along with digital competence, the relationship between ICT and CLIL develops other competences and skills including information management, problem solving, and decision making [54,56].
Furthermore, ICT may facilitate language learning and content understanding since it provides visual, auditory or any other type of aid [56,63]. ICT enhances access to knowledge for every type of learner since it eases the possibilities of adaptation [11,15]. Although these ideas demand a change in traditional approaches [50,56,64], findings highlight that there is still a lack of teacher training and resources [35,48,50,52,54] and schools require qualified teachers in the subject content and the language of instruction along with specific digital equipment [60]. Figure 5 presents a synthesis of these ideas.

5. Conclusions and Directions for Future Research

All things considered, this work has discussed the role of ICT in CLIL in primary and secondary education. The findings suggest a positive connection between digital technologies and foreign language that follows a CLIL approach. This conclusion answers the main objective of this work. Nonetheless, as for our first objective, we can conclude that there is still insufficient research in primary and secondary educational stages, which may be a consequence of the absence of Spanish research on this topic. Another of the main conclusions to be drawn from the analysis is the answer to our second objective. Although previous studies seem to be more concerned with digital technologies regarding the isolated use of hardware elements, the tendency has evolved to the integration of these hardware elements along with software elements, especially thereafter COVID-19. Another significant conclusion that answers our third objective is that the inclusion of ICT in the CLIL classroom have led to some positives that have contributed to foreign language learning, but some flaws can also be highlighted as it is the lack of resources, teacher training and digital divide. Thus, the role of ICT results positive in foreign language learning and, more precisely, in CLIL. But further work is needed to fully implement ICT in CLIL since it is still an insufficiently explored field. For instance, it would be interesting to examine the process by which these negatives aspects may be mitigated or surmounted, which has not been the object of the present research.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, T.M.-S. and P.P.-E.; research design, T.M.-S. and P.P.-E.; data curation, T.M.-S.; formal analysis, T.M.-S.; writing—original draft preparation, T.M.-S. and P.P.-E.; writing—review and editing, T.M.-S. and P.P.-E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was partially funded by Project Erasmus+ AROSE Nº 33023 (2019-1-ES01-KA201-065597).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study did not require ethical approval.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. The Council of the European Union. Council Recommendation of 22 May 2018 on key competences for lifelong learning. In Official Journal of the European Union; C 189/1; The Council of the European Union: Strasbourg, France, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  2. Hummel, K.M. Introducing Second Language Acquisition: Perspectives and Practices; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NY, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
  3. Canale, M.; Swain, M. Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing. Appl. Linguist. 1980, 1, 1–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría, S.; Susan House. The History of English Language Teaching Methodology. In Inglés: Complementos de Formación Disciplinar: Theory and Practice in English Language Teaching; GRAÓ EDUCACIÓN: Barcelona, Spain, 2011; pp. 29–45. [Google Scholar]
  5. Tien, T. Linguistic competence, Communicative Competence and Interactional Competence. Int. J. Comput. Technol. 2019, 19, 7537–7552. [Google Scholar]
  6. Lozano-Martínez, L. Los docentes en los programas de educación bilingüe en Cantabria. ELIA 2017, 17, 93–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. European Commission. Resetting education and training for the digital age. In Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2020. [Google Scholar]
  8. Council of Europe. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment; Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge: Cambridge, UK, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  9. Fernández Fontecha, A. CLIL in the Foreign Language Classroom: Proposal of a Framework for ICT Materials Design in Language-Oriented Versions of Content and Language Integrated Learning. Alicante J. Engl. Stud. 2012, 317–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Anwar, K.; Arifani, Y. Task Based Language Teaching: Development of CALL. Int. Educ. Stud. 2016, 9, 168–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Navarro-Pablo, M.; López-Gándara, Y.; García-Jiménez, E. El uso de los recursos y materiales digitales dentro y fuera del aula bilingüe. Comunicar 2019, 59, 83–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Cinganotto, L.; Cuccurullo, D. Open educational resources, ICT and virtual communities for content and language integrated learning. Teach. Engl. Technol. 2016, 16, 3–11. [Google Scholar]
  13. Alkamel, M.A.A.; Chouthaiwale, S.S. The Use of ICT Tools in English Language Teaching and Learning: A Literature Review. Veda’s J. Engl. Lang. Lit. -JOELL 2018, 5, 29–33. [Google Scholar]
  14. Hernandez, R.M. Impacto de las TIC en la educación: Retos y Perspectivas. Propós. Represent. 2017, 5, 325–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Pavel, A.P.; Fruth, A.; Neacsu, M.N. ICT and E-Learning—Catalysts for Innovation and Quality in Higher Education. Procedia Econ. Financ. 2015, 23, 704–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Gámiz-Sánchez, V.M. ICT-Based Active Methodologies. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Intercultural Education “Education, Health and ICT for a Transcultural World”, Almería, Spain, 15–17 June 2016. [Google Scholar]
  17. Barreto Huilcapi, M.; Aguirre Fernández, R.E.; Serra Valdés, M.A. Beneficios del método AICLE/CLIL para el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera a través del aula invertida. Rev. Panam. Pedagog. 2021, 32, 197–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Prendes-Espinosa, M.P.; Gutiérrez-Porlán, I.; García-Tudela, P.A. Collaborative Work in Higher Education: Tools and Strat-egies to Implement the E-Assessment. In Workgroups eAssessment: Planning, Implementing and Analysing Frameworks; Babo, R., Dey, N., Ashour, A.S., Eds.; Intelligent Systems Reference Library; Springer: Singapore, 2021; Volume 199. [Google Scholar]
  19. Bystray, Y.B.; Belova, L.A.; Vlasenko, O.N.; Zasedateleva, M.G.; Shtykova, T.V. Development of second-language communicative competence of prospective teachers based on the CLIL Technology (From the experience of a pedagogic project at a Department of History). Espacios 2018, 39, 12. [Google Scholar]
  20. Marquès Graells, P. La Pizarra Digital en el Aula de Clase; Grupo Edebé: Barcelona, Spain, 2006. [Google Scholar]
  21. Chahal, K. Features of Learning Management Systems (LMS) for Improving Teaching and Learning. J. Interdiscip. Cycle Res. 2021, 13, 192–206. [Google Scholar]
  22. Roza Martín, D. M-learning and the EFL classroom: Using mobiles as tools to engage teenagers in speaking activities. Braz. Engl. Lang. Teach. J. 2021, 12, 1–15. [Google Scholar]
  23. Boonbrahm, S.; Kaewrat, C.; Boonbrahm, P. Using Augmented Reality Technology in Assisting English Learning for Primary School Students. In Learning and Collaboration Technologies, Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2–7 August 2015; Zaphiris, P., Ioannou, A., Eds.; Board: Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand, 2015. [Google Scholar]
  24. Prendes Espinosa, M.P.; Cerdán Cartagena, F. Tecnologías avanzadas para afrontar el reto de la innovación educa-tiva. RIED 2021, 24, 35–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Mujica-Sequera, R. Clasificación de las Herramientas Digitales en la Tecnoeducación. Rev. Tecnol.-Educ. Docentes 2.0 2021, 12, 71–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Rahman, A.A.; Zaid, N.M.; Abdullah, Z.B.; Mohamed, H.; Aris, B. Emerging Project Based Learning in Flipped Classroom: Technology used to increase students’ engagement. In Proceedings of the IEEE, 3rd International Conference of Information and Communication Technology, Nusa Dua/Bali, Indonesia, 27–29 May 2015. [Google Scholar]
  27. Bayer, R.; Soreson, C. Resource Review: Breakout EDU. J. Youth Dev. 2020, 15, 326–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Torres-cajas, M.; Yépez-Oviedo, D. Aprendizaje cooperativo y TIC y su impacto en la adquisición del idioma inglés. RMIE 2018, 23, 861–882. [Google Scholar]
  29. Marín Fuentes, F. Aula Invertida y Aprendizaje Basado en Tareas a Través de las TIC para el Aprendizaje del Inglés. Rev. Vinculando 2019. Available online: https://vinculando.org/beta/aula-invertida-y-aprendizaje-basado-en-tareas-a-traves-de-las-tic-para-el-aprendizaje-del-ingles.html?highlight=Wilson+Torres+-+Filho (accessed on 30 September 2021).
  30. Bozdoğan, D. History of CLIL. Pokrivčáková et al. (Authors). CLIL in Foreign Language Education; Constantine the Philosopher University: Nitra, Slovakia, 2015. [Google Scholar]
  31. Dallinger, S.; Jonkmann, K.; Hollm, J.; Fiege, C. The effect of content and language integrated learning on students’ English and history competences: Killing two birds with one stone? Learn. Instr. 2016, 41, 23–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Olarte Encabo, S. Brecha digital, pobreza y exclusión social. Temas Labor. Rev. Andal. Trab. Bienestar Soc. 2017, 285–313. [Google Scholar]
  33. Orcera Expósito, E.; Moreno Fuentes, E.; Risueño Martínez, J.J. Aplicación de las TAC en un entorno AICLE: Una experiencia innovadora en Educación Primaria. Aula Encuentro 2017, 1, 143–162. [Google Scholar]
  34. Wojtowicz, L.; Stansfield, M.; Connolly, T.; Hainey, T. The Impact of ICT and Games Based Learning on Content and Language Integrated Learning. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference ICT for Language Learning, Florence, Italy, 20–21 October 2011. [Google Scholar]
  35. Carrión Candel, E.; Pérez Agustín, M.; Giménez De Ory, E. ICT and gamification experiences with CLIL methodology as innovative resources for the development of competencies in compulsory secondary education. Digit. Educ. Rev. 2021, 39, 238–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Prendes Espinosa, M.P.; Gutiérrez Porlán, I. Competencias tecnológicas del profesorado en las universidades españolas. Rev. Educ. 2013, 196–222. [Google Scholar]
  37. Prendes Espinosa, M.P.; Gutiérrez Porlán, I.; Martínez Sánchez, F. Competencia digital: Una necesidad del profesorado Universitario en el siglo XXI. RED 2018, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Redecker, C. European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators: DigCompEdu; Punie, Y., Ed.; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2017. [Google Scholar]
  39. Sánchez Meca, J. Cómo hacer revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis. In Proceedings of the IX Seminario Interuniversitario de Investigación en Tecnología Educativa, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain, 4 February 2022. [Google Scholar]
  40. Sánchez Meca, J. Cómo realizar una revisión sistemática y un meta-análisis. Aula Abierta 2010, 38, 53–64. [Google Scholar]
  41. Mallett, R.; Hagen-Zanker, J.; Slater, R.; Duvendack, M. The benefits and challenges of using systematic reviews in international development research. J. Dev. Eff. 2012, 4, 445–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Ouzzani, M.; Hammady, H.; Fedorowicz, Z.; Elmagarmid, A. Rayyan—A web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst. Rev. 2016, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  43. Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Akl, E.A.; Brennan, S.E.; et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst. Rev. 2021, 1, 89. [Google Scholar]
  44. Garcia-Esteban, S.; Villarreal, I.; Bueno-Alastuey, M.C. The effect of telecollaboration in the development of the Learning to Learn competence in CLIL teacher training. Interact. Learn. Environ. 2021, 29, 973–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Tarricone, E.C.L. Multimedia resources and movies in the new perspectives on teaching geography through CLIL and ICT. AIMS Geosci. 2021, 7, 605–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Manchado Nieto, C. Recursos TIC para la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras con AICLE durante el confinamiento de 2020. Puebla-Martinez & Vinader-Segura (Coord.). In Ecosistema de Una Pandemia. COVID-19, la Transformación Mundial; Dykinson S.L: Madrid, Spain, 2021; pp. 1663–1679. [Google Scholar]
  47. Lorenzo, F.; Granados, A. One generation after the bilingual turn: Results from a large-scale CLIL teachers’ survey. ELIA 2020, 20, 77–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Pérez Gracia, E.; Serrano Rodríguez, R.; Carpio, A.J. Bilingualism and interculture: What are teachers doing? Cult. Educ. Cult. Y Educ. 2020, 32, 621–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Carrión Candel, E.; Pérez Agustín, M. TIC y AICLE como elementos facilitadores en la enseñanza bilingüe. ARTSEDUCA 2020, 171–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Pérez Jurado, S.; Martínez-Aznar, M.M. El proceso de implantación del bilingüismo en Science en un centro concertado de Primaria y Secundaria. Rev. Complut. De Educ. 2019, 31, 13–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Schietroma, E. Innovative stem lessons, CLIL and ICT in multicultural classes. J. e-Learn. Knowl. Soc. 2019, 15, 183–193. [Google Scholar]
  52. Escobosa, G.; Lleixà, T.; Coral, J. Diseño del prototipo de una web-App de Educación Física en Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). J. Sport Health Res. 2019, 11, 1–16. [Google Scholar]
  53. Albero-Posac, S. Using Digital Resources for Content and Language Integrated Learning: A Proposal for the ICT-Enrichment of a Course on Biology and Geology. Res. Educ. Learn. Innov. Arch. 2019, 22, 11–28. [Google Scholar]
  54. Bueno-Alastuey, M.C.; Villarreal, I.; García Esteban, S. Can telecollaboration contribute to the TPACK development of pre-service teachers? Technol. Pedagog. Educ. 2018, 27, 367–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  55. Merzlykin, O.V.; Topolova, I.Y.; Tron, V.V. Developing of key competencies by means of augmented reality at CLIL lessons. CCEUR Workshop Proc. 2018, 2257, 41–52. [Google Scholar]
  56. Nieto-Moreno-de-Diezmas, E. Exploring CLIL contribution towards the acquisition of cross-curricular competences: A comparative study on digital competence development in CLIL. Rev. De Lingüíst. Y Leng. Apl. 2018, 13, 75–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  57. Della Ventura, M. Technology-Enhanced CLIL: Quality Indicators for the Analysis of an on-Line CLIL Course. In Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies; Howlett Uskov, R., Jain, L., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; Volume 75, pp. 339–347. [Google Scholar]
  58. Abbate, E. Sustainable E-CLIL: Adapting Texts and Designing Suitable Reading Material for CLIL Lessons Using Simple ICT Learning Aids. Innov. Lang. Learn. 2018, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  59. Carrión Candel, E. Experiencias TIC en la enseñanza bilingüe mediante recursos digitales musicales. Rev. DIM 2018, 36, 20. [Google Scholar]
  60. Ludovico, L.A.; Zambelli, C. Web-Based Frameworks for CLIL in Primary School: Design, Implementation, Pilot Experimentation and Results. In Communications in Computer and Information Science; Costagliola, G., Uhomoibhi, J., Zvacek, S., McLaren, B.M., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2017; Volume 739. [Google Scholar]
  61. Rodríguez Merayo, M.B.; Cebrián Bernat, G. Propuesta de integración de AICOLE mediante las TIC en el aula de música bilingüe de educación secundaria. Encuentro 2017, 69–82. [Google Scholar]
  62. López Pérez, M.; Galván Malagón, C. Creating Materials with ICT for CLIL Lessons: A Didactic Proposal. Procedia—Soc. Behav. Sci. 2017, 237, 633–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Abbate, E. SHELTER CLIL in Multilingual Classes. In Proceedings of the Languages for Specific Purposes in Higher Education—Current Trends, Approaches and Issues, Brno, Czech Republic, 10–11 November 2017. [Google Scholar]
  64. Batrova, N.I.; Salekhova, L.L.; Cavusoglu, G.; Lukoyanova, M.A. Designing Of Content Of The Bilingual Elective Course “Information And Communication Technologies (Ict)”. Mod. J. Lang. Teach. Methods 2017, 7, 127–130. [Google Scholar]
Education 13 00073 g001 550
Figure 1. Results based on the PRISMA diagram template for systematic reviews.
Figure 1. Results based on the PRISMA diagram template for systematic reviews.
Education 13 00073 g001
Education 13 00073 g002 550
Figure 2. Number of results according to date.
Figure 2. Number of results according to date.
Education 13 00073 g002
Education 13 00073 g003 550
Figure 3. Number of results according to language.
Figure 3. Number of results according to language.
Education 13 00073 g003
Education 13 00073 g004 550
Figure 4. Number of results according to level and object of study.
Figure 4. Number of results according to level and object of study.
Education 13 00073 g004
Education 13 00073 g005 550
Figure 5. Synthesis of positive and negative aspects of ICT integration in CLIL.
Figure 5. Synthesis of positive and negative aspects of ICT integration in CLIL.
Education 13 00073 g005
Table
Table 1. Research questions and objectives.
Table 1. Research questions and objectives.
Research ProblemResearch QuestionsResearch Objectives
What is the role of ICT in a CLIL-based classroom of compulsory education?Are ICTs facilitators of teaching and learning of foreign languages when teachers apply CLIL method?
Do teachers use ICT in CLIL method based on educational stage?		To identify the main studies around ICT and CLIL in the last 5 years (from 2017 to February 2022), according to educational stage, type and object of study
What type of digital technologies use teachers of foreign languages in CLIL classroom? Do they use other type of resources more traditional?To analyse the type of technology implemented in CLIL in primary and secondary education.
What is the impact of using ICT in CLIL classroom? Are they useful to learn? Do we have empirical data to demonstrate the usefulness of ICT in CLIL classroom?To analyse the role of the integration of ICT in CLIL to determine the extent to which digital technologies affect foreign language learning
Table
Table 2. Description of the studies.
Table 2. Description of the studies.
StudyDateLanguageLevel and Object of StudyType
Carrión Candel et al. [35]2021EnglishSecondary education studentsEmpirical
Garcia-Esteban and Bueno-Alastuey [44]2021EnglishPre-service teachersEmpirical
Tarricone [45]2021EnglishSecondary education teachersRevision
Manchado Nieto [46]2021SpanishPre-service primary teachersEmpirical
Lorenzo and Granados [47]2020EnglishPrimary and secondary education teachersEmpirical
Pérez-Gracia et al. [48]2020EnglishPrimary education teachersEmpirical
Carrión Candel and Pérez Agustín [49]2020SpanishSecondary education studentsEducational proposal
Pérez Jurado and Martínez-Aznar [50]2020EnglishPrimary and secondary education teachersEmpirical
Schietroma [51]2019EnglishSecondary education materialsRevision
Escobosa et al. [52]2019SpanishTeachersEducational proposal
Albero-Posac [53]2019EnglishSecondary education studentsEducational proposal
Bueno-Alastuey et al. [54]2018EnglishPre-service teachersEmpirical
Merzlykin et al. [55]2018EnglishSecondary education studentsRevision
Nieto-Moreno-de-Diezmas [56]2018EnglishSecondary education studentsEmpirical
Della Ventura [57]2018EnglishPrimary and secondary education students and teachersRevision
Abbate [58]2018EnglishSecondary education teachersEducational proposal
Carrión Candel [59]2018SpanishSecondary education students Educational proposal
Ludovico and Zambelli [60]2017EnglishPrimary education studentsEmpirical
Rodríguez Merayo and Cebrián Bernat [61]2017EnglishSecondary education studentsEducational proposal
López Pérez and Galván Malagón [62]2017EnglishPrimary education studentsEducational proposal
Abbate [63]2017EnglishSecondary education studentsRevision
Batrova et al. [64]2017EnglishSecondary education studentsEmpirical
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Martínez-Soto, T.; Prendes-Espinosa, P. A Systematic Review on the Role of ICT and CLIL in Compulsory Education. Educ. Sci. 2023, 13, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13010073

AMA Style

Martínez-Soto T, Prendes-Espinosa P. A Systematic Review on the Role of ICT and CLIL in Compulsory Education. Education Sciences. 2023; 13(1):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13010073

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martínez-Soto, Tania, and Paz Prendes-Espinosa. 2023. "A Systematic Review on the Role of ICT and CLIL in Compulsory Education" Education Sciences 13, no. 1: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13010073

APA Style

Martínez-Soto, T., & Prendes-Espinosa, P. (2023). A Systematic Review on the Role of ICT and CLIL in Compulsory Education. Education Sciences, 13(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13010073

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop