Digital Entrepreneurship and Creative Industries in Tourism: A Research Agenda
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Digital Entrepreneurship
2.2. Creative Industries
2.3. Creative Tourism
2.4. Creative Entrepreneurship
3. Research Dimensions
3.1. Economic Dimensions
3.2. Socio-Psychological Dimensions
3.3. Other Dimensions
4. Materials and Methods
5. Results
6. Discussion
- The key aspect of digital entrepreneurship and creative industries in tourism is the creation, implementation, or use of innovation by entrepreneurs. Particularly in the creative industries in tourism, the assimilation of the local culture in the applied innovation is required.
- Creating value from intellectual and practical knowledge implies the application of some characteristics in the creative tourism industry, such as the transfer of local knowledge and cultural elements from the destination area as well as a focus on the cultural community.
- The widespread use of telecommunication devices by young travelers requires the adoption of new technological innovations, such as 3D virtual tours, chatbots, video game technologies, artificial intelligence for communication and learning, and Web 2.0 as a communication tool.
- Some research findings highlight the importance of focusing entrepreneurship through perceived ease-of-use technologies aimed at young travelers who prefer special forms of tourism.
- The key economic dimensions of digital entrepreneurship highlight the economic benefits and implications of investing in ICT in tourism and also focus on the use of innovative digital media to reduce tourism costs.
- The socio-psychological dimensions highlight the dynamics in digital communication for the promotion of innovative tourist services and the utilization of local authenticity and cultural capital during the tourist experience.
6.1. Research Gaps and Future Research
6.2. Research Gaps and Future Research Related to the Economic Dimensions
6.3. Research Gaps and Future Research Related to the Social and Psychological Dimensions
6.4. Research Gaps and Future Research Related to the Other Dimensions
7. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author(s) | Study Context | Study Approach | Method | Findings | Research Dimensions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Matlay and Westhead (2005) | Western, Central, and Eastern Europe | Organizational | Qualitative (case study, 15 telephone interviews) | Virtual team entrepreneurship in the European tourism and hospitality industries to address attitudinal, resource, operational, and strategic barriers to new firm creation and development. | Economic: investment in ICTs, commitment to e-entrepreneurship, recruitment, and exploitation of disparate human capital, association of knowledge endowment with income distribution and reinvestment, and reaction to risk and uncertainty. Socio-psychological: team dynamics, collective contributions, and collective entrepreneurial. Other: alertness and willingness to respond to new opportunities |
Lo et al. (2011) | Hong Kong | User | Quantitative (1466 telephone interviews) | Ignoring Web 2.0 as a marketing communication tool will be detrimental to tourist destinations. | Economic: promotion through effective use of private sites, destination image, and web tourism marketing. Social: customer communication and online media travel photo-sharing community. |
Costa and Melotti (2012) | Italy | Organizational | Qualitative (inductive inquiry, benchmarking cases) | Connecting video game technologies, 3D reconstruction, and virtual reality in archeological sites with virtual tourism experience. | Economic: new tourist attractions; economic value of de-territorialized archaeological areas; collaborative partnerships among humanist intellectuals, digital media technologists, and entertainment entrepreneurs; and promotional mix of virtual and experiential archaeology. Socio-psychological: heritage of the senses and satisfied virtual reality users. Other: visual culture of archaeological areas, re-invention of archaeological areas via virtual reality, immaterial knowledge, and online visit of archaeological areas. |
Richter et al. (2017) | Germany, Austria, and Switzerland | Organizational | Qualitative (14 semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs) | Digital entrepreneurs in a sharing economy are more motivated by economic benefits. Customers also act as providers. Urbanization, higher flexibility, and mobility lead to entrepreneurial activity and applications in a sharing economy. | Economic: saving money, positive attitude towards property, and entrepreneurship incentives in a sharing economy. Socio-psychological: personal assistance and personalization, social life components, connectivity with peers, and sharing in the context of social projects. |
Oumlil and Zohr (2018) | Spain | User | Quantitative (85 mail surveys, SEM) | Perceived ease of use influences future entrepreneurs’ intentions to accept e-entrepreneurship in tourism. Anxiety exerts a significant negative impact on future entrepreneurs to accept e-entrepreneurship in tourism. | Economic: usefulness and profitability. Socio-psychological: Perceived ease of use and anxiety determine investment in tourism information technology. Other: information technology. |
Krishnamurthy et al. (2019) | India | User | Quantitative (500 questionnaires) | Travel start-ups and entrepreneurs cater to young travelers who prefer to pay less to enjoy niche tourism. Age and qualifications are the factors that influence the use of niche tourism through information and communication technology-enabled e-tourism promoted by travel start-ups and entrepreneurs. | Economic: lower costs in tourism, niche tourism, and travel start-ups for young tourists. |
Alford and Jones (2020) | England | User | Qualitative (fieldwork data, 53 entrepreneurs, inductive inquiry) | Measurement objective formulation, strategy proposal, role of peer clusters, and knowledge acquisition through sharing are the most important themes that concern digital marketing entrepreneurs in tourism and could be supported by tourism business agencies and entrepreneurs. | Economic: leverage of resources, collaborative marketing, and government support. Socio-psychological: interaction with peers, learning, cluster group work, peer sharing of knowledge, and peer cluster project. |
Casillo et al. (2020) | Italy | Organizational | Qualitative (case study) | Chatbots provide data and services of highly customized and complete tour packages to tourists. | Other: Travel experienceand storytelling engines. |
Filieri et al. (2021) | Europe | Organizational | Quantitative (Crunchbase database) and Qualitative. | Learning, communication, and services are artificial intelligence technological domains in the travel and tourism industry that receive more funding from venture capitalists. European artificial intelligence start-ups are concentrated in the capitals of major tourism destinations in France, UK, and Spain. Venture-capital backed AI solutions focus on the pre-trip and post-trip. Artificial intelligence start-ups have been mainly created by male science, technology, engineering, and mathematics specialists with previous study experiences in non-start-up companies. | Economic: marketing automation, customer service, human capital theory, and work experience. Socio-psychological: demographic characteristics and gender gap. Spatial: regional advantage. |
Cuomo et al. (2021) | Italy | Organizational | Qualitative (case study) | Passionate tourists are less satisfied with the big social data approach to tourism experience. | Economic: Expanding market share through cultural tourism and customer-oriented service design. Other: Big social data in tourism and data-driven tourism experience approach. |
Author(s) | Study Context | Study Approach | Method | Findings | Research Dimensions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andersen (2010) | Australia | User | Quantitative (45 questionnaires) | Life on the periphery is both enabling and disabling for informally qualified professional visual artists of the cultural industries. | Socio-psychological: Successful group, creative making, and lack of cultural stimulation. |
Richards (2011) | Global | - | Review | Creative tourism offers a much more effective alternative to new forms of commodification than mass cultural tourism. Authenticity shifts to creative tourism models. | Economic: Linking of creative tourism with production, consumption, and place. Social: Development of creative potential and skills. |
Richards (2014) | Global | - | Review | Intangible competitive advantage leads to relational forms of tourism based on creativity and embedded knowledge. | Social: Growing complexity of creative relationships between destinations, tourists, and local residents. |
Pappalepore et al. (2014) | United Kingdom | User | Qualitative (142 interviews) | People are a fundamental attraction. Consumers (tourists, visitors, employees, and residents) become prosumers who consume and build the place at the same time, creating value that can be gained from the experience of these destination areas. | Social: Consumption and accumulation of cultural capital. |
Liu (2018) | Taiwan | Organizational | Quantitative (432 surveys) | Cognitive capital allows companies to provide a common vision, collective goals, and a mission for the members of the organization. Emerging industries improve knowledge transfer by enhancing the direct and indirect effects between social capital, organizational learning, and absorption capacity. | Social: Social capital, organizational learning, and knowledge management. |
Suhartanto et al. (2020) | Indonesia | User | Quantitative (369 questionnaires) | Tourist motivation affects tourist loyalty of creative attraction businesses and experience quality. | Other: Customer loyalty and marketing and tourist motivation. |
Henche et al. (2020) | Spain | User | Quantitative (187 questionnaires) | A model for managing cultural and historic districts in world cities produces greater capacity and positive results in urban historic centers. Informal links among different stakeholders of a cultural district and their collaboration lead to the development of cultural–creative–historic tourism ecosystems. | Economic: Urban planning and urban cost development. Other: Creative and cultural neighborhood, and urban regeneration model. Other: Sustainability and historic urban center management. |
Dias et al. (2020) | Portugal, Spain | Organizational | Mixed (Qualitative: 4 interviews, Quantitative: 115 questionnaires) | Local knowledge is the source of entrepreneurs’ competitive advantages in innovativeness and self-efficacy as it relates to tourist lifestyles. | Economic: Entrepreneurial innovativeness and entrepreneurial communication. |
Xiong et al. (2020) | China | User | Quantitative (578 questionnaires) | Offering integrated capacities about creative class entrepreneurship enhances in-migration tourism business innovation and business sustainability. | Economic: Immigrant entrepreneurship, innovative development, and class theory. |
Dias et al. (2021a) | Portugal, Spain | Organizational | Mixed (Qualitative: 4 interviews, Quantitative: 115 questionnaires) | The assimilation of local knowledge plays a mediating role between the acquisition of local knowledge, innovation, and self-efficacy of TLEs. A community-focused strategy has a positive effect on innovation and self-efficacy through the indirect impact of business communication. | Economic: Self-efficacy, innovation, and business communication. |
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Varotsis, N. Digital Entrepreneurship and Creative Industries in Tourism: A Research Agenda. Economies 2022, 10, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10070167
Varotsis N. Digital Entrepreneurship and Creative Industries in Tourism: A Research Agenda. Economies. 2022; 10(7):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10070167
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarotsis, Nikolaos. 2022. "Digital Entrepreneurship and Creative Industries in Tourism: A Research Agenda" Economies 10, no. 7: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10070167