Detection of Problems Related to Hormonal Contraceptives in Community Pharmacy: Application of a Structured Questionnaire in Women of Childbearing Age
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Procedure
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.2.1. Inclusion Criteria
2.2.2. Exclusion Criteria
2.2.3. Variables Collected
2.2.4. Instruments and Resources Used
- − Sociodemographic profile, 7 questions;
- − Pharmacotherapy in contraception, 8 questions;
- − Cardiovascular risk factors, 5 questions;
- − Treatment adherence: 5 questions.
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Profile
3.2. Pharmacotherapy in Contraception
3.3. Adverse Reactions, Treatment Adherence, and Emergency Contraception
3.4. Chronic Conditions
3.5. Blood Pressure
3.6. Smoking
3.7. Obesity
3.8. Chronic Medication Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COC | Combined Oral Contraceptive |
LARC | Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive |
DRP | Drug-Related Problem |
NOM | Negative Outcome associated with Medication |
IUD | Intrauterine Device |
PCA | Personalized Care Area |
WHO | World Health Organization |
ATC | Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification |
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Marital Status | Contraception | Therapeutic Indication/Pathology | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
With partner | 102 (32.27%) | 116 (36.70%) | Acne | 21 (6.64%) | 0.01 |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 61 (19.30%) | ||||
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 33 (10.44%) | ||||
Endometriosis | 1 (0.31%) | ||||
Without partner | 30 (9.49%) | 68 (21.51%) | Acne | 7 (2.21%) | |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 37 (11.70%) | ||||
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 18 (5.69%) | ||||
Endometriosis | 6 (1.89%) |
Age | Contraception | Pathology | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤20 years | 7 (2.21%) | 18 (5.69%) | Acne | 3 (0.94%) | 0.00001 |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 10 (3.16%) | ||||
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 4 (1.26%) | ||||
Endometriosis | 1 (0.31%) | ||||
21–28 years (inclusive) | 52 (16.45%) | 115 (36.39%) | Acne | 12 (3.79%) | |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 62 (19.62%) | ||||
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 38 (12.02%) | ||||
Endometriosis | 3 (0.94%) | ||||
29–35 years (inclusive) | 41 (12.97%) | 27 (8.54%) | Acne | 11 (3.48%) | |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 11 (3.48%) | ||||
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 3 (0.94%) | ||||
Endometriosis | 2 (0.63%) | ||||
≥36 years | 32 (10.12%) | 24 (7.59%) | Acne | 2 (0.63%) | |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 15 (4.74%) | ||||
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 6 (1.89%) | ||||
Endometriosis | 1 (0.31%) |
Pharmaceutical Form/Indication | Contraception | Therapeutic Indication/Pathology | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral form | 78 (24.68%) | COC | 150 (47,46%) | Acne | 21 (6.64%) | 0.00002 | |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 87 (27.53%) | ||||||
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 39 (12.34%) | ||||||
Endometriosis | 3 (0.94%) | ||||||
Non-oral form | 54 (17.08%) | IUD | 17 (5.37%) | 34 (10, 75%) | Acne | 6 (1.89%) | |
Vaginal delivery system (vaginal ring) | 27 (8.54%) | Menstrual cycle regulation | 17 (5.37%) | ||||
Subcutaneous implant | 10 (3.16%) | Polycystic ovary syndrome | 8 (2.53%) | ||||
Endometriosis | 3 (0.94%) |
Anaemia/IUD Use | With Anaemia Episodes | Without Anaemia Episodes | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Use of an IUD | 16 (5.06%) | 130 (41.13%) | 0.22 |
Use of a contraceptive method other than an IUD | 11 (3.48%) | 156 (49.36%) |
Prescriber | Indication for the Use of the Contraceptive Method | Total |
---|---|---|
Dermatologist | Acne | 2 (0.63%) |
Gynaecology | Acne | 8 (2.56%) |
Endometriosis | 5 (1.58%) | |
Pregnancy prevention | 88 (27.84%) | |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 79 (25.00%) | |
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 37 (11.70%) | |
Matron | Pregnancy prevention | 5 (1.58%) |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 1 (0.31%) | |
Primary Care Physician | Acne | 6 (1.89%) |
Pregnancy prevention | 41 (12.97%) | |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 24 (7.59%) | |
Polycystic ovary syndrome | 7 (2.21%) | |
Pharmacist | Pregnancy prevention | 2 (0.63%) |
None (Self-medication) | Pregnancy prevention | 7 (2.21%) |
Menstrual cycle regulation | 2 (0.63%) |
Adverse Reactions/Therapeutic Adherence | Presence of Adverse Reactions | Lack of Adverse Reactions | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Therapeutic Adherence | 93 (29.43%) | 82 (25.94%) | 0.02 |
Lack of therapeutic Adherence | 56 (17.72%) | 85 (26.89%) |
Therapeutic Adherence/Pharmaceutical Form | Oral Pharmaceutical Form (COC) | Other Pharmaceutical Forms | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Therapeutic adherence | 137 (43.35%) | 75 (22.15%) | IUD | 21 (6.64%) | 0.00003 |
Vaginal Delivery System (vaginal ring) | 43 (13.60%) | ||||
Subcutaneous Implant | 11 (3.48%) | ||||
Lack of therapeutic adherence | 91 (28.79%) | 13 (2.84%) | IUD | 6 (1.89%) | |
Vaginal Delivery System (vaginal ring) | 6 (1.89%) | ||||
Subcutaneous Implant | 1 (0.31%) |
Physiological System | Pathology | No. of Women (%) |
---|---|---|
Respiratory system | Asthma | 9 (2.84%) |
Allergy | 5 (1.58%) | |
Endocrine system | Hypothyroidism | 11 (3.48%) |
Diabetes Mellitus | 1 (0.31%) | |
Cardiovascular system | Arterial hypertension | 6 (1.89%) |
Partial obstruction of the right bundle branch | 1 (0.31%) | |
Arrhythmias | 1 (0.31%) | |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 1 (0.31%) | |
Long QT syndrome | 1 (0.31%) | |
Blood and lymphatic system | “Clotting disorders” | 1 (0.31%) |
Anaemia | 2 (0.63%) | |
Haemophilia | 1 (0.31%) | |
Factor V Leiden syndrome | 1 (0.31%) | |
Thalassaemia | 2 (0.63%) | |
Raynaud’s phenomenon | 1 (0.31%) | |
Nervous system | Migraine | 3 (0.94%) |
Multiple sclerosis | 1 (0.31%) | |
Glaucoma | 2 (0.63%) | |
Psychiatric | Anxiety and depression | 4 (1.26%) |
Digestive system | Irritable bowel syndrome | 2 (0.63%) |
Nonspecific terminal ileitis | 1 (0.31%) | |
Immune system | Systemic lupus erythematosus | 2 (0.63%) |
Myasthenia gravis | 1 (0.31%) | |
Skin and subcutaneous tissue | Psoriasis | 1 (0.31%) |
Alopecia | 1 (0.31%) |
ATC Group | Classification | Nº of Women |
---|---|---|
A: Alimentary tract and metabolism | A02B: Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease | 1 (0.31%) |
A03A: Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders | 1 (0.31%) | |
A03B: Belladonna and derivatives | 1 (0.31%) | |
A04A: Antiemetics and antinauseants | 1 (0.31%) | |
A10B: Blood glucose-lowering drugs, excluding insulins | 1 (0.31%) | |
A12A: Calcium | 1 (0.31%) | |
B: Blood and blood-forming organs | B01A: Antithrombotic agents | 1 (0.31%) |
B03A: Iron preparations | 2 (0.63%) | |
C: Cardiovascular system | C02A: Centrally acting antiadrenergic agents | 4 (1.26%) |
C09A: ACE inhibitors | 1 (0.31%) | |
C09C: Angiotensin II antagonists | 1 (0.31%) | |
C10A: Lipid-modifying agents | 1 (0.31%) | |
D: Dermatological | D07A: Topical corticosteroids | 1 (0.31%) |
D11A: Other dermatological preparations | 1 (0.31%) | |
G: Genitourinary system and sex hormones | G03D: Progestogens | 1 (0.31%) |
H: Systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins | H02A: Corticosteroids for systemic use | 3 (0.94%) |
H03A: Thyroid hormones | 10 (3.16%) | |
L: Antineoplastic and immunomodulatory agents | L01B: Antimetabolites | 2 (0.63%) |
L04A: Immunosuppressants | 1 (0.31%) | |
M: Musculoskeletal system | M01A: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic drugs (NSAIDs) | 3 (0.94%) |
N: Nervous system | N02A: Opioids | 2 (0.63%) |
N02B: Other analgesics and antipyretics | 1 (0.31%) | |
N02C: Antimigraine preparations | 2 (0.63%) | |
N03A: Antiepileptics | 1 (0.31%) | |
N05B: Anxiolytics | 1 (0.31%) | |
N05C: Hypnotics and sedatives | 1 (0.31%) | |
N06A: Antidepressants | 4 (1.26%) | |
N07A: Parasympathomimetic | 1 (0.31%) | |
P: Antiparasitic products, insecticides, and repellents | P01B: Antimalarials | 2 (0.63%) |
R: Respiratory system | R03A: Adrenergic, inhalants | 7 (2.21%) |
R06A: Antihistamines for systemic use | 6 (1.89%) | |
S: Sensitive organs | S01E: Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics | 1 (0.31%) |
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González, R.S.; Kuri, S.A.; Marrero, C.M.; Vera, A.P.; Martín, A.O.; Gutiérrez, S.D. Detection of Problems Related to Hormonal Contraceptives in Community Pharmacy: Application of a Structured Questionnaire in Women of Childbearing Age. Pharmacy 2025, 13, 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13040112
González RS, Kuri SA, Marrero CM, Vera AP, Martín AO, Gutiérrez SD. Detection of Problems Related to Hormonal Contraceptives in Community Pharmacy: Application of a Structured Questionnaire in Women of Childbearing Age. Pharmacy. 2025; 13(4):112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13040112
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález, Raquel Sicilia, Susana Abdala Kuri, Chaxiraxi Morales Marrero, Adama Peña Vera, Alexis Oliva Martín, and Sandra Dévora Gutiérrez. 2025. "Detection of Problems Related to Hormonal Contraceptives in Community Pharmacy: Application of a Structured Questionnaire in Women of Childbearing Age" Pharmacy 13, no. 4: 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13040112
APA StyleGonzález, R. S., Kuri, S. A., Marrero, C. M., Vera, A. P., Martín, A. O., & Gutiérrez, S. D. (2025). Detection of Problems Related to Hormonal Contraceptives in Community Pharmacy: Application of a Structured Questionnaire in Women of Childbearing Age. Pharmacy, 13(4), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13040112