Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin in Treating Gram-Negative Infections: Does Obesity Matter?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Sample Size and Data Collection
2.4. Key Definitions Used in the Study
2.5. Microbiologic Testing
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Non-Obese (n = 57) | Obese (n = 42) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 64 (52–74) | 50 (39–63) | 0.002 |
Male n (%) | 39 (68.42%) | 16 (38.10%) | 0.004 |
Height (cm) | 165 (158–172) | 158 (155–165) | 0.008 |
Actual Body Weight (kg) | 63 (55–70) | 90 (81–97) | <0.001 |
Baseline Scr (µmol/L) | 72 (58–103) | 68 (58–79) | 0.129 |
Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
Cerebrovascular disease | 5 (8.77) | 1 (2.38) | 0.237 |
Chronic heart failure | 7 (12.28) | 1 (2.38) | 0.133 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2 (3.51) | 1 (2.38) | 1 |
Dementia | 4 (7.02%) | 1 (2.38) | 0.392 |
Diabetes mellitus | 28 (49.12) | 20 (47.62) | 0.882 |
Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 1 (1.75) | 0 (0%) | 1 |
Hypertension | 27 (47.37) | 11 (26.19) | 0.22 |
Liver disease | 6 (10.53) | 2 (4.76) | 0.461 |
Lymphoma | 2 (3.51) | 2 (4.76%) | 1 |
Leukemia | 3 (5.26%) | 0 (0%) | 1 |
Moderate to severe chronic renal failure | 8 (14.04) | 3 (7.14) | 0.346 |
Neurological disease | 6 (85.71) | 1 (2.38) | 0.233 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 2 (3.51) | 1 (2.38) | 1 |
Solid Tumor | 8 (14.04) | 6 (14.29%) | 0.971 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 4 (2–6) | 2 (0.25–4) | 0.001 |
Immunosuppression, n (%) | 10 (17.54%) | 7 (16.67%) | 0.909 |
Active chemotherapy | 8 (80%) | 5 (71.43%) | |
Neutropenia (ANC < 500) | 1 (10%) | 1 (14.29%) | |
Solid Organ Bone Marrow Transplant | 1 (10%) | 1 (14.29%) | |
Type of infection, n (%) | |||
Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections | 3 (5.26%) | 2 (4.76%) | 1 |
Intra-abdominal Infections | 5 (8.77%) | 4 (9.52%) | 1 |
Osteomyelitis | 6 (10.53%) | 3 (7.14%) | 0.729 |
Urinary Tract Infections | 33 (57.89%) | 29 (69.05%) | 0.257 |
Other | 14 (24.56%) | 5 (11.90%) | 0.114 |
Causative Pathogen, n (%) | |||
Enterobacter cloacae | 6 (10.53%) | 3 (7.14%) | 0.729 |
Escherichia coli | 24 (42.11%) | 23 (54.76%) | 0.212 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 11 (19.30%) | 9 (21.43%) | 0.794 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 12 (21.05%) | 6 (14.29%) | 0.388 |
Other pathogens (combined) | 4 (7.02%) | 3 (7.14%) | 1 |
Concurrent Polymicrobial Infections, n (%) | 5 (8.77%) | 1 (2.38%) | 0.237 |
Enterococcus faecium | 1 (20%) | 0 (0%) | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 2 (40%) | 0 (0%) | |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 2 (40%) | 1 (100%) | |
Presence of Bacteremia, n (%) | 6 (10.53%) | 3 (7.14%) | 0.729 |
Antibiotic Used Before Ciprofloxacin with activity against the isolated organism in the same course, n (%) | 25 (43.86%) | 11 (26.19%) | 0.071 |
Time to Study Drug (hours) | 36 (24–72) | 30 (24–47) | 0.249 |
Total Daily Dose in mg (e.g., 1000) | 1000 (800–1000) | 1000 (1000–1000) | 0.198 |
Concurrent antibiotic for more than 48 h with in vitro activity against the causative pathogen, n (%) | 5 (8.77%) | 1 (2.38%) | 0.237 |
Duration of Treatment (days) | 7 (7–10) | 7 (7–10) | 0.949 |
Overall Duration of Hospitalization (days) | 9 (4–16) | 6 (2–12) | 0.121 |
ICU Admission at Infection Onset, n (%) | 1 (1.75%) | 2 (4.76%) | 0.573 |
Septic shock, n (%) | 1 (1.75%) | 1 (2.38%) | 1 |
Mechanical Ventilation, n (%) | 2 (3.51%) | 1 (2.38%) | 1 |
Infectious Disease Consultation, n (%) | 10 (17.54%) | 5 (11.90%) | 0.439 |
Outcomes | Non-Obese (n = 57) | Obese (n = 42) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical cure by End of Treatment | 49 (85.96%) | 36 (85.71%) | 1 |
Microbiological outcome | |||
Persistent Infection | 5 (8.77%) | 3 (7.14%) | 1 |
Eradication | 6 (10.53%) | 0 (0%) | 0.037 |
Indeterminate | 46 (80.7%) | 39 (92.86%) | 0.086 |
Overall In-Hospital Mortality | 4 (7.02%) | 1 (2.38%) | 0.392 |
30-day All-Cause Mortality | 2 (3.51%) | 1 (2.38%) | 1 |
Infection-Related Mortality | 1 (1.75%) | 1 (2.38%) | 1 |
60-day Recurrence | 2 (3.51%) | 3 (7.14%) | 0.447 |
Hospital LOS from Start of Ciprofloxacin to Discharge (days) | 3 (1–9) | 1 (1–2) | 0.007 |
Adverse Drug Reaction | 10 (17.54%) | 2 (4.76%) | 0.066 |
Acute Kidney Injury | 3 (5.26%) | 1 (2.38%) | |
Clostridioides difficile Infection | 2 (3.51%) | 0 (0%) | |
Hepatotoxicity | 2 (3.51%) | 0 (0%) | |
Nausea and vomiting | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.38%) | |
Seizure | 2 (3.51%) | 0 (0%) | |
Thrombocytopenia | 1 (1.75%) | 0 (0%) | |
Discontinuation Due to Adverse Event | 1 (1.75%) | 0 (0%) | 1 |
Variable | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Concurrent antibiotic for more than 48 h | 0.13 ([0.02–0.74]) | 0.022 | 0.34 ([0.05–2.41]) | 0.279 |
Lymphoma | 0.38 ([0.13–1.06]) | 0.064 | 0.10 ([0.01–1.12]) | 0.062 |
Overall duration of hospitalization | 0.98 ([0.96–1.00]) | 0.091 | 0.98 ([0.96–1]) | 0.053 |
Time to Study Drug | 0.99 ([0.98–0.99]) | 0.046 | 1.00 ([0.99–1]) | 0.359 |
Antibiotic Used Before Ciprofloxacin with activity | 0.17 ([0.05–0.61]) | 0.006 | 0.26 ([0.06–1.17]) | 0.079 |
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Alotaibi, S.; Damfu, N.; Alnefaie, A.; Alqurashi, A.; Althagafi, S.; Alotaibi, A.; Alotaibi, M.; Alsuwat, A. Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin in Treating Gram-Negative Infections: Does Obesity Matter? Pharmacy 2024, 12, 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12050147
Alotaibi S, Damfu N, Alnefaie A, Alqurashi A, Althagafi S, Alotaibi A, Alotaibi M, Alsuwat A. Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin in Treating Gram-Negative Infections: Does Obesity Matter? Pharmacy. 2024; 12(5):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12050147
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlotaibi, Sultan, Nader Damfu, Ahmed Alnefaie, Abdullah Alqurashi, Sami Althagafi, Aown Alotaibi, Musim Alotaibi, and Abdullah Alsuwat. 2024. "Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin in Treating Gram-Negative Infections: Does Obesity Matter?" Pharmacy 12, no. 5: 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12050147
APA StyleAlotaibi, S., Damfu, N., Alnefaie, A., Alqurashi, A., Althagafi, S., Alotaibi, A., Alotaibi, M., & Alsuwat, A. (2024). Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin in Treating Gram-Negative Infections: Does Obesity Matter? Pharmacy, 12(5), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12050147