Effects of Framed Mobile Messages on Beliefs, Intentions, Adherence, and Asthma Control: A Randomized Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures and Data Collection
2.2. Study Outcomes and Measures
- Beliefs: Beliefs were measured with the Beliefs about Medications Questionnaire (BMQ-Specific) [28]. BMQ-Specific consists of two scales comprising five items each. The first scale assesses beliefs about the necessity of prescribed medications, while the second scale assesses concerns about prescribed medications based on beliefs about the danger of dependence, long-term side effects, and disruptive effects of medications. Beliefs were calculated as the difference between necessity and concerns scores, with a possible range of −20 to 20 [29]. The higher the score, the greater the perceived necessity of the medication compared to concerns. For example, a person scoring 6 points has a greater perceived necessity of the medication compared to concerns than someone scoring 3 points. Beliefs were measured at baseline and the end of week eight.
- Intentions: The sum of participants’ responses to three items (“I intend to take my inhaled asthma medications as prescribed”; “I will take my daily inhaled asthma medication as prescribed”; and “I will always take my inhaled asthma medications as prescribed”) was used to measure intentions [30]. These items were scored on a five-point Likert-type scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Therefore, the minimum score was 3, indicating low intentions, and the maximum score possible, indicating high intentions, was 15. Intentions were measured at baseline and the end of week eight.
- Medication Adherence: The Medication Adherence Report Scale for Asthma (MARS-A) [31] was used to elicit participants’ adherence to their controller medications (ICS or ICS combinations) at baseline, week four, and week eight. Each item is rated on a five-point Likert-type scale, with higher scores indicating greater adherence. Adherence was measured on a continuous scale as recommended by the literature, rather than as a dichotomous division into adherent/nonadherent categories [32]. A previous study also used the MARS-A instrument in a similar manner [29]. The mean scores were used in this study. The mean score ranges from 1 to 5 points, with higher scores indicating higher adherence to medications. This scale has demonstrated good test–retest reliability (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and correlates well with electronic adherence (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) [31].
- Asthma: The ACT questionnaire, a valid and reliable self-report [33], was used in measuring participants’ asthma control at baseline, week four, and week eight. The ACT consists of five items, which are rated by the individual whose asthma control is to be measured. It measures asthma control by asking questions pertaining to asthma symptoms that occurred in the past four weeks. The response set ranges from All of the time (1) to None of the time (5). The total scores for the ACT range from 5 to 25, with individuals scoring 19 and less considered uncontrolled [34]. An example ACT item is, “In the past four weeks, how much of the time did your asthma keep you from getting as much done at work, school, or at home?” The ACT has demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s’ α = 0.85) and significant correlations with specialists’ rating of asthma control (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) [33]. A minimally important difference (MID) of 3 reflects the smallest difference in score with a clinically significant change.
2.3. Other Variables Measured
- Social desirability bias: Social desirability is the need of individuals to obtain approval by responding in a culturally appropriate manner [35]. Since self-reporting is susceptible to social desirability bias, the short form of the Marlowe Crown Scale was administered to identify responses that were made in a socially desirable manner [36].
- Type of nonadherence: Two items from MARS–A were used in measuring the type of nonadherence as reported by a previous study [37,38]. Specifically, individuals who indicated agree or strongly agree to either of the following sentences were categorized as intentionally nonadherent: “I alter the dose” and “I decide to miss out a dose”.
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Evaluation Outcomes
3.3. Study Retention and Engagement with Text Messages
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
# | Gain-Framed Messages (Group 1) | Loss-Framed Messages (Group 2) |
---|---|---|
1 | Taking your daily inhaled medications as prescribed DECREASES breathlessness. Reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Failing to take your daily inhaled medications as prescribed INCREASES breathlessness. Reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
2 | You might feel MORE CONFIDENT by taking your daily inhaled meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You might feel LESS CONFIDENT by failing to take your daily inhaled meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
3 | Taking your daily inhaled meds consistently can DECREASE your fear of having flare-ups. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Taking your daily inhaled meds inconsistently can INCREASE your fear of having flare-ups. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
4 | Taking your daily asthma meds can INCREASE your chances of participating in a hobby you enjoy. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Skipping your daily asthma meds can DECREASE your chances of participating in a hobby you enjoy. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
5 | Taking your daily inhaled medications DECREASES your chance to be uncomfortable because of asthma. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Skipping your daily inhaled medications INCREASES your chance to be uncomfortable because of asthma. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
6 | Taking your daily inhaled med can DECREASE feelings of anger at having asthma. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Skipping your daily inhaled med can INCREASE feelings of anger at having asthma. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
7 | You MAY ENJOY running when you take your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You MAY NOT ENJOY running when you skip your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
8 | You are more likely to dance with friends WITHOUT becoming breathless if you take your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You are less likely to dance with friends WITHOUT becoming breathless if you fail to take your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
9 | Take your daily inhaled medication and STOP FEELING SICKER than your friends. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Skip your daily inhaled medication and KEEP FEELING SICKER than your friends. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
10 | Taking your daily inhaled meds DECREASES breathlessness during workouts. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Skipping your daily inhaled meds INCREASES breathlessness during workouts. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
11 | You are LESS LIKELY to miss work or class because of asthma if you take your daily meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You are MORE LIKELY to miss work or class because of asthma if you do not take your daily meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
12 | You are LESS LIKELY to feel unsafe because of asthma if you take your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You are MORE LIKELY to feel unsafe because of asthma if you fail to take your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
13 | Taking your daily asthma meds significantly DECREASES your chances of feeling chest tightness. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Skipping your daily asthma meds significantly INCREASES your chances of feeling chest tightness. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
14 | Taking your daily inhaled meds as prescribed DECREASES your chances to be resentful about having asthma. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Not taking your daily inhaled meds as prescribed INCREASES your chances to be resentful about having asthma. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
15 | If you take your daily inhaled meds you would be MORE LIKELY to live a normal life. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | If you skip taking your daily inhaled meds you would be LESS LIKELY to live a normal life. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
16 | Taking your asthma meds as prescribed can lead to LESS CHANCE of a flare-up due to stress. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Not taking your asthma meds as prescribed can lead to GREATER CHANCE of a flare-up due to stress. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
17 | You are LESS LIKELY to have a severe asthma cough if you take your daily asthma meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You are MORE LIKELY to have a severe asthma cough if you fail to take your daily asthma meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
18 | You are LESS LIKELY to have breathing difficulties if you take your daily inhaled meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You are MORE LIKELY to have breathing difficulties if you fail to take your daily inhaled meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
19 | You INCREASE your ability to have fun with family members if you take your asthma meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You DECREASE your ability to have fun with family members if you fail to take your asthma meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
20 | You INCREASE your chances of being able to perform chores If you take your asthma meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You DECREASE your chances of being able to perform chores If you fail to take your asthma meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
21 | You are INCREASING your chances of enjoying important moments with your friends by taking your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You are DECREASING your chances of enjoying important moments with your friends by skipping your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
22 | You are LESS LIKELY to be afraid of following your preferred career path if you take your daily inhaled medication. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You are MORE LIKELY to be afraid of following your preferred career path if you do not take your daily inhaled medication. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
23 | People are LESS LIKELY to exclude you from activities if you take your meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | People are MORE LIKELY to exclude you from activities if you do not take your meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
24 | You are LESS LIKELY to feel judged because of asthma if you take your daily inhaled meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You are MORE LIKELY to feel judged because of asthma if you fail to take your daily inhaled meds as prescribed. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
25 | You could INCREASE your ability to work out without having a flare-up if you take your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | You could DECREASE your ability to work out without having a flare-up if you fail to take your daily asthma meds. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
26 | Taking your daily inhaled meds INCREASES your likelihood of bouncing back quickly when you experience a cold or flu. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. | Skipping your daily inhaled meds DECREASES your likelihood of bouncing back quickly when you experience a cold or flu. Please reply R to indicate receipt of message. |
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Categorical Variables a | n (%) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 43) | Gain-Frame (n = 22) | Loss-Frame (n = 21) | ||
Gender Male Female | 14 (32.6) 29 (67.4) | 8 (36.4) 14 (63.6) | 6 (28.6) 15 (71.4) | 0.586 |
Ethnicity Hispanic Non-Hispanic | 3 (7.0) 40 (93.0) | 2 (9.1) 20 (90.9) | 1 (4.8) 20 (95.2) | 0.578 |
Race Black or African American White Others | 3 (7.0) 39 (90.7) 1 (2.3) | 2 (9.1) 20 (90.9) 0 | 1 (4.8) 19 (90.5) 1 (4.8) | 0.513 |
Smoking status Formerly smoked Currently smokes Never smoked | 5 (11.6) 0 38 (88.4) | 5 (22.7) 0 17 (77.3) | 0 0 21 (100) | 0.048 |
Length of asthma diagnosis 1 to 5 years ago Over 5 years ago Diagnosed as a child | 5 (11.6) 2 (4.7) 36 (83.7) | 4 (18.2) 1 (4.5) 17 (77.3) | 1 (4.8) 1 (4.8) 19 (90.5) | 0.365 |
Average duration of missing work or school in the past month Did not miss work or school 1–3 days 4–6 days More than 7 days Not in school or working in past month | 35 (81.4) 4 (9.3) 0 0 4 (9.3) | 18 (81.8) 2 (9.1) 0 0 2 (9.1) | 17 (81.0) 2 (9.5) 0 0 2 (9.5) | 0.997 |
Continuous variables b | Mean (SD) | |||
Age, years | 20.86 (2.07) | 20.36 (1.50) | 21.38 (2.46) | 0.107 |
Asthma control | 19.77 (3.18) | 20.18 (2.92) | 19.33 (3.45) | 0.389 |
Medication adherence | 3.52 (0.83) | 3.47 (0.85) | 3.57 (0.82) | 0.701 |
Concerns about ICS | 10.91 (4.24) | 10.45 (4.34) | 11.38 (4.19) | 0.481 |
Perceived necessity of ICS | 16.93 (4.9) | 15.91 (5.44) | 18.00 (4.12) | 0.165 |
Necessity-concerns differential | 6.02 (5.92) | 5.45 (6.67) | 6.62 (5.10) | 0.525 |
Intentions to take ICS c | 12.81 (2.63) | 12.18 (3.17) | 13.47 (1.75) | 0.166 |
Social desirability bias | 6.14 (1.57) | 5.91 (1.60) | 6.38 (1.53) | 0.330 |
Variable | Mean Scores (SD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Beliefs | Timepoint | All | Gain-Framed | Loss-Framed |
Baseline | 6.02 (5.91) | 5.45 (6.67) | 6.62 (5.10) | |
Week 8 | 5.00 (6.78) | 4.09 (7.46) | 5.90 (6.02) | |
Intentions | Baseline | 13.12 (2.14) *+ | 12.18 (3.17) | 13.48 (1.75) |
Week 8 | 13.37 (1.73) *+ | 12.73 (2.62) | 13.14 (2.65) | |
Adherence | Baseline | 3.52 (0.83) | 3.47 (0.85) | 3.57 (0.82) |
Week 4 | 3.55 (0.80) | 3.40 (0.80) | 3.70 (0.79) | |
Week 8 | 3.57 (0.87) | 3.52 (0.83) | 3.62 (0.93) | |
Asthma control | Baseline | 19.77 (3.18) * | 20.18 (2.92) | 19.33 (3.45) |
Week 4 | 19.95 (3.45) * | 20.50 (3.35) | 19.38 (3.54) | |
Week 8 | 20.93 (2.63) * | 21.23 (2.20) | 20.62 (3.04) |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Test | p-Value | Partial Eta squared | Observed Power |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (baseline, week 4, week 8) | 23.195 | 1, 41 | 23.195 | 2.385 | 0.130 | 0.055 | 0.326 |
Group (loss vs. gain) | 47.654 | 1, 41 | 47.654 | 0.662 | 0.421 | 0.016 | 0.125 |
Interaction | 2.265 | 1, 41 | 2.265 | 0.233 | 0.632 | 0.006 | 0.076 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Test | p-Value | Partial Eta Squared | Observed Power |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (baseline, week 4, week 8) | 11.267 | 1, 38 | 11.267 | 8.585 | 0.006 | 0.184 | 0.815 |
Group (loss vs. gain) | 7.349 | 1, 38 | 7.349 | 1.791 | 0.189 | 0.045 | 0.257 |
Interaction | 1.108 | 1, 38 | 1.108 | 0.844 | 0.364 | 0.022 | 0.146 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Test | p-Value | Partial Eta Squared |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (baseline, week 4, week 8) | 0.057 | 1.58, 64.94 | 0.036 | 0.204 | 0.764 | 0.005 |
Group (loss vs. gain) | 0.878 | 1, 41 | 0.878 | 0.481 | 0.492 | 0.012 |
Interaction | 0.274 | 1.58, 64.94 | 0.173 | 0.983 | 0.363 | 0.023 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Test | p-Value | Partial Eta Squared |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (baseline, week 4, week 8) | 33.76 | 2, 82 | 16.88 | 3.34 | 0.040 | 0.075 |
Group (loss vs. gain) | 23.76 | 1, 41 | 23.76 | 1.25 | 0.269 | 0.030 |
Interaction | 1.403 | 2, 82 | 0.702 | 0.14 | 0.871 | 0.003 |
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Jeminiwa, R.; Garza, K.B.; Chou, C.; Franco-Watkins, A.; Fox, B.I. Effects of Framed Mobile Messages on Beliefs, Intentions, Adherence, and Asthma Control: A Randomized Trial. Pharmacy 2024, 12, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12010010
Jeminiwa R, Garza KB, Chou C, Franco-Watkins A, Fox BI. Effects of Framed Mobile Messages on Beliefs, Intentions, Adherence, and Asthma Control: A Randomized Trial. Pharmacy. 2024; 12(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeminiwa, Ruth, Kimberly B. Garza, Chiahung Chou, Ana Franco-Watkins, and Brent I. Fox. 2024. "Effects of Framed Mobile Messages on Beliefs, Intentions, Adherence, and Asthma Control: A Randomized Trial" Pharmacy 12, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12010010
APA StyleJeminiwa, R., Garza, K. B., Chou, C., Franco-Watkins, A., & Fox, B. I. (2024). Effects of Framed Mobile Messages on Beliefs, Intentions, Adherence, and Asthma Control: A Randomized Trial. Pharmacy, 12(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12010010