Antimicrobial Resistance Following Prolonged Use of Hand Hygiene Products: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.2. Study Identification and Data Synthesis
2.3. Quality Assessment
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors, Year [Ref] | Country | Study Year | Age | Gender | Study Type | Setting | Participants | Sample Size | Key Finding | NOS Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aiello et al., 2004 [20] | USA | 2003 | NR | NR | Double-blinded randomised intervention trial | Household | Household, the primary caregiver | 224 (half received antibacterial products) | No statistically significant association between triclosan MICs and susceptibility to antibiotic was found. There was an increasing trend in the association of ORs for all species, compared at baseline (OR 0.65, CI95% 0.33–1.27) versus at the end of the year (OR 1.08, CI95% 0.62–1.97) and for GNB alone at baseline (OR 0.66, CI95% 0.29–1.51) versus the end of year (OR 2.69, CI95% 0.78 to 9.23) regardless of the hand-washing product used. There was a significantly higher proportion of Acinetobacter lwoffii for which the triclosan MICs were greater than the median at the end of the year compared to the baseline (p > 0.001). There were significantly higher proportions of Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. aureus for which the triclosan MICs were greater than the median at baseline compared to the end of the year (p ≥ 0.013 and p ≥ 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences when we compared the proportion of triclosan MIC values greater than the median at baseline versus that at the end of the year for any of the other organisms (all p ≥ 0.05) | *** *** * |
Aiello et al., 2005 [15] | USA | One full year, before 2005 | NR | NR | Double-masked randomised home intervention trial | Household | Household primary caregiver | 238 | Antibacterial products did not lead to a significant increase in AMR after one year (OR 1.33, CI95% 0.74–2.41) | *** *** ** |
Cook et al., 2007 [21] | USA | March 2001–January 2003 | Averageage 41.1 years | 116 female, 3 male | Sub-study of a larger cross-over clinical trial | Hospital | NICU staff nurses | 119 | When antiseptic soap was used, there was a significant increase in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates resistant to oxacillin (RR 1.92; CI95% 1.08–3.43) and gentamicin (RR, 1.50; CI95% 1.00–2.27) and a 7.22 times increased risk of rifampicin resistance among Staphylococcus warneri isolates (CI95% 2.97–17.56) | *** ** |
Geraldo et al., 2008 [22] | USA | Not mentioned | NR | NR | In-vitro, a volunteer method and in-vivo method | Laboratory setting | Effectiveness of soaps evaluated using an in-vitro tube dilution method, a volunteer method, and 2 pig skin methods. No specifics about volunteers have been provided | NR | The MIC and minimum bactericidal concentrations of triclosan alone and triclosan-containing soaps against S. aureus increased 8- to 62.5-fold after passage (20 times), whereas those of TPB and FPB (both alone and in soap) were unchanged to 62.5-fold after passage (20 times) | ** |
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Banik, G.R.; Durayb, B.; King, C.; Rashid, H. Antimicrobial Resistance Following Prolonged Use of Hand Hygiene Products: A Systematic Review. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10010009
Banik GR, Durayb B, King C, Rashid H. Antimicrobial Resistance Following Prolonged Use of Hand Hygiene Products: A Systematic Review. Pharmacy. 2022; 10(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanik, Gouri Rani, Bandar Durayb, Catherine King, and Harunor Rashid. 2022. "Antimicrobial Resistance Following Prolonged Use of Hand Hygiene Products: A Systematic Review" Pharmacy 10, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10010009