Assessing the Climate Impact of Formation Flights
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Data
2.1. Estimating Non-Linearity Factors Required for Non-Linear-Response Model AirClim
2.2. Model Study with Non-Linear-Response Model AirClim to Quantify Benefits of Formation Flight
3. Results
3.1. Non-Linearity Factors Resulting from CiC and NOx
3.2. Total Climate Impact: Mitigation Potential of Formation Flight
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
IATA Code | City/Airport | Country |
---|---|---|
ATL | Atlanta (GA)-Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport | USA |
PEK | Beijing | China |
DXB | Dubai-Dubai International Airport | United Arab Emirates |
HND | Tokyo-Haneda | Japan |
LAX | Los Angeles (CA)-International | USA |
ORD | Chicago (IL), O’Hare International Airport | USA |
LHR | London-Heathrow | United Kingdom |
HKG | Hong Kong-International Airport (HKIA) | Hong Kong |
PVG | Shanghai-Pu Dong | China |
CDG | Paris-Charles de Gaulle | France |
AMS | Amsterdam-Amsterdam Airport Schiphol | Netherlands |
DFW | Dallas/Ft. Worth (TX)-Dallas/Fort Worth International | USA |
CAN | Guangzhou (Canton)-Baiyun International Airport | Guangdong, PR China |
FRA | Frankfurt/Main-Frankfurt Airport (Rhein-Main-Flughafen) | Germany |
IST | Istanbul-Istanbul Atatürk Airport | Turkey |
DEL | Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport | India |
CGK | Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta International | Indonesia |
SIN | Singapore-Changi | Singapore |
ICN | Seoul-Incheon International Airport | Korea South |
DEN | Denver (CO)-Denver International Airport | USA |
BKK | Bangkok, Suvarnabhumi International | Thailand |
JFK | New York-John F. Kennedy (NY) | USA |
KUL | Kuala Lumpur-International Airport | Malaysia |
SFO | San Francisco-International Airport, SA | USA |
MAD | Madrid-Barajas Airport | Spain |
CTU | Chengdu-Shuangliu | Sichuan, PR China |
LAS | Las Vegas (NV) | USA |
BCN | Barcelona | Spain |
BOM | Bombay (Mumbai)-Chhatrapati Shivaji International | India |
YYZ | Toronto-Toronto Pearson International Airport | Canada |
SEA | Seattle/Tacoma (WA) | USA |
CLT | Charlotte (NC) | USA |
LGW | London-Gatwick | United Kingdom |
SZX | Shenzhen-Shenzhen Bao’an International | Guangdong, PR China |
TPE | Taipei-Chiang Kai Shek | Taiwan |
MEX | Mexico City-Mexico City International Airport | Mexico |
KMG | Kunming Changshui International Airport | Yunnan, PR China |
MUC | Muenchen (Munich)-Franz Josef Strauss | Germany |
MCO | Orlando-International Airport (FL) | USA |
MIA | Miami (FL) | USA |
PHX | Phoenix (AZ)-Sky Harbor International | USA |
SYD | Sydney-Sydney Airport | Australia |
EWR | New York-Newark (NJ) | USA |
MNL | Manila-Ninoy Aquino International | Philippines |
SHA | Shanghai-Hongqiao | China |
XIY | Xi’an-Xianyang | Shaanxi, PR China |
FCO | Rome-Fuimicino | Italy |
IAH | Houston, TX-George Bush Intercontinental Airport | USA |
NRT | Tokyo-Narita | Japan |
SVO | Moscow-Sheremetyevo | Russia |
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Dahlmann, K.; Matthes, S.; Yamashita, H.; Unterstrasser, S.; Grewe, V.; Marks, T. Assessing the Climate Impact of Formation Flights. Aerospace 2020, 7, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7120172
Dahlmann K, Matthes S, Yamashita H, Unterstrasser S, Grewe V, Marks T. Assessing the Climate Impact of Formation Flights. Aerospace. 2020; 7(12):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7120172
Chicago/Turabian StyleDahlmann, Katrin, Sigrun Matthes, Hiroshi Yamashita, Simon Unterstrasser, Volker Grewe, and Tobias Marks. 2020. "Assessing the Climate Impact of Formation Flights" Aerospace 7, no. 12: 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7120172