Effects of Climate Conditions on TP Outsourcing in Lake Kinneret (Israel)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Regional Hydrology
1.2. Brief Anthropocene History of the Hula Valley
1.3. The Hula Reclamation Project (HRP)
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Climate Conditions: Temperature, Rainfall, River Discharge, and Nutrient Dynamics
3.2. Environmental Changes
3.3. TP Migration from the Hula Valley into Lake Kinneret
- Values taken during 2008, 2016, and 2020 are annual averages, whereas the others are periodical means.
- The volume of the epilimnetic layer depth at 1–15 m was computed with respect to WL changes, whereas those for the hypolimnetic layer with respect to the bottom layer were limited to between 10–2 m above the sediment surface and were unaffected by WL fluctuations, of which the same volume of 453 mcm was incorporated.
- A mean reduction of 27% of TP load in the epilimnion of Lake Kinneret was observed during the 2000s.
- The increase in TP concentration in the hypolimnion during 2016 was probably due to WL decline and the smaller volume of the hypolimnion, which enhanced phosphorus release from the sediments.
4. Discussion
4.1. Erosion Process
4.2. The Impact of Hula Valley
4.3. Periodicity or Climate Change
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Winter | Summer | Annual |
---|---|---|---|
Hula East | 310 | 180 | 490 |
Reconstructed Jordan | 823 | 967 | 1790 |
Canal Z | 2080 | 3920 | 6000 |
Precipitation | 389 | 84 | 473 |
Evaporation | 905 | 1409 | 2314 |
Outflow | 2110 | 3380 | 5490 |
Summary: Increment Deficit | +3602 −3015 | +5151 −4789 | +8753 −7804 |
Total Balance | +587 | +362 | +949 |
Year | Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall |
---|---|---|---|---|
1994 | 37 | 54 | 95 | |
1995 | 42 | 33 | 164 | 124 |
1996 | 43 | 68 | 203 | 178 |
1997 | 104 | 116 | 184 | 185 |
Month | 2003 | 2004 |
---|---|---|
1 | 8 | 180 |
2 | 7 | 60 |
3 | −63 | 19 |
4 | 132 | 10 |
5 | 12 | 30 |
6 | 79 | 110 |
7 | 49 | 70 |
8 | 72 | 40 |
9 | 23 | 40 |
10 | 31 | 10 |
11 | −3 | −60 |
12 | −210 | 0 |
Annual Balance | 137 | 600 |
Year | Annual Balance (kg/Year) | Input (kg/Year) | Output (kg/Year) |
---|---|---|---|
2003 | 137 | 927 | 792 |
2004 | 600 | 1030 | 430 |
2007 | −710 | 832 | 1542 |
2008 | −620 | 970 | 1590 |
Year | Dry Weight (ton) | TP (ton) |
---|---|---|
1997 | 268 | 0.9 |
1998 | 213 | 0.7 |
1999 | 432 | 0.8 |
2000 | 343 | 0.9 |
2001 | 740 | 1.2 |
2002 | 817 | 1.2 |
2003 | 140 | 0.3 |
2004 | 698 | 1.1 |
Period | Epilimnetic TP: ton, (ppm) (1–15 m) | Hypolimnetic TP: ton (ppm) (30–40 M) | Water Volume (1–15 m Depth) mcm | Mean Water Level (mbsl) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1969–1978 | 43 (0.019) | 10 (0.022) | 2285 | 210.5 |
1979–1989 | 48 (0.021) | 20 (0.044) | 2273 | 211 |
1990–2001 | 45 (0.020) | 23 (0.050) | 2273 | 211 |
2008 | 35 (0.016) | 21 (0.046) | 2058 | 214.41 |
2016 | 31 (0.014) | 35 (0.078) | 2200 | 213.14 |
2020 | 36 (0.016) | 20 (0.044) | 2234 | 209.40 |
Water Source | mcm/y | TP Load (t/y) | TP Concentration (ppb) |
---|---|---|---|
Dan | 270 | 5.7 | 21 |
Banias (Hermon) | 1216 | 18.4 | 159 |
Hazbani (Snir) | 129 | 19.0 | 147 |
Total Headwaters | 575 | 42.6 | 83 |
Jordan (at Huri) | 530 | 119.4 | 225 |
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Gophen, M. Effects of Climate Conditions on TP Outsourcing in Lake Kinneret (Israel). Climate 2021, 9, 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9090142
Gophen M. Effects of Climate Conditions on TP Outsourcing in Lake Kinneret (Israel). Climate. 2021; 9(9):142. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9090142
Chicago/Turabian StyleGophen, Moshe. 2021. "Effects of Climate Conditions on TP Outsourcing in Lake Kinneret (Israel)" Climate 9, no. 9: 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9090142