Urban Overheating and Cooling Potential in Australia: An Evidence-Based Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Magnitude and Characteristics of Urban Overheating
3. Impacts of Urban Overheating
3.1. Health and Well-Being
3.2. Energy Consumption and Demand
3.3. Economy and Productivity
4. Impact of Mitigation Strategies on Cooling Cities
4.1. Use of Water
4.2. Urban Green Technologies and Strategies
4.2.1. Urban Green Spaces
4.2.2. Green Roofs
4.2.3. Green Walls
4.3. Use of Reflective Materials
4.3.1. Cool Roofs and Façades
4.3.2. Cool Pavements
4.4. Combined Mitigation Strategies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | City | Population Density (People/sq.km: 2016) | Intensity of the Heat Island (ºC) | Details of Data Sources | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Melbourne | 17,506 | annual average: 1.4 | one urban and one rural weather stations | [14] |
annual average (depending on summer or winter): 0.5–2 | one central business district (CBD) and three sorrounding non-CBD area weather stations | [15] | |||
average mean maximum intensity: 4 | mobile traverse from the western fringe, approximately 2 km south of the city center, through the CBD to the northern fringe | [16] | |||
annual average: 1.4 | two urban and two rural reference stations | [17] | |||
2 | Sydney | 1171 | maximum intensity: 11 | six meteorological stations distributed across the city | [4] |
maximum intensity: 13 | eight different stations within the city | [6] | |||
3 | Alice Springs | 85 | UHI is evident at night. Average intensity: 4.1 | ten sensors installed within the city center | [5] |
4 | Camperdown | 4362 | average intensity: 1.2 | mobile transect from a position in the rural area through town center to a rural area on the other side of the town | [16] |
5 | Colac | 520 | |||
6 | Hamilton | 480 | |||
7 | Hobart | 131 | maximum intensity: 5.7 | mobile sensors | [18] |
8 | Darwin | 703 | maximum intensity: 2 | weather station at airport | [19] |
9 | Perth | 317 | UHI is evident at night. maximum intensity: 0.8 | one urban, two urban fringe and three rural stations | [20] |
10 | Adelaide | 400 | UHI is evident at night. maximum intensity: 1.3 | one urban, two urban fringe and two rural stations | [20] |
S.No | Mitigation Strategy | Location | Maximum UHI Mitigation Potential | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban Green Spaces | ||||
1 | Urban greenery | Sydney | 1.4 | [71] |
2 | Urban parks | Melbourne | 0.3 | [79] |
3 | Urban vegetation | Melbourne | 1 | [80] |
4 | Urban vegetation | Melbourne | 2 | [81] |
5 | Urban vegetation | Brisbane | 1.08 | [82] |
6 | Urban greenery | Alice Springs | 0 | [5] |
7 | Urban parks (trees) | Gold Coast (Brisbane) | 1.2 | [83] |
8 | Urban parks (grass) | Gold Coast (Brisbane) | 0.7 | [83] |
9 | Urban greenery | Adelaide | 2 | [84] |
Green roofs | ||||
10 | Green roofs | Adelaide | 0.06 | [85] |
13 | Green roofs | Melbourne | 1.4 | [86] |
14 | Green roofs | Canberra | 0.4 | [87] |
15 | Green roofs | Sydney | 0.5 | [71] |
Green Walls | ||||
16 | Green wall | Adelaide | 0.25 | [85] |
17 | Living wall | Adelaide | 1.5 | [88] |
Reflective Materials | ||||
18 | Cool streets | Sydney | 1.4 | [71] |
19 | Cool pavements | Sydney | 0.5 | |
20 | Cool roofs | Sydney | 0.6 | |
21 | Cool roofs | Melbourne | 0.5 | [80] |
Water | ||||
23 | Water sprinklers | Alice Springs | 0 | [5] |
Shading | ||||
24 | Street shading | Alice Springs | 0 | [5] |
Combination | ||||
25 | Greenery and Reflective materials | 0.95 | [89] | |
26 | Water and Shading | 3 | ||
27 | Reflective materials (roofs, pavements, streets) | Sydney | 3 | [71] |
28 | Urban vegetation and Cool roofs | Melbourne | 0.82 | [80] |
29 | Trees, Reflective materials (roofs and pavements), Evaporative cooling systems and Shading | Alice Springs | 1.1 | [5] |
30 | Trees and Green roofs | Melbourne | 2.4 | [86] |
31 | Trees and Grass | Canberra | 0.8 | [87] |
32 | Reflective materials (buildings and pavement) | Alice Springs | 0.9 | [5] |
33 | Reflective materials (roofs, pavements) and trees | Sydney | 1.3 | [90] |
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Yenneti, K.; Ding, L.; Prasad, D.; Ulpiani, G.; Paolini, R.; Haddad, S.; Santamouris, M. Urban Overheating and Cooling Potential in Australia: An Evidence-Based Review. Climate 2020, 8, 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8110126
Yenneti K, Ding L, Prasad D, Ulpiani G, Paolini R, Haddad S, Santamouris M. Urban Overheating and Cooling Potential in Australia: An Evidence-Based Review. Climate. 2020; 8(11):126. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8110126
Chicago/Turabian StyleYenneti, Komali, Lan Ding, Deo Prasad, Giulia Ulpiani, Riccardo Paolini, Shamila Haddad, and Mattheos Santamouris. 2020. "Urban Overheating and Cooling Potential in Australia: An Evidence-Based Review" Climate 8, no. 11: 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8110126