Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall in the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal Himalaya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Their Sources
Agro-Ecological Zones | Station Index | Latitude (E) | Longitude (N) | Elevation (m) | Location | District |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-Himalaya (>2500 m) | 610 | 29.05° | 83.88° | 3465 | Ghami | Mustang |
816 | 28.55° | 84.23° | 2680 | Chame | Manang | |
Mountain (>2500 m) | 806 | 28.40° | 84.37° | 3650 | Larke Samdo | Gorkha |
616 | 28.36° | 83.13° | 2530 | Gurja Khani | Myagdi | |
Hill (500 m–2500 m) | 814 | 28.18° | 83.48° | 1740 | Lumle | Kaski |
1057 | 28.01° | 85.07° | 1240 | Pansayakhola | Nuwakot | |
808 | 27.93° | 84.42° | 965 | Bandipur | Tanahun | |
Lowland (Terai) (<500 m) | 903 | 27.35° | 84.32° | 270 | Jhawani | Chitwan |
920 | 27.55° | 84.82° | 274 | Manahari | Makwanpur |
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Mann-Kendall Test for Trend
2.3.2. Sen’s Slope
3. Results
3.1. Precipitation Statistics
Agro-Ecological Zone | Winter (mm) | Pre-Monsoon (mm) | Monsoon (mm) | Post-Monsoon (mm) | Annual (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans Himalaya | 61.7 (56.5) | 102.7 (34.0) | 342.9 (30.6) | 40.1 (133.9) | 547.4 (25.0) |
Mountain | 123.1 (104.6) | 198.6 (60.4) | 1100.9 (20.8) | 73.1 (85.1) | 1495.7 (21.5) |
Hill | 21.4 (60.5) | 381.6 (24.9) | 2880.9 (11.6) | 124.0 (48.3) | 3468.6 (10.3) |
Terai | 46.8 (85.7) | 219.7 (36.3) | 1601.6 (22.0) | 82.6 (81.5) | 1950.7 (21.9) |
GRB (Basin average) | 63.2 (72.6) | 225.7 (21.17) | 1481.6 (11.8) | 79.9 (61.6) | 1865.6 (10.7) |
3.2. Precipitation Change
Agro-Ecological Zone | Winter | Pre-Monsoon | Monsoon | Post-Monsoon | Annual |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-Himalaya | −0.619 | −1.022 | +1.898 | −0.927 * | −1.654 |
Mountain | −4.717 *** | −4.675 ** | +2.586 | −0.713 | −6.293 |
Hill | −0.425 ++ | −0.218 | +3.233 | −0.128 | +2.745 |
Terai | −0.580 | +0.908 | +0.168 | −0.435 | −0.362 |
Average basin | −1.458 ** | −1.987 * | +0.419 | −0.619 | −4.267 |
3.3. Rainy Days
3.4. Monsoon Onset and Withdrawal
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Author Contributions
Appendix
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Panthi, J.; Dahal, P.; Shrestha, M.L.; Aryal, S.; Krakauer, N.Y.; Pradhanang, S.M.; Lakhankar, T.; Jha, A.K.; Sharma, M.; Karki, R. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall in the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal Himalaya. Climate 2015, 3, 210-226. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3010210
Panthi J, Dahal P, Shrestha ML, Aryal S, Krakauer NY, Pradhanang SM, Lakhankar T, Jha AK, Sharma M, Karki R. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall in the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal Himalaya. Climate. 2015; 3(1):210-226. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3010210
Chicago/Turabian StylePanthi, Jeeban, Piyush Dahal, Madan Lall Shrestha, Suman Aryal, Nir Y. Krakauer, Soni M. Pradhanang, Tarendra Lakhankar, Ajay K. Jha, Mohan Sharma, and Ramchandra Karki. 2015. "Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall in the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal Himalaya" Climate 3, no. 1: 210-226. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3010210