Temperature, Humidity and Air Pollution Relationships during a Period of Rainy and Dry Seasons in Lagos, West Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location
2.2. Air Quality Data
2.3. Temperature and Humidity Data
2.4. Climate and Season Definitions
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Measures of Central Tendency of Air Pollutants, Temperature and Humidity
3.1.1. Measured Air Pollutant Concentrations Levels and the WHO AQG
3.1.2. Descriptive Statistics of Temperature and Humidity
3.1.3. Descriptive Statistics of PM1/Coarse Particle Ratios
3.1.4. Descriptive Statistics of PM, and Fine/Coarse Particle Ratios
3.1.5. Descriptive Statistics of NO2, O3, and NO
3.2. Temporal Variation of Air Pollutants, Temperature and Humidity
3.3. Temperature, Humidity and Air Pollution Relationships during the Rainy and Dry Seasons
3.4. Correlation Analysis of Temperature, Humidity and Air Pollutants during the Rainy and Dry Seasons
3.4.1. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
3.4.2. Ozone (O3)
3.4.3. Nitrogen Oxide (NO)
3.4.4. Particulate Matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. Summary
5.2. Limitations of Study
5.3. Practical Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Air Pollutant Type | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO | NO2 | PM1 | PM2.5 | PM10 | O3 | |
Measurement Range | 0–20,000 µg/m3 | |||||
Estimated Accuracy | ±5 µg/m3 | ±8 µg/m3 |
Month | Annual Weather Averages From 2005 to 2015 [14] | |
---|---|---|
Mean Ambient Temperature | Mean Precipitation | |
[°C] | [mm] | |
January | 28 | 49.4 |
February | 29 | 51.7 |
March | 29.5 | 85.4 |
April | 29 | 85.3 |
May | 28 | 132 |
June | 27 | 186.8 |
July | 26 | 138.9 |
August | 26 | 98.7 |
September | 26.5 | 163.2 |
October | 27 | 157.3 |
November | 28 | 122 |
December | 28 | 43.6 |
Wet Season: | ||
April to September | 27.1 | 134.2 |
Dry Season: | ||
October to March | 28.3 | 84.9 |
Observed Correlation Coefficient, r | Interpretation |
---|---|
0.00 to 0.10 | Negligible correlation |
0.10 to 0.39 | Weak correlation |
0.40 to 0.69 | Moderate correlation |
0.70 to 0.89 | Strong correlation |
0.90 to 1.00 | Very strong correlation |
Critical Values | Interpretation | |
---|---|---|
p > 0.05 | Not statistically significant | Accept null hypothesis |
p ≤ 0.05 | Statistically significant | Reject null hypothesis |
p ≤ 0.01 | Highly statistically significant |
NO2 | O3 | NO | PM1 | PM2.5 | PM10 | Ambient Temp | Ambient Humidity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
µg/m3 | µg/m3 | µg/m3 | µg/m3 | µg/m3 | µg/m3 | °C | % | |
Mean | 51.4 | 56.8 | 19.5 | 13.4 | 18.2 | 25.2 | 29.5 | 76.6 |
Mode | 30.0 | 79.0 | 3.2 | 10.7 | 15.7 | 19.3 | 26.0 | 87.0 |
Minimum | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 5.6 | 22.0 | 35.0 |
Maximum | 6963.9 | 279.0 | 452.3 | 138.6 | 398.7 | 286.7 | 42.0 | 97.0 |
Hours 1 | 4256 | 4256 | 4256 | 4256 | 4256 | 4256 | 4256 | 4256 |
NO2 | O3 | NO | PM1 | PM2.5 | PM10 | Ambient Temp | Ambient Humidity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
µg/m3 | µg/m3 | µg/m3 | µg/m3 | µg/m3 | µg/m3 | °C | % | |
Mean | 30.5 | 62.9 | 24.4 | 22.3 | 25.1 | 35.8 | 31.7 | 69.9 |
Mode | 30.0 | 78.0 | 3.0 | 20.5 | 23.8 | 31.2 | 30.0 | 78.0 |
Minimum | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 7.5 | 22.0 | 15.0 |
Maximum | 62.3 | 259.6 | 304.7 | 139.3 | 195.0 | 225.1 | 42.0 | 90.0 |
Hours 1 | 3629 | 3629 | 3629 | 3629 | 3629 | 3629 | 3629 | 3629 |
Pollutant | Averaging Time [Hours] | Recommended WHO AQG Level [µg/m3] | Hours WHO AQG Level Was Exceeded during The Study Period [%] |
---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 24 | 15 | 87.1 |
PM10 | 24 | 45 | 18.3 |
O3 | 8 | 100 | 1.0 |
NO2 | 24 | 25 | 89.0 |
Dry Season | Wet Season | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Standard Deviation | Mean | Standard Deviation | p-Value | |
NO2 [µg/m3] | 30.5 | 7.1 | 55.0 | 481.2 | <0.0001 |
O3 [µg/m3] | 62.9 | 22.1 | 54.4 | 25.2 | <0.0001 |
NO [µg/m3] | 24.4 | 18.6 | 16.7 | 34.1 | 0.3598 |
PM1 [µg/m3] | 22.3 | 11.6 | 12.7 | 7.2 | 0.3528 |
PM2.5 [µg/m3] | 25.1 | 13.3 | 18.0 | 11.9 | 0.3543 |
PM10 [µg/m3] | 35.8 | 16.7 | 25.1 | 12.0 | 0.1730 |
Ambient temp [°C] | 31.7 | 3.8 | 29.3 | 3.8 | <0.0001 |
Ambient humidity [%] | 69.9 | 13.6 | 76.9 | 11.9 | <0.0001 |
NO2 | O3 | NO | PM1 | PM2.5 | PM10 | Ambient Temp | Ambient Humidity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO2 | 1 | |||||||
O3 | −0.15 | 1 | ||||||
NO | 0.86 | 0.12 | 1 | |||||
PM1 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 1 | ||||
PM2.5 | 0.08 | −0.09 | 0.09 | 0.80 | 1 | |||
PM10 | 0.10 | −0.13 | 0.10 | 0.82 | 0.95 | 1 | ||
Ambient temp | −0.04 | 0.21 | 0.10 | −0.13 | −0.24 | −0.37 | 1 | |
Ambient humidity | 0.06 | −0.16 | [−0.02] | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.37 | −0.94 | 1 |
NO2 | O3 | NO | PM1 | PM2.5 | PM10 | Ambient Temp | Ambient Humidity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO2 | 1 | |||||||
O3 | −0.21 | 1 | ||||||
NO | 0.11 | 0.31 | 1 | |||||
PM1 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 1 | ||||
PM2.5 | 0.20 | −0.10 | 0.18 | 0.91 | 1 | |||
PM10 | 0.21 | −0.09 | 0.23 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 1 | ||
Ambient temp | 0.61 | −0.24 | −0.12 | −0.11 | −0.05 | [0.00] | 1 | |
Ambient humidity | −0.48 | 0.49 | 0.17 | 0.04 | −0.10 | −0.17 | −0.86 | 1 |
p-Values | ||||||
NO2 | O3 | NO | PM1 | PM2.5 | PM10 | |
Wet season | ||||||
Ambient temp | 0.0210 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Ambient humidity | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2980 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Dry season | ||||||
Ambient temp | 0.0000 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0018 | 0.9915 |
Ambient humidity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0282 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
NO2 | O3 | NO | PM1 | PM2.5 | PM10 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Correlation | Statistical significance | Correlation | Statistical significance | Correlation | Statistical significance | Correlation | Statistical significance | Correlation | Statistical significance | Correlation | Statistical significance | Duration of study | |
Rainy season | ||||||||||||||
Ambient temp | Lagos [Present study] | negliglible | significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | |
6 months each (complete season) | ||||||||||||||
Akure [10] | negligible | not significant | negligible | not significant | not specified | |||||||||
Ambient humidity | ||||||||||||||
Lagos [Present study] | negliglible | highly significant | weak | highly significant | negliglible | not significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | 6 months each (complete season) | |
Akure [10] | weak | not significant | weak | not significant | not specified | |||||||||
Dry season | ||||||||||||||
Ambient temp | Lagos [Present study] | moderate | highly significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | weak | not significant | |
6 months each (complete season) | ||||||||||||||
Lagos [8] | weak | weak | weak | 2.5 months | ||||||||||
Akure [10] | weak | not significant | weak | not significant | not specified | |||||||||
Ambient humidity | ||||||||||||||
Lagos [Present study] | moderate | highly significant | moderate | highly significant | weak | highly significant | negliglible | significant | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | 6 months each (complete season) | |
Lagos [8] | weak | weak | weak | 2.5 months | ||||||||||
Akure [10] | weak | not significant | weak | not significant | not specified | |||||||||
Seasons not split | ||||||||||||||
Ambient temp | Port Harcourt [9] | weak | highly significant | weak | highly significant | 7 months (4 months rainy, 3 months wet) | ||||||||
Ile-Ife [11] | weak | not significant | 10 months (5 months each of rainy and dry season) | |||||||||||
Ambient humidity | Port Harcourt [9] | negliglible | not significant | negliglible | significant | 7 months (4 months rainy, 3 months wet) | ||||||||
Ile-Ife [11] | weak | not significant | 10 months (5 months each of rainy and dry season) | |||||||||||
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Share and Cite
Emekwuru, N.; Ejohwomu, O. Temperature, Humidity and Air Pollution Relationships during a Period of Rainy and Dry Seasons in Lagos, West Africa. Climate 2023, 11, 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11050113
Emekwuru N, Ejohwomu O. Temperature, Humidity and Air Pollution Relationships during a Period of Rainy and Dry Seasons in Lagos, West Africa. Climate. 2023; 11(5):113. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11050113
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmekwuru, Nwabueze, and Obuks Ejohwomu. 2023. "Temperature, Humidity and Air Pollution Relationships during a Period of Rainy and Dry Seasons in Lagos, West Africa" Climate 11, no. 5: 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11050113
APA StyleEmekwuru, N., & Ejohwomu, O. (2023). Temperature, Humidity and Air Pollution Relationships during a Period of Rainy and Dry Seasons in Lagos, West Africa. Climate, 11(5), 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11050113