Chitosan Modified Biochar Increases Soybean (Glycine max L.) Resistance to Salt-Stress by Augmenting Root Morphology, Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and the Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characterization of Chitosan Modified Biochar
2.2. Plant Growth
2.3. Morphological Characteristics of Root and Shoot
2.4. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Contents Calculation
2.5. Measurement of Sodium Ion Concentration
2.6. Estimation of Total Protein, Soluble Sugar, and Chlorophyll Contents
2.7. Estimation of the Content of Proline and Glycine Betaine (GB)
2.8. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Lipid Peroxidation (MDA) Measurement
2.9. Antioxidant Enzyme Assays
2.10. Total RNA Isolation and Analysis of Gene Expression Using Quantitative RT-PCR
2.11. Sodium Sorption of Chitosan Modified Biochar
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biochar Characteristics
3.1.1. Biochar pH and Elemental Composition
3.1.2. Biochar Surface Area, Porosity, Surface Functional Groups, and Surface Charge
3.2. Sorption Isotherm and Kinetics Study
3.3. Plant Growth and Biomass Yield
3.4. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Contents
3.5. Sodium-Ion Concentration
3.6. Soluble Protein, Soluble Sugar, and Chlorophyll Contents
3.7. Proline and Glycine Betaine Contents
3.8. Contents of H2O2 and MDA
3.9. Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes
3.10. Screening and Expression Analysis of Antioxidant Enzymes-Encoding Genes and Salt-Related Genes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | P Content | N Content | Root Length | Shoot Length | Root FW | Shoot FW | Root DW | Shoot DW |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | cm | g | ||||||
T1 | 0.3 ± 0.02 BCD | 0.8 ± 0.06 CD | 12 ± 0.91 BC | 19 ± 1.46 CD | 0.9 ± 0.07 B | 1.4 ± 0.1 B | 0.10 ± 0.01 C | 0.27 ± 0.02 B |
T2 | 0.4 ± 0.03 B | 0.8 ± 0.06 CD | 13 ± 0.99 B | 24 ± 1.8 B | 0.9 ± 0.07 B | 1.5 ± 0.12 B | 0.12 ± 0.01 B | 0.28 ± 0.02 B |
T3 | 0.5 ± 0.04 A | 1.1 ± 0.09 A | 20 ± 1.52 A | 32 ± 2.45 A | 1.4 ± 0.11 A | 2.1 ± 0.16 A | 0.16 ± 0.01 A | 0.42 ± 0.03 A |
T4 | 0.3 ± 0.03 BC | 0.7 ± 0.06 D | 8 ± 0.69 E | 15 ± 1.23 FG | 0.6 ± 0.05 C | 0.8 ± 0.07 D | 0.05 ± 0 E | 0.18 ± 0.02 C |
T5 | 0.3 ± 0.03 BC | 0.8 ± 0.07 BC | 11 ± 0.82 CD | 17 ± 1.33 DEF | 0.7 ± 0.05 C | 1.1 ± 0.08 C | 0.06 ± 0 E | 0.21 ± 0.02 C |
T6 | 0.4 ± 0.03 B | 0.9 ± 0.07 B | 13 ± 1.03 B | 20 ± 1.62 C | 0.7 ± 0.06 C | 1.1 ± 0.09 C | 0.08 ± 0.01 D | 0.20 ± 0.02 C |
T7 | 0.3 ± 0.02 E | 0.5 ± 0.04 E | 5 ± 0.42 F | 14 ± 1.1 G | 0.4 ± 0.03 D | 0.6 ± 0.05 E | 0.03 ± 0 F | 0.08 ± 0.01 D |
T8 | 0.2 ± 0.02 DE | 0.5 ± 0.04 E | 7 ± 0.6 E | 16 ± 1.35 EFG | 0.5 ± 0.04 D | 0.7 ± 0.06 DE | 0.04 ± 0 F | 0.08 ± 0.01 D |
T9 | 0.33 ± 0.03 E | 0.6 ± 0.05 E | 9 ± 0.78 D | 19 ± 1.46 CDE | 0.7 ± 0.05 C | 0.9 ± 0.07 D | 0.05 ± 0 E | 0.10 ± 0.01 D |
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Mehmood, S.; Ahmed, W.; Ikram, M.; Imtiaz, M.; Mahmood, S.; Tu, S.; Chen, D. Chitosan Modified Biochar Increases Soybean (Glycine max L.) Resistance to Salt-Stress by Augmenting Root Morphology, Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and the Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes. Plants 2020, 9, 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091173
Mehmood S, Ahmed W, Ikram M, Imtiaz M, Mahmood S, Tu S, Chen D. Chitosan Modified Biochar Increases Soybean (Glycine max L.) Resistance to Salt-Stress by Augmenting Root Morphology, Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and the Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091173
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehmood, Sajid, Waqas Ahmed, Muhammad Ikram, Muhammad Imtiaz, Sammina Mahmood, Shuxin Tu, and Diyun Chen. 2020. "Chitosan Modified Biochar Increases Soybean (Glycine max L.) Resistance to Salt-Stress by Augmenting Root Morphology, Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and the Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes" Plants 9, no. 9: 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091173