The East Asian Winter Monsoon Acts as a Major Selective Factor in the Intraspecific Differentiation of Drought-Tolerant Nitraria tangutorum in Northwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phylogenetic Analysis and Geographical Distribution of Haplotypes
2.2. Population and Phylogeographical Analysis
2.3. Estimation of the Divergence and Separation of the West and East Lineages
2.4. Regional Population Demography of N. tangutorum
2.5. Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM)
3. Discussion
3.1. Geographic Structure and Genetic Diversity of N. tangutorum
3.2. Intraspecific Divergence in N. tangutorum
3.3. Intraspecific Differentiations Triggered by the Local Monsoon Climate
3.4. Population Demography and Colonization
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Population Sampling
4.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and Sequencing
4.3. Population Nucleotide Diversity and Phylogeographical Analysis
4.4. Phylogenetic Analyses and Molecular Dating
4.5. Inference of Demographic History and Ecological Niche Modelling
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
QTP | Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
EAMS | East Asian monsoon system |
EASM | East Asian summer monsoon |
EAWM | East Asian winter monsoon |
Ma | Million years ago |
cpDNA | chloroplast DNA |
GPS | global positioning system |
AMOVA | analysis of molecular variance |
ML | Maximum likelihood |
RASP | reconstruct ancestral state in phylogenies |
BSP | Bayesian skyline plot |
MDA | mismatch distribution analysis |
ENM | ecological niche modeling |
LGM | Last Glacial Maximum |
LIG | Last Inter-Glacial |
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Population (Code) | Location (All in China) | Group | Number of Individuals | Haplotypes (Individuals) | s | h | Hd | π |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TLMX | Talimuxiang, Sinkiang | West | 8 | H23(2) H24(2) H25(1) H26(3) | 4 | 4 | 0.8210 | 0.0004 |
SSST | Sanshisituan, Sinkiang | West | 8 | H23(8) | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
QKL | Qiongkule, Sinkiang | West | 5 | H23(5) | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
QM | Qiemo, Sinkiang | West | 6 | H23(6) | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
JQ | Jiuquan, Gansu | East-A | 8 | H8(3) H16(3) H19(2) | 5 | 3 | 0.7500 | 0.0006 |
WKQ | Weikengquan, Gansu | East-A | 8 | H1(1) H8(1) H27(6) | 4 | 3 | 0.4640 | 0.0003 |
AYQ | Ayouqi, IMG | East-A | 8 | H1(8) | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
HEY | Huaeryuan, Gansu | East-A | 8 | H1(8) | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
MQXX | Minqinxingxi, Gansu | East-A | 8 | H1(8) | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
HZT | Haizitan, Gansu | East-A | 8 | H1(4) H3(3) H11(1) | 5 | 2 | 0.2500 | 0.0003 |
LJT | Luanjintan, Ningxia | East-A | 8 | H1(2) H3(2) H11(1) H20(1) H21(1) H22(1) | 10 | 6 | 0.9280 | 0.0007 |
WLJ | Wuliji, IMG | East-A | 8 | H16(2) H29(1) H30(4) H31(1) | 6 | 4 | 0.7500 | 0.0006 |
BLQ | Buliqi, IMG | East-A | 8 | H2(1) H3(6) H32(1) | 6 | 3 | 0.4640 | 0.0003 |
DLH | Delingha, Qinghai | East-A | 8 | H8(7) H33(1) | 5 | 2 | 0.2500 | 0.0003 |
LYX | Longyangxia, Qinghai | East-A | 8 | H1(8) | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
DST | Dashetai, IMG | East-B | 7 | H4(6) H10(1) | 5 | 4 | 0.7140 | 0.0004 |
WLERG | Wulanerige, IMG | East-B | 8 | H3(2) H4(3) H14(2) H28(1) | 6 | 4 | 0.8210 | 0.0005 |
YG | Yingen, IMG | East-B | 8 | H9(1) H4(2) H33(5) | 4 | 4 | 0.6420 | 0.0004 |
BLG | Balagong, IMG | East-B | 8 | H4(2) H5(4) H6(1) H7(1) | 6 | 4 | 0.7500 | 0.0004 |
JLT | Jilanta, IMG | East-B | 8 | H11(1) H14(2) H15(1) H16(1) H17(2) H18(1) | 8 | 6 | 0.9280 | 0.0007 |
JCHK | Jichakou, IMG | East-B | 7 | H2(1) H3(1) H12(1) H13(2) H14(2) | 8 | 5 | 0.9040 | 0.0006 |
Regions | HS | HT | GST | NST | Neutrality Tests | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fu’s Fs | Tajiam’s D | |||||
East-A | 0.472 (0.116) | 0.843 (0.095) | 0.440 (0.099) | 0.691 (0.136) | −8.024 ** (0.004) | −1.306 (0.067) |
East-B | 0.824 * (0.041) | 0.930 * (0.043) | 0.114 * (0.022) | 0.220 (NC) | −6.468 ** (0.008) | −0.077 (0.527) |
West | 0.205 * (0.020) | 0.375 * (0.027) | 0.452 (NC) | 0.364 (NC) | −0.645 (0.359) | −1.589 * (0.046) |
Total | 0.470 (0.081) | 0.922 * (0.034) | 0.490 (0.046) | 0.647 (0.041) | −13.614 ** 0.002 | −0.624 * (0.034) |
Regions | Source of Variation | d.f. | SS | VC | PV (%) | Fixation Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East-A | Among populations | 10 | 56.705 | 0.623 | 47.770 | FST = 0.478 * |
Within-populations | 77 | 52.500 | 0.681 | 52.230 | ||
Total | 87 | 109.205 | 1.305 | |||
East-B | Among populations | 5 | 38.049 | 0.849 | 43.500 | FST = 0.435 * |
Within-populations | 40 | 44.125 | 1.103 | 56.500 | ||
Total | 45 | 82.174 | 1.952 | |||
West | Among populations | 3 | 3.431 | 0.132 | 33.070 | FST = 0.331 * |
Within-populations | 23 | 6.125 | 0.266 | 66.930 | ||
Total | 26 | 9.556 | 0.398 | |||
West, East-A and East-B in comparison | Among groups | 2 | 121.013 | 1.314 | 51.960 | FCT = 0.520 * |
Among populations within groups | 16 | 66.398 | 0.441 | 17.450 | FSC = 0.363 * | |
Within populations | 126 | 97.500 | 0.774 | 30.590 | FST = 0.694 * | |
Total | 144 | 284.910 | 2.530 |
East-A | East-B | West | |
---|---|---|---|
East-A | 0.000 * | ||
East-B | 0.388 * | 0.000 * | |
West | 0.538 * | 0.553 ** | 0.000 * |
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Yin, H.; Wang, L.; Shi, Y.; Qian, C.; Zhou, H.; Wang, W.; Ma, X.-F.; Tran, L.-S.P.; Zhang, B. The East Asian Winter Monsoon Acts as a Major Selective Factor in the Intraspecific Differentiation of Drought-Tolerant Nitraria tangutorum in Northwest China. Plants 2020, 9, 1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091100
Yin H, Wang L, Shi Y, Qian C, Zhou H, Wang W, Ma X-F, Tran L-SP, Zhang B. The East Asian Winter Monsoon Acts as a Major Selective Factor in the Intraspecific Differentiation of Drought-Tolerant Nitraria tangutorum in Northwest China. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091100
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Hengxia, Lirong Wang, Yong Shi, Chaoju Qian, Huakun Zhou, Wenying Wang, Xiao-Fei Ma, Lam-Son Phan Tran, and Benyin Zhang. 2020. "The East Asian Winter Monsoon Acts as a Major Selective Factor in the Intraspecific Differentiation of Drought-Tolerant Nitraria tangutorum in Northwest China" Plants 9, no. 9: 1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091100