The Influence of New and Artificial Aged Microplastic and Leachates on the Germination of Lepidium sativum L.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Germination in Substrate-Free System with Leachates
2.2. Germination in a Substrate-System with Exposure to Leachates
2.3. Germination in a Substrate-System with MP Granules
2.4. Root and Seedling Length in Substrate-Free Exposures
2.5. Root and Seedling Length in Substrate Exposures
2.6. Germination Rate Index Calculation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Lepidium sativum (L.) Seeds
3.2. Microplastics, Aged Microplastics and Plastic Leachates
3.3. Bisphenol A
3.4. Control for Plastic Leachate and BPA Exposures
3.5. Experimental Design
3.5.1. Substrate-Free Experiments
3.5.2. Substrate Experiments
3.6. Experimental End Points
- (a)
- Germination percentage (GP) is determined by calculating the level of cumulative seed germination percentage as shown in Equation (1):
- (b)
- Mean total seedlings length, and radicle length was measured in mm after seven days of germination with a digital caliper.
- (c)
- Germination rate index(Speed of germination; GRI) is expressed as the germination in terms of the total number of seeds germinating in a time interval in%/time as per Equation (2):
3.7. Statistics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MP Concentration | GRI Substrate-Free Exposures | GRI Substrate Exposures | |
---|---|---|---|
control | 1.59 ± 0.06 | 1.71 ± 0.03 | |
new-PC-Leachate | 0.1% 1.0% 10% | 1.23 ± 0.06 0.62 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.04 | 1.29 ± 0.05 1.12 ± 0.06 0.50 ± 0.06 |
aged-PC-Leachate | 0.1% 1.0% 10% | 1.50 ± 0.06 1.37 ± 0.05 1.11 ± 0.04 | 1.49 ± 0.06 1.27 ± 0.10 1.05 ± 0.04 |
BPA | 10 mg/L 50 mg/L 100 mg/L | 1.46 ± 0.05 1.33 ± 0.06 0.93 ± 0.05 | 1.63 ± 0.70 1.49 ± 0.04 1.30 ± 0.03 |
new-PC granules | 0.1% 1.0% 10% | 1.45 ± 0.05 1.20 ± 0.08 0.61 ± 0.06 | |
aged-PC granules | 0.1% 1.0% 10% | 1.61 ± 0.07 1.37 ± 0.05 1.11 ± 0.03 | |
new-PC-leached granules | 0.1% 1.0% 10% | 1.58 ± 0.06 1.38 ± 0.05 1.14 ± 0.02 |
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Pflugmacher, S.; Sulek, A.; Mader, H.; Heo, J.; Noh, J.H.; Penttinen, O.-P.; Kim, Y.; Kim, S.; Esterhuizen, M. The Influence of New and Artificial Aged Microplastic and Leachates on the Germination of Lepidium sativum L. Plants 2020, 9, 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030339
Pflugmacher S, Sulek A, Mader H, Heo J, Noh JH, Penttinen O-P, Kim Y, Kim S, Esterhuizen M. The Influence of New and Artificial Aged Microplastic and Leachates on the Germination of Lepidium sativum L. Plants. 2020; 9(3):339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030339
Chicago/Turabian StylePflugmacher, Stephan, Amalia Sulek, Hannah Mader, Jeongin Heo, Ji Hyeon Noh, Olli-Pekka Penttinen, YoungJun Kim, Sanghun Kim, and Maranda Esterhuizen. 2020. "The Influence of New and Artificial Aged Microplastic and Leachates on the Germination of Lepidium sativum L." Plants 9, no. 3: 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030339