Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Rutaceae) from Burkina Faso
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sites and Sampling
2.2. Morphological Characterization
2.2.1. Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment
2.2.2. Morphological Data Analysis
2.3. Molecular Characterization
2.3.1. DNA Extraction and Quantification
2.3.2. Purifying the PCR Products and Sequencing
2.3.3. Editing and Alignment
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Characterization
3.2. Correlation of Morphological Traits and Physical Parameters of Soil
3.3. Molecular Characterization
4. Discussion
4.1. Morphological Characterization
4.2. Molecular Characterization
4.3. Conservation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Geographic Coordinates (Recorded with GPS) | Altitude in m a.s.l. (Recorded with GPS) | Average Annual Precipitation from 2016–2017 (mm) (from the National Agency of Meteorology, Burkina Faso) | Average Annual Temperature 2017 (°C) from (mm) (from the National Agency of Meteorology, Burkina Faso) | Soil Type from [5] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Niangoloko | 30 P 0289150 UTM 1134950 | 342–353 | 979.55 | 26–31 | sand |
Sidéra dougou | 30P 0368450 UTM 1169500 | 320–343 | 771.5 | 26–31 | sand |
Orodara | 30 P 0291500 UTM 1217000 | 546–560 | 980.3 | 26–32 | clay |
Site | Depth (cm) | % Clay | % Silt | % Sand |
---|---|---|---|---|
Niangoloko | 0–25 | 6.1 | 23.49 | 70.41 |
25.1–50 | 15.2 | 25 | 59.8 | |
50.1–100 | 23.53 | 19.61 | 56.86 | |
Sidéradougou | 0–25 | 10.2 | 22.7 | 67.1 |
25.1–50 | 16.4 | 25.2 | 58.4 | |
50.1–100 | 26.4 | 19.5 | 54.1 | |
Orodara | 0–25 | 63 | 25.8 | 11.2 |
25.1–50 | 62.75 | 27.45 | 9.8 | |
50.1–100 | 49.6 | 19.61 | 30.79 |
Primers | Sequence (All Given in Orientation 5’-3’) | References |
---|---|---|
trnLc | CGA AAT CGG TAG ACG CTA CG | [29] |
trnLd | GGG GAT AGA GGG ACT TGA AC | [29] |
trnLFe | GGT TCA AGT CCC TCT ATC CC | [29] |
trnLFf | ATT TGA ACT GGT GAC ACG AG | [29] |
ITS-F1 | CCT GCC CTT TGT ACA CAC C | [30] |
ITS-F2 | TCT CGG CAA CGG ATA TCT CG | [30] |
ITS-R1 | GCT TCT NCA GAC TAC AAT TC | [30] |
ITS-R2 | CGT TCA AAG ACT CGA TGG TTC | [30] |
psbA | GTT ATG CAT GAA CGT AAT GCT C | [31] |
trnH | CGC GCA TGG TGG ATT CAC AAT CC | [32] |
GBSSI f156 | GCT CCT CGC TAT GAC CAG TA | [28] |
GBSSI r642 | ACT CAA CAC CTT TAT CTT CC | [28] |
Site | Trunk Height (cm) | Diameter of Trunk C50 | Number of Stems Per Feet |
---|---|---|---|
Sidéradougou (24) | 203.7 ± 57.61 a | 60.67 ±13,40 a | 1.00 ± 0.000 b |
Niangoloko (24) | 151.2 ± 50.58 b | 45.63 ± 27.5 b | 1.25 ± 0.53 b |
Orodara (24) | 106.5 ± 50.77 c | 42.04 ± 21.75 b | 2.71 ± 1.3 a |
Min | 27 | 18 | 1 |
Max | 300 | 133 | 5 |
Mean | 153.8 | 49.44 | 1.65 |
SqR | 65.87 | 22.76 | 1.10 |
P-Value | <0.0001 | 0.009 | <0.0001 |
Significance | HS | S | HS |
Site | Leaf Length (cm) | Leaf Width (cm) | Petiole Length (cm) | Inflorescence Length (cm) | Inflorescence Width (cm) | Seed Diameter (mm) | Hundred Seed Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sidéradougou (24) | 18.92 ± 4.11 a | 11.4 ± 2.69 a | 4.27 ± 1.01 a | 8.37 ± 2.2 a | 2.91 ± 0.88 a | 3.3 ± 0.28 a | 2.21 ± 0.32 b |
Niangoloko (24) | 17.02 ± 2.89 ab | 11.2 ± 2.39 a | 4.25 ± 1.15 a | 5.37 ± 1.68 b | 2.63 ± 0.51 a | 3.05 ± 0.07b | 2.01 ± 0.09 c |
Orodara (24) | 16.48 ± 2.77 b | 11,08 ± 1.76 a | 3.48 ± 0.71 b | 8.83 ± 2.3 a | 3.16 ± 0.88 a | 3.42 ± 0.32 a | 2.78 ± 0.34 a |
Min | 10 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1.8 |
Max | 25 | 18 | 6 | 13 | 6 | 4 | 3.5 |
Mean | 17.47 | 11.22 | 4 | 7.55 | 2.9 | 3.25 | 2.34 |
SqR | 3.43 | 2.26 | 1.03 | 2.57 | 0.8 | 0.29 | 0.43 |
P-Value | 0.03 | 0.891 | 0.008 | <0.0001 | 0.074 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Significance | S | NS | S | HS | NS | HS | HS |
Site | Flowering Time | Fruiting Time | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May–July | August–October | Novemer–Jane | July–September | October–December | Jane–March | |
Sidéradougou | 4 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 12 | 8 |
Niangoloko | 9 | 12 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 3 |
Orodara | 2 | 6 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 16 |
Total number of trees per season | 15 | 30 | 27 | 15 | 30 | 27 |
Percentage (%) | 20.83 | 41.67 | 37.5 | 20.83 | 41.67 | 37.5 |
Variables | Th | Dt | Nsf | Lf | Lw | Pl | Hsw | Sd | Il | Iw | %Cl | %Si | Sa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Th | 1 | ||||||||||||
Dt | 0.3107 | 1 | |||||||||||
Nsf | −0.2741 | −0.2396 | 1 | ||||||||||
Ll | 0.2419 | 0.1755 | −0.0565 | 1 | |||||||||
Lw | 0.1449 | 0.2412 | 0.0370 | 0.6249 | 1 | ||||||||
Pl | 0.5091 | 0.2148 | −0.1982 | 0.3706 | 0.4132 | 1 | |||||||
Hsw | −0.1665 | −0.0405 | 0.4180 | 0.0388 | 0.1620 | −0.0838 | 1 | ||||||
Sd | 0.0430 | −0.0045 | 0.3004 | 0.0023 | 0.0382 | −0.1016 | 0.4733 | 1 | |||||
Il | 0.0082 | 0.1938 | 0.1903 | −0.0373 | 0.0203 | −0.1489 | 0.4015 | 0.4079 | 1 | ||||
Iw | −0.0919 | 0.1267 | 0.1041 | −0.0564 | 0.0642 | −0.0684 | 0.1733 | 0.1659 | 0.4707 | 1 | |||
%Cl | −0.4925 | −0.2164 | 0.6756 | −0.1931 | −0.0416 | −0.3596 | 0.7539 | 0.4298 | 0.3880 | 0.2419 | 1 | ||
%Si | −0.5541 | −0.2694 | 0.6880 | −0.2372 | −0.0488 | −0.3544 | 0.7073 | 0.3541 | 0.2869 | 0.2096 | 0.9793 | 1 | |
%Sa | 0.4943 | 0.2179 | −0.6762 | 0.1943 | 0.0418 | 0.3596 | −0.7531 | −0.4281 | −0.3856 | −0.2412 | −1.0000 | −0.9804 | 1 |
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Ouédraogo, L.; Fuchs, D.; Schaefer, H.; Kiendrebeogo, M. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Rutaceae) from Burkina Faso. Plants 2019, 8, 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8090353
Ouédraogo L, Fuchs D, Schaefer H, Kiendrebeogo M. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Rutaceae) from Burkina Faso. Plants. 2019; 8(9):353. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8090353
Chicago/Turabian StyleOuédraogo, Lassané, Dominik Fuchs, Hanno Schaefer, and Martin Kiendrebeogo. 2019. "Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Rutaceae) from Burkina Faso" Plants 8, no. 9: 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8090353