Climate, Life Form and Family Jointly Control Variation of Leaf Traits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Variation in the Leaf Traits of Plants
2.2. Trade-Off in the Leaf Traits of Plants
2.3. Multi-Factorial Control of Leaf Trait Variation
3. Discussion
3.1. Variation in Leaf Traits and Its Control
3.2. Covariation of Different Leaf Traits
3.3. Leaf Economics Spectrum in China
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Trait Database
4.2. Climatic, Vegetation, Family, and Life Form Variables
4.3. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Functional Traits | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Standard Deviation | Variable Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA | 0.0036 | 1.67−07 | 0.24012 | 0.0098 | 2.7222 |
SLA | 20.3092 | 1.6420 | 205.6915 | 12.9413 | 0.6372 |
LMA | 0.0712 | 0.0049 | 0.6090 | 0.0546 | 0.7669 |
LDMC | 336.9785 | 62.0915 | 950.5650 | 116.2379 | 0.3449 |
C mass | 436.7534 | 168.9521 | 979.3636 | 85.6143 | 0.1960 |
N mass | 19.5915 | 0.0870 | 122.9118 | 8.9276 | 0.4557 |
P mass | 2.4990 | 0.0600 | 7.8705 | 1.2507 | 0.5005 |
K mass | 14.7673 | 0.1210 | 102.5344 | 10.3826 | 0.7031 |
N area | 1.3227 | 0.0054 | 16.0167 | 0.9466 | 0.7157 |
P area | 0.1487 | 0.0025 | 1.2868 | 0.1086 | 0.7303 |
K area | 0.8250 | 0.0030 | 10.9283 | 0.7188 | 0.8713 |
d13C:12C | −28.5584 | −39.0705 | −11.8300 | 4.4495 | −0.1558 |
d15N:14N | −0.2624 | −7.4005 | 12.1350 | 2.8134 | −10.7218 |
LA | SLA | LMA | LDMC | C Mass | N Mass | P Mass | K Mass | N Area | P Area | K Area | d13C:12C | d15N:14N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA | 0.2195 | 0.1841 | 0.4822 | 0.4698 | 0.5431 | 0.0685 | 0.4745 | 0.1463 | 0.1263 | 0.8353 | <0.0001 | 0.1828 | |
SLA | 0.054 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0026 | <0.0001 | 0.2830 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0007 | <0.0001 | |
LMA | −0.059 | −0.617 | <0.0001 | 0.2980 | <0.0001 | 0.0105 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0070 | 0.0100 | |
LDMC | −0.031 | −0.482 | 0.281 | 0.0021 | <0.0001 | 0.0592 | <0.0001 | 0.0007 | <0.0001 | 0.8982 | <0.0001 | 0.2827 | |
C mass | −0.032 | −0.133 | -0.046 | 0.135 | <0.0001 | 0.0118 | 0.5186 | <0.0001 | 0.0287 | 0.4322 | 0.0171 | <0.0001 | |
N mass | −0.027 | 0.203 | −0.247 | −0.233 | 0.181 | 0.7016 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0006 | 0.0004 | 0.0002 | |
P mass | 0.080 | 0.047 | −0.113 | −0.083 | 0.111 | 0.017 | 0.8934 | 0.0362 | <0.0001 | 0.0487 | <0.0001 | 0.8104 | |
K mass | 0.032 | 0.257 | −0.222 | −0.335 | −0.029 | 0.335 | 0.006 | 0.1288 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.5534 | |
N area | −0.064 | −0.492 | 0.694 | 0.149 | 0.184 | 0.365 | −0.092 | 0.067 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
P area | 0.067 | −0.485 | 0.556 | 0.297 | 0.096 | −0.187 | 0.630 | −0.183 | 0.367 | <0.0001 | 0.0050 | <0.0001 | |
K area | −0.009 | −0.276 | 0.363 | 0.006 | −0.035 | 0.151 | −0.087 | 0.711 | 0.495 | 0.179 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
d13C:12C | −0.225 | −0.148 | 0.119 | 0.175 | 0.105 | 0.154 | −0.258 | 0.197 | 0.214 | −0.124 | 0.326 | 0.0002 | |
d15N:14N | 0.059 | −0.237 | 0.113 | 0.047 | −0.247 | 0.163 | −0.011 | 0.026 | 0.283 | 0.213 | 0.275 | 0.161 |
Leaf Traits | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
LA | 0.95 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.19 |
SLA | 0.84 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.43 |
LMA | −0.19 | 0.93 | −0.02 | 0.18 |
LDMC | 0.38 | 0.88 | −0.01 | 0.02 |
C mass | −0.13 | −0.01 | 0.96 | 0.04 |
N mass | 0.51 | −0.02 | 0.78 | −0.14 |
P mass | −0.05 | 0.15 | −0.03 | 0.95 |
K mass | −0.64 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.23 |
N area | 0.16 | −0.13 | 0.02 | −0.09 |
P area | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.11 |
K area | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.12 |
d13C:12C | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.02 |
d15N:14N | 0.08 | 0.17 | −0.15 | 0.06 |
Eigenvalue | 2.53 | 1.73 | 1.57 | 1.26 |
Explained (%) | 19.43 | 13.31 | 12.09 | 9.70 |
Cumulative (%) | 19.43 | 32.74 | 44.83 | 54.53 |
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Zhang, H.; Zeng, Z.; Zou, Z.; Zeng, F. Climate, Life Form and Family Jointly Control Variation of Leaf Traits. Plants 2019, 8, 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080286
Zhang H, Zeng Z, Zou Z, Zeng F. Climate, Life Form and Family Jointly Control Variation of Leaf Traits. Plants. 2019; 8(8):286. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080286
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hao, Zhaoxia Zeng, Zhigang Zou, and Fuping Zeng. 2019. "Climate, Life Form and Family Jointly Control Variation of Leaf Traits" Plants 8, no. 8: 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080286