Leaf Anatomy, Morphology and Photosynthesis of Three Tundra Shrubs after 7-Year Experimental Warming on Changbai Mountain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Environmental Measurements
2.2. The Light Response Curves
2.3. Photosynthetic Characteristics
2.4. Leaf Anatomy
2.5. Leaf Morphology
3. Discussions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Site and Experimental Design
4.2. Photosynthetic Light Response Curves
4.3. Leaf Morphology Measurement
4.4. Leaf Anatomy Measurement
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | 2016 | Significance | 2017 | Significance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OTCs | Controls | Difference | OTCs | Controls | Difference | |||
Daily air temperature (°C) | 15.3 | 13.7 | +1.6 | ** | 13.4 | 12.0 | +1.4 | ** |
Daily relative humidity (%) | 85 | 84 | +1 | ns | 79 | 77 | +2 | ns |
Daily soil temperature at 10 cm depth (°C) | 13.7 | 13.1 | +0.6 | ns | 13.9 | 12.9 | +1.0 | ns |
Daily soil water content (m3 m−3) | 0.314 | 0.358 | −0.044 | *** | 0.257 | 0.309 | −0.052 | *** |
Daytime air temperature (°C) | 18.7 | 16.2 | +2.5 | *** | 16.0 | 13.1 | + 2.9 | *** |
Daytime relative humidity (%) | 78 | 81 | 3 | ns | 72 | 73 | 1 | ns |
Daytime soil temperature at 10 cm depth (°C) | 17.5 | 14.6 | +2.9 | *** | 17.8 | 14.5 | −3.3 | *** |
Daytime soil water content (m3 m−3) | 0.313 | 0.358 | −0.045 | *** | 0.257 | 0.309 | −0.052 | *** |
Nighttime air temperature (°C) | 12.1 | 11.2 | +0.9 | * | 10.9 | 10.6 | +0.3 | * |
Nighttime relative humidity (%) | 91 | 86 | +5 | ns | 86 | 80 | +6 | ns |
Nighttime soil temperature at 10 cm depth (°C) | 11.3 | 11.3 | 0 | ns | 11.0 | 11.2 | −0.2 | ns |
Nighttime soil water content (m3 m−3) | 0.315 | 0.358 | −0.043 | *** | 0.257 | 0.309 | −0.052 | *** |
Daytime PAR (μmol m−2 s−1) | 655 | 676 | 21 | ns | 722 | 768 | −46 | ns |
Dr. octopetala var. asiatica | Rh. confertissimum | V. uliginosum | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pmax | AQY | Pmax | AQY | Pmax | AQY | |
Treatment | ** | * | *** | ns | ns | * |
Measurement date | * | * | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Interaction | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
July | August | September | Whole Growing Season | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warming | Control | Warming | Control | Warming | Control | Warming | Control | |
Dryas octopetala var. asiatica | ||||||||
Pmax (μmol m−2 s−1) | 25.6 | 15.2 | 21.9 | 18.1 | 9.7 | 6.6 | 19.1 | 13.3 |
AQY | 0.061 | 0.036 | 0.051 | 0.040 | 0.028 | 0.016 | 0.047 | 0.031 |
Rhododendron confertissimum | ||||||||
Pmax (μmol m−2 s−1) | 24.0 | 18.0 | 21.1 | 16.5 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 17.1 | 13.5 |
AQY | 0.034 | 0.026 | 0.027 | 0.030 | 0.009 | 0.018 | 0.023 | 0.025 |
Vaccinium uliginosum | ||||||||
Pmax (μmol m−2 s−1) | 15.0 | 16.1 | 14.5 | 14.7 | 4.9 | 9.0 | 11.5 | 13.2 |
AQY | 0.030 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.032 | 0.012 | 0.024 | 0.026 | 0.031 |
Warming | Control | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
July | September | July | September | |
Dryas octopetala var. asiatica | ||||
Leaf thickness (μm) | 147.2 ± 3.033 a | 125.4 ± 2.560 b | 150.0 ± 3.131 a | 122.5 ± 3.401 b |
Palisade thickness (μm) | 67.7 ± 2.413 a | 65.7 ± 2.528 a | 69.2 ± 1.475 a | 62.6 ± 1.341 a |
Palisade: leaf thickness | 0.459 ± 0.012 b | 0.525 ± 0.019 a | 0.463 ± 0.007 b | 0.513 ± 0.011 a |
Palisade: spongy parenchyma | 1.343 ± 0.114 b | 1.790 ± 0.195 a | 1.241 ± 0.044 b | 1.532 ± 0.101 ab |
Adaxial epidermis length (μm) | 21.0 ± 0.712 a | 17.3 ± 0.609 b | 21.3 ± 0.638 a | 16.9 ± 1.009 b |
Adaxial epidermis thickness (μm) | 13.8 ± 0.520 a | 11.2 ± 0.647 b | 12.9 ± 0.473 a | 9.7 ± 0.537 b |
Abaxial epidermis length (μm) | 13.5 ± 0.461 a | 12.3 ± 0.856 ab | 13.0 ± 0.387 ab | 11.3 ± 0.931 b |
Abaxial epidermis thickness (μm) | 10.2 ± 0.315 a | 8.2 ± 0.508 b | 9.9 ± 0.326 a | 6.9 ± 0.222 c |
Rhododendron confertissimum | ||||
Leaf thickness (μm) | 254.3 ± 10.335 b | 222.8 ± 11.513 c | 280.9 ± 6.895 a | 244.5 ± 7.164 bc |
Palisade thickness (μm) | 63.5 ± 2.933 a | 65.9 ± 2.796 a | 69.9 ± 2.890 a | 70.8 ± 2.164 a |
Palisade: leaf thickness | 0.252 ± 0.007 b | 0.301 ± 0.012 a | 0.247 ± 0.006 b | 0.293 ± 0.008 a |
Palisade: spongy parenchyma | 0.404 ± 0.020 b | 0.482 ± 0.031 a | 0.372 ± 0.012 b | 0.478 ± 0.022 a |
Adaxial epidermis length (μm) | 20.9 ± 0.583 a | 17.0 ± 0.545 b | 18.1 ± 0.494 b | 17.8 ± 0.680 b |
Adaxial epidermis thickness (μm) | 14.2 ± 0.465 a | 9.3 ± 0.429 d | 12.7 ± 0.309 b | 10.7 ± 0.397 c |
Abaxial epidermis length (μm) | 16.0 ± 0.557 a | 12.6 ± 0.863 b | 13.6 ± 0.389 b | 12.4 ± 0.431 b |
Abaxial epidermis thickness (μm) | 12.2 ± 0.626 a | 8.6 ± 0.368 c | 10.5 ± 0.301 b | 8.9 ± 0.352 c |
Cuticula thickness (μm) | 7.1 ± 0.269 b | 8.5 ± 0.542 a | 6.8 ± 0.225 b | 7.5 ± 0.250 b |
Vaccinium uliginosum | ||||
Leaf thickness (μm) | 174.8 ± 2.766 a | 149.5 ± 4.412 b | 180.8 ± 4.218 a | 171.2 ± 4.445 a |
Palisade thickness (μm) | 66.3 ± 1.451 ab | 67.0 ± 3.013 ab | 70.5 ± 2.153 a | 64.0 ± 2.233 b |
Palisade: leaf thickness | 0.381 ± 0.007 b | 0.448 ± 0.014 a | 0.391 ± 0.009 b | 0.375 ± 0.011 b |
Palisade: spongy parenchyma | 0.793 ± 0.029 b | 1.008 ± 0.095 a | 0.886 ± 0.036 ab | 0.773 ± 0.059 b |
Adaxial epidermis length (μm) | 21.8 ± 0.710 b | 24.0 ± 1.104 b | 29.2 ± 0.980 a | 29.0 ± 1.113 a |
Adaxial epidermis thickness (μm) | 12.3 ± 0.475 b | 8.1 ± 0.646 c | 16.0 ± 0.576 a | 12.3 ± 0.594 b |
Abaxial epidermis length (μm) | 17.8 ± 0.640 b | 16.3 ± 1.087 b | 22.0 ± 0.738 a | 23.2 ± 0.703 a |
Abaxial epidermis thickness (μm) | 9.8 ± 0.280 b | 6.4 ± 0.618 c | 12.5 ± 0.515 a | 10.6 ± 0.611 b |
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Zhou, Y.; Deng, J.; Tai, Z.; Jiang, L.; Han, J.; Meng, G.; Li, M.-H. Leaf Anatomy, Morphology and Photosynthesis of Three Tundra Shrubs after 7-Year Experimental Warming on Changbai Mountain. Plants 2019, 8, 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080271
Zhou Y, Deng J, Tai Z, Jiang L, Han J, Meng G, Li M-H. Leaf Anatomy, Morphology and Photosynthesis of Three Tundra Shrubs after 7-Year Experimental Warming on Changbai Mountain. Plants. 2019; 8(8):271. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080271
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Yumei, Jifeng Deng, Zhijuan Tai, Lifen Jiang, Jianqiu Han, Gelei Meng, and Mai-He Li. 2019. "Leaf Anatomy, Morphology and Photosynthesis of Three Tundra Shrubs after 7-Year Experimental Warming on Changbai Mountain" Plants 8, no. 8: 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080271