Flora Checklist in the Bayanaul State National Nature Park, Kazakhstan with Special Focus on New Species of Conservation Interest
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Plant Specimens’ Preservation and Identification
2.4. Data Processing and Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Plant Species Diversity in BSNNP
3.2. Dominant Plant Families and Genera
3.3. Habitat Types Based on Water Availability
3.4. Ethnobotanical Uses of Plant Species of BSNNP
3.5. Newly Recorded Plant Species and Their Habitat
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taxon Name | No. of Families, pcs. | No. of Genera, pcs | No. of Species, pcs |
---|---|---|---|
Equisetopsida—Horsetails | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Polypodiopsida—Ferns | 7 | 10 | 12 |
Pinopsida—Cone-bearing trees | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Gnetopsida—Gnetovye | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Liliopsida—Monocots | 14 | 54 | 142 |
Magnoliopsida—Dicotyledons | 56 | 267 | 599 |
Economic Groups | Number of Species | % | Number of Births | % | Number of Families | % | Abundant Plant Species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medicinal | 186 | 24.4 | 83 | 24.8 | 39 | 48.1 | Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Betula pendula, Urtica dioica, Padus racemosa, Taraxacum officinale, Thymus serpyllum, and Solidago virgo-aurea, |
Decorative | 126 | 16.5 | 61 | 18.2 | 34 | 42.0 | Gypsophila altissima, Gypsophila muralis, Iris pseudacorusm Veronica spicata, Pteridium aquilina, Lavathera turinginea, and Fritillaria sp. |
Feed | 120 | 15.7 | 24 | 7.2 | 15 | 18.5 | Leymus akmolensis, Festuca sulcata, Agropyron pectinatum, Vicia sativa, Medicago falcata, Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens, and Bromus inermis. |
Honey-bearing | 81 | 10.6 | 26 | 7.8 | 14 | 17.3 | Melilotus officinalis, Frangula alnus, Dracocephalus thymiflorum, Salvia spepposa, Eleagnus angustifolia, Trifolium pratense, Chamerion angusrifolia, and Caragana frutex. |
Soil, forest, phyto reclamation | 60 | 7.9 | 37 | 11.0 | 22 | 27.2 | Pinus sylvestris, Populus balsamifera, Salix alba, Alnus glutinosa, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis. |
Food | 54 | 7.1 | 11 | 3.3 | 9 | 11.1 | Grossularia sp., Ribes niger, Hippophae rhamnoides, Cirsium esculentum, Fragaria viridis, Rubus caesias, and Rubus idaeas. |
Technical | 45 | 5.9 | 16 | 4.8 | 12 | 14.8 | Typha latifolia, Salix alba, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, Lythrum salicaria, and Chamerion angusrifolia. |
Vitamin | 22 | 2.9 | 5 | 1.5 | 4 | 4.9 | Rosa canina, Rosa cinnamomea, Sorbus sibirica, and Ribes niger. |
Essential oilseeds | 21 | 2.8 | 14 | 4.2 | 5 | 6.2 | Thymus serpyllum, Ziziphora bungeana, Patrinia intermedia, Nepeta pannonica, and Nepeta ucranica. |
Insecticidal | 4 | 0.5 | 4 | 1.2 | 3 | 3.7 | Pedicularis palustris, Anabasis aphylla, Tanacetum vulgare, and Artemisia absinthium. |
No. | Plants | Family | Vernacular Name | Habitat and Distribution |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pteridium aquilinum | Dennstaedtiaceae | Common bracken | The most common background species of large ferns. |
2 | Equisetum arvense | Equisetaceae | Moore’s horsetail | Damp and open woodlands, pastures, roadsides, disturbed areas, and near the edge of streams. |
3 | Ephedra intermedia | Middle ephedra | Deserts, grasslands, floodlands and river valleys, slopes and cliffs, and sandy beaches. | |
4 | Aquilegia vulgaris | Ephedraceae | Creeping buttercup | Wild species from the cultivated flora. |
5 | Ranunculus repens | Ranunculaceae | Creeping buttercup | Very common in damp places, ditches, and flooded areas. |
6 | Thalictrum aquilegifolia | Ranunculaceae | Basil foliage | Native range extends through Europe and temperate Asia, with a naturalized distribution in North America limited to New York and Ontario. |
7 | Gypsophila perfoliata | Caryophyllaceae | perfoliate baby’s-breath | Cultivated areas of gardens and parks. |
8 | Stellaria holostea | Caryophyllaceae | Chickweed | Widely distributed in broad-leaved and mixed forests. |
9 | Atriplex nitens | Chenopodiaceae | Quinoa | Adapted to dry environments with salty soils. |
10 | Salicornia europaea | Amaranthaceae | European saltwort | Grows in various zones of intertidal salt marshes, on beaches, and among mangroves. |
11 | Camphorosma monspeliaca | Amaranthaceae | Campharosma monspeliaca | Found in salt marshes and salty soils. Grows scattered or in groups. |
12 | Halocnemum strobilaceum | Amaranthaceae | Sarsazan knobby | A hyper-halophyte capable of growing alongside glasswort in conditions of extreme soil salinity. |
13 | Kalidium foliatum | Amaranthaceae | Potassium foliatum | Grow in saline mudflats, on alkaline soils, at margins of alluvial fans, and the shores of salt lakes. |
14 | Anabasis aphylla | Amaranthaceae | Leafless barnacle, itssigek | A many-branched shrub usually found growing in alluvial fans and dune swales. |
15 | Limonium leptophyllum | Plumbaginaceae | Elegant Kermek | The native range of this species is Central Asia. It grows primarily in the temperate biome. |
16 | Populus nigra | Salicaceae | Black poplar | Spreads mainly from plantings in populated and recreation areas. |
17 | Populus alba | Salicaceae | White poplar | Spreads from plantings in populated areas. |
18 | Populus canescens | Salicaceae | Gray poplar | Natural hybrid between aspen and white poplar, polymorphic and widespread, also used in decorative landscaping. |
19 | Salix viminalis | Salicaceae | Basket willow | It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the temperate biome. |
20 | Ulmus pinnato-ramosa | Ulmaceae | Pinnate elm | It is the last tree species encountered in the semi-desert regions of Central Asia. |
21 | Urtica cannabina | Urticaceae | Hemp nettle | Weed species in the northern regions spread from the south, mainly through a network of settlements and through accidental introduction. |
22 | Euphorbia acuta | Euphorbiaceae | Acute spurge | Found in arid and littoral conditions, they are typical xero- and thermophytes. Few species enter the tropical zone, and very few of them enter cold regions. |
23 | Sedum purpurea | Crassulaceae | Purple sedum | Typically found in dry habitats with sufficient bright sunlight. |
24 | Sedum acre | Crassulaceae | Caustic sedum | Typically found in dry habitats with sufficient bright sunlight. |
25 | Ribes rubrum | Crassulaceae | Red currant | Wild and wild cultivated forms. |
26 | Grossularia reclinata | Grossulariaceae | Rejected gooseberry, cultivated | Bred everywhere, runs wild, goes into foothill forests and grows together with native species. |
27 | Syringa vulgaris | Oleaceae | Common lilac | Cultivated around all populated areas. |
28 | Fraxinus excelsior | Oleaceae | Tall ash | Spreads from artificial plantings |
29 | Pentaphylloides fruticosa | Rosaceae | Kuril bush tea | It is a subshrub or shrub and grows primarily in the temperate biome. |
30 | Pentaphylloides parviflora | Rosaceae | Small-flowered Kuril tea | It is a subshrub or shrub and grows primarily in the temperate biome. |
31 | Astragalus overiformis | Fabaceae | Grow on the edges and clearings of larch, pine, birch forests, in mountain fir and spruce forests, steppes. | |
32 | Astragalus lanuginosus | Fabaceae | Woolly astragalus | Grow on sands in light pine forests, as well as along riverbanks, on railway embankments, and along roadsides. |
33 | Astragalus arenarius | Fabaceae | Sandy astragalus | Grow on sands in light pine forests, as well as along riverbanks, on railway embankments, along roadsides. |
34 | Astragalus glycyphillus | Fabaceae | Astragalus licorice | Fresh, moist, slightly acidic, humus-rich, loamy and sandy loam soils. |
35 | Glycyrrhiza glabra | Fabaceae | Naked licorice | Grow in the valleys and floodplains of steppe and semi-desert rivers, on sand and shell ridges in the coastal zone, in the steppes and semi-deserts, in meadows. |
36 | Hedysarym neglectum | Fabaceae | Forgotten penny Weed | Grow in alpine and subalpine meadows, on grassy and rocky slopes, in juniper forests and on river pebbles. |
37 | Lathyrus sylvestris | Fabaceae | Forest chin | Found on forest edges and bush thickets. |
38 | Lathyrus tuberosa | Fabaceae | Chin nodule | Partly from the culture—perennial forms of sweet pea. |
39 | Medicago sativa | Fabaceae | Alfalfa | Grassy slopes, steppes, pastures, forest edges, bushes, gravel, river valleys, as a weed, in crops and around them. |
40 | Caragana arborescens | Fabaceae | Tree caragana | Partly spreads from artificial plantings |
41 | Polygala sibirica | Polygalaceae | Siberian source | Loose, well-permeable and water-permeable sandy soil. Heliophyte, drought-resistant. |
42 | Erodium cicutarium | Geraniaceae | Common stork | Found in fields, vegetable gardens, forest clearings, wastelands, and weedy places. |
43 | Rhamnea frangula | Geraniaceae | Brittle buckthorn | |
44 | Eleagnus angustifolia | Elaeagnaceae | Eleven angustifolia | It is undemanding to soils; it tolerates significant soil salinity and grows successfully on chestnut-solonetz, dark chestnut, and light chestnut soils. |
45 | Eleagnus argentea | Elaeagnaceae | Silver oleaster | It is undemanding to soils; it tolerates significant soil salinity and grows successfully on chestnut-solonetz, dark chestnut, and light chestnut soils. |
46 | Hippophae rhamnoides | Elaeagnaceae | Sea buckthorn | Sea buckthorn thickets are usually found in river floodplains and lake shores. |
47 | Heracleum sosnowskii | Umbelliferae | Sosnowski’s hogweed | Distributed everywhere along streams; unlike Siberian hogweed, it is not poisonous, does not have a burning effect, and serves as an edible plant. |
48 | Pimpinella saxigraga | Apiaceae | Saxifraga | Grow in meadows, in meadow steppes, among bushes, on forest edges, in sparse deciduous and pine forests, on hills. |
49 | Laser trilobium | Apiaceae | Lives in forests, forest edges, clearings, on limestone outcrops, on marls. | |
50 | Selinum carvifolia | Umbelliferae | Gircha caraway | In meadows, on forest edges, under the canopy of damp broad-leaved, mixed, birch and coniferous trees, and in their clearings. |
51 | Sium latifolium | Umbelliferae | Along the banks of swamps, rivers, lakes, in peat pits and along the edges of reed-covered ditches. | |
52 | Sambucus racemosa | Viburnaceae | Common elderberry | Spreads from artificial plantings. |
53 | Symphoricarpos albus | Caprifoliaceae | White snowberry | Spreads from artificial plantings in the vicinity of populated areas. |
54 | Scabiosa scabiosoides | Dipsacaceae | Common scabiosa | Across steppes and steppe meadows, pine forests, and mountain slopes. |
55 | Valeriana officinalis | Caprifoliaceae | Valerian | Along the banks of reservoirs, among thickets of bushes, in clearings and forest edges. |
56 | Asperula odorata | Rubiaceae | Woodruff | Grows in mixed and broadleaf forests, as well as in the forest-steppe zone and on riverine sands. |
57 | Centaurlum umbellatum | Gentianaceae | Centaury | Grow damp meadows, light forest edges, and between bushes. |
58 | Convolvulus fruticosus | Convolvulaceae | Shrub bindweed | Grows singly, like a weed, on successional slopes and wastelands. |
59 | Symphytum officinale | Boraginaceae | Comfrey | Spreads from artificial plantings, found in wastelands along with black root. |
60 | Mertensia pallasi | Boraginaceae | Endemic to Bayanaul, occasionally observed in floodplain and floodplain biotopes. | |
61 | Scrophularia nodosa | Scrophulariaceae | Coniferous and mixed forests, among shrubs, on grass-forb, damp and dry meadows. | |
62 | Pedicularis palustris | Orobanchaceae | Swamp grass | Wetlands, swamps, fens, marshes, wet meadows, and ditches. |
63 | Plantago cornuti | Plantaginaceae | Cornut’s plantain | Common inhabitant of salt marsh meadows. |
64 | Leonurus cardiaca | Lamiaceae | Motherwort | Becomes a weed flora from settlements where it was grown as a medicinal plant. |
65 | Nepeta cataria | Lamiaceae | Catnip | Roadsides, in vacant fields, waste ground, rubbish dumps, and other disturbed areas. |
66 | Thymus serpyllum | Lamiaceae | Creeping thyme | Sandy-soiled heaths, rocky outcrops, hills, banks, roadsides, and riverside sand banks. |
67 | Tilia cordata | Malvaceae | Heart-leaved linden | Common in the regional center and rural settlements, where it has taken root well in artificial plantings and is spread by birds. |
68 | Artemisia procera | Asteraceae | High wormwood | Inhabitant of dry meadows in steppe areas. |
69 | Matricaria matricarioides | Asteraceae | Chamomile without tongue | Blooming on footpaths, roadsides, and similar places in spring and early summer. |
70 | Scorzonera orientalis | Asteraceae | Eastern Kozelets | Grows on steppes, outcrops of various rocks, less often in pine forests, sometimes on sandy cliffs of riverside terraces. |
71 | Potamogeton natans | Potamogetonaceae | Floating pondweed | Native to quiet or slow-flowing freshwater habitats. |
72 | Potamogeton crispus | Potamogetonaceae | Curly pondweed | Native to quiet or slow-flowing freshwater habitats. |
73 | Potamogeton lucens | Potamogetonaceae | Shiny pondweed | Native to quiet or slow-flowing freshwater habitats. |
74 | Potamogeton acutifolius | Potamogetonaceae | Norway pondweed | Native to quiet or slow-flowing freshwater habitats. |
75 | Scheichzeria palustris | Scheuchzeriaceae | Swamp Scheichzeria | Grows on relict sphagnum bogs of sandy meadow terraces, in river valleys. |
76 | Iris pseudacorus | Iridaceae | Iris pseudacorus | Common in wetlands, where it tolerates submersion, low pH, and anoxic soils. |
77 | Iris biglimus | Iridaceae | Common in wetlands, where it tolerates submersion, low pH, and anoxic soils. | |
78 | Gagea lutea | Liliaceae | Yellow goose onion | Broad-leaf woodlands, hedgerows, limestone pavements, pastures, and riverbanks. |
79 | Asparagus setifora | Asparagaceae | Bristle asparagus | Sources differ as to the plant’s native range but generally include most of Europe and western temperate Asia. |
80 | Sparganum emersum | Typhaceae | Pop-up hedgehog | Aquatic plant, growing in shallow water bodies. |
81 | Leymus akmolensis | Poaceae | Akmola hairweed | Found in saline meadows, salt marshes, gravel beds, and along roads. |
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Bibigul, Z.; Natalia, T.; Mikhail, K.; Dinara, S.; Gulmira, A.; Khan, S.M.; Manan, F. Flora Checklist in the Bayanaul State National Nature Park, Kazakhstan with Special Focus on New Species of Conservation Interest. Plants 2025, 14, 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071119
Bibigul Z, Natalia T, Mikhail K, Dinara S, Gulmira A, Khan SM, Manan F. Flora Checklist in the Bayanaul State National Nature Park, Kazakhstan with Special Focus on New Species of Conservation Interest. Plants. 2025; 14(7):1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071119
Chicago/Turabian StyleBibigul, Zhumabekova, Tarasovskaya Natalia, Klimenko Mikhail, Shakeneva Dinara, Assylbekova Gulmira, Shujaul Mulk Khan, and Fazal Manan. 2025. "Flora Checklist in the Bayanaul State National Nature Park, Kazakhstan with Special Focus on New Species of Conservation Interest" Plants 14, no. 7: 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071119
APA StyleBibigul, Z., Natalia, T., Mikhail, K., Dinara, S., Gulmira, A., Khan, S. M., & Manan, F. (2025). Flora Checklist in the Bayanaul State National Nature Park, Kazakhstan with Special Focus on New Species of Conservation Interest. Plants, 14(7), 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071119