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Article

Lomatium Species of the Intermountain Western United States: A Chemotaxonomic Investigation Based on Essential Oil Compositions

by
William N. Setzer
1,2,*,
Ambika Poudel
2,
Prabodh Satyal
2,
Kathy Swor
3 and
Clinton C. Shock
4
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
2
Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
3
Independent Researcher, 1432 W. Heartland Dr., Kuna, ID 83634, USA
4
Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR 97914, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2025, 14(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020186
Submission received: 13 December 2024 / Revised: 8 January 2025 / Accepted: 10 January 2025 / Published: 11 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Lomatium is a genus of 98 species, widely distributed in western North America. This work presents a chemometric analysis of the essential oils of seven species of Lomatium (L. anomalum, L. dissectum var. dissectum, L. multifidum, L. nudicaule, L. packardiae, L. papilioniferum, and L. triternatum var. triternatum) from the intermountain western United States (Oregon and Idaho). The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatographic methods. Lomatium packardiae essential oil can be characterized as limonene-rich, L. anomalum is a species rich in sabinene and α-pinene, and L. multifidum essential oils were rich in myrcene, while L. dissectum var. dissectum essential oils were dominated by octyl acetate and decyl acetate, L. papilioniferum essential oils from western Idaho had high p-cymene and 2-methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol concentrations, while those from Oregon had relatively high β-phellandrene and sedanenolide levels. The essential oils of L. triternatum var. triternatum were too variable to confidently assign a chemical type. The major components in the L. nudicaule essential oils were β-phellandrene (16.0–45.7%), (Z)-ligustilide (5.6–47.1%), (E)-β-ocimene (3.3–9.9%), and δ-3-carene (0.2–12.6%). The enantiomeric distributions of α-pinene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, limonene, and linalool were also utilized to discriminate between the Lomatium taxa. There are not enough consistent data to properly characterize L. triternatum var. triternatum or the Oregon L. papilioniferum essential oils. Additional research is needed to confidently describe the chemotype(s) of these species.

1. Introduction

The genus Lomatium Raf. (Apiaceae) comprises around 98 species, which are distributed in western North America [1]. The genus is part of one of the largest plant radiations in North America, the Perennial Endemic North American Apiaceae (PENA) clade [2,3]. Several species of Lomatium have been used by Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest as medicines as well as food [4]. As part of our continuing interest in essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants in the intermountain western United States, the purpose of this work is to examine the essential oil compositions, including the enantiomeric distributions of chiral terpenoids, of Lomatium species growing in eastern Oregon and western Idaho.
The Lomatium triternatum (nineleaf biscuitroot) complex has a widespread distribution from British Columbia, south into northern California, and east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico [5,6]. It is a perennial herb (ca. 20–80 cm tall) growing from a taproot. The leaves are basal with petioles 8–20 cm long, leaves divided 1–3 times. The inflorescence is a loose flat umbel of yellow flowers on stalks 3–10 cm long. The seeds are flat with five ribs and thin wings on the sides [5,7,8]. The taxonomy of the L. triternatum is complex, is not well delineated, and is in flux [2,3,9,10]. These include, but are not necessarily limited to, Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose (which includes the infraspecific taxa L. triternatum var. triternatum, Lomatium triternatum f. lancifolium (H. St. John) H. St. John, Lomatium triternatum subsp. platycarpum (Torr.) Cronquist, Lomatium triternatum var. brevifolium (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Mathias, and Lomatium triternatum var. macrocarpum (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Mathias), Lomatium anomalum Jones ex J.M. Coult. & Rose, and Lomatium packardiae Cronquist [1]. As far as we are aware, there are no reports on the essential oils of L. triternatum. The purpose of this research is to examine the hypothesis that the volatile phytochemistry of the different taxa of L. triternatum will delineate the members of the complex.
Lomatium grayi (J.M. Coult. & Rose) J.M. Coult. & Rose (Gray’s biscuitroot) is a large (up to 60 cm tall) perennial herb with a branched basal stem structure and finely divided leaves with a pungent odor. The inflorescence is an umbel with numerous yellow flowers [11]. The native range of L. grayi is east of the Cascades in southern British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, northern Nevada, western Idaho, Utah, western Wyoming, western Colorado, and northwestern New Mexico [12]. However, the Lomatium grayi complex is morphologically diverse across its range. Alexander and co-workers have proposed splitting L. grayi into four species based on morphometric analysis [13]. These include Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley (distributed east of the Cascades in southern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, northern Nevada, and western Idaho), Lomatium klickitatense J.A. Alexander & Whaley (found in Klickitat County, Washington, and surrounding areas), Lomatium depauperatum (M.E. Jones) J.A. Alexander & Whaley (syn. Lomatium grayi var. depauperatum (M.E. Jones) Mathias) (ranges in western Utah and eastern Nevada), and Lomatium grayi (in eastern Idaho, eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, and western Colorado). In Idaho, L. papilioniferum is found in western and central Idaho while L. grayi is found only in southeastern Idaho.
Lomatium dissectum (fernleaf biscuitroot) is a perennial herb. The inflorescence is an umbel of numerous small maroon red flowers; the leaves are ternate-pinnately dissected, 15–35 cm wide with a 3–30 cm petiole. The fruit is oblong-ovate to elliptic, 12–16 mm long, with thick lateral wings. The plant occurs in western North America, northern California, north into Washington, and east into Idaho [14,15]. Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance var. dissectum, Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance, and Lomatium dissectum var. eatonii (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Cronquist had been treated as varieties of L. dissectum. However, they are currently treated as separate species, Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance and Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach (syn. Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance and Lomatium dissectum var. eatonii (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Cronquist) [14].
Lomatium multifidum is a perennial herb, growing up to 1.2 m tall. The leaves are triangular-ovate to round and ternate-pinnately dissected. The inflorescence is an umbel of numerous small yellow flowers; the fruit is dorsally compressed, with the lateral wings usually well developed. The plant occurs in arid regions of the western United States (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming) and into southwestern Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan) [16,17].
Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose (barestem biscuitroot) is a perennial forb with a stout taproot. The plant can reach a height of 20–45 cm; the leaves are compound ternate to biternate, leaflets are oval, 2–5 cm long; the inflorescence is an umbel with yellow flowers; fruits are 8–12 mm long, 2–5 mm wide, with 0.5 mm wide wings. The plant ranges from southern British Columbia, south through Washington and Oregon and into northern California, and east into Idaho Nevada and northwestern Utah [5,18]. There have been no previous reports on the essential oil of L. nudicaule.
In this work, we present the essential oil compositions of L. anomalum (Figure 1), L. dissectum (Figure 2), L. multifidum (Figure 3), L. nudicaule (Figure 4), L. packardiae (Figure 5), L. papilioniferum (Figure 6), and L. triternatum var. triternatum (Figure 7). The purpose of this study is to characterize the volatile components of understudied Lomatium species, including enantiomeric distributions of chiral terpenoid components.

2. Results and Discussion

There have been several investigations on Lomatium essential oils reported in the literature. A summary of the major components is listed in Table 1.

2.1. Lomatium anomalum (L. triternatum Complex)

Three samples of L. anomalum were collected near Grangeville, western Idaho. Hydrodistillation gave colorless or pale yellow essential oils in yields of 1.57–1.68%. The gas chromatographic results are summarized in Table 2. The essential oils were dominated by sabinene (48.0–49.9%) and α-pinene (21.9–37.6%).

2.2. Lomatium packardiae (L. triternatum Complex)

Four samples of L. packardiae were collected, two from the Arrowrock Reservoir area (Idaho) and two from the Midvale area (Idaho). The essential oil yields ranged from 1.04% to 1.92%. The essential oil compositions are summarized in Table 3. The major components in the essential oils of L. packardiae were limonene (48.6–72.2%), (Z)-ligustilide (12.3–19.1%), and β-phellandrene (4.4–6.2%).

2.3. Lomatium triternatum var. triternatum (L. triternatum Complex)

Three individual samples of L. triternatum triternatum were collected near Prairie, Idaho. The chemical compositions of the L. triternatum triternatum essential oils are summarized in Table 4. Although the three samples were collected from the same location on the same day, there was remarkable variation in the essential oil compositions. For example, monoterpene hydrocarbons ranged from a high of 62.2% in sample Ltt#1 to a low of 13.8% in sample Ltt#2, while oxygenated monoterpenoids were highest in Ltt#2 (39.1%) but lowest in Ltt#3 (2.8%). These are reflected in β-phellandrene concentrations (48.5% and 29.4% in Ltt#1 and Ltt#3, respectively, but only 1.7% in Ltt#2) and myrcene concentrations (12.7% and 14.1% in Ltt#1 and Ltt#3, respectively, but 2.9% in Ltt#2). On the other hand, the cryptone concentration was highest in Ltt#2 (17.9%) compared to either Ltt#1 or Ltt#3 (3.7% and 0.8%). It is not clear what effects may have resulted in these vast differences.
Multivariate analyses were performed using the essential oil compositions of L. anomalum, L. packardiae, and L. triternatum, three members of the L. triternatum complex, in order to visualize the chemical relationships between the three taxa. A hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA, Figure 8) confirms the large degree of dissimilarity between L. anomalum, L. packardiae, and L. triternatum. The HCA clearly separates the three taxa, the limonene-rich L. packardiae, the sabinene/α-pinene L. anomalum, and the L. triternatum group. The L. triternatum group is further subdivided in a β-phellandrene/myrcene type and a cryptone/β-pinene type. A principal component analysis (PCA, Figure 9) corroborates the groupings and their chemical correlations.

2.4. Lomatium dissectum (Lomatium dissectum Complex)

Five different individual plants were collected near Grangeville, Idaho. Hydrodistillation of the samples gave colorless essential oils in yields ranging from 1.94% to 2.74%. The chemical compositions of the essential oils are compiled in Table 5. Interestingly, terpenoids were found in very small quantities in L. dissectum essential oils. Fatty-acid-derived compounds, however, were the major components, including octyl acetate (37.8–48.4%), decyl acetate (33.9–45.8%), and decanol (9.8–18.4%). These results show some qualitative similarities to that reported by Bairamian and co-workers [22] on a sample from northern California. However, quantitatively, the samples are very different. The California sample had 5.3% octyl acetate, 3.2% decyl acetate, and 1.2% decanol, but a large concentration of palmitic acid (15.3%), which was found in only trace quantities in the samples from Idaho.

2.5. Lomatium multifidum (Lomatium dissectum Complex)

A total of 12 samples of L. multifidum were collected from locations in eastern Oregon and western Idaho. The essential oils obtained were colorless to yellow with yields ranging from 1.60% to 6.15%. The chemical compositions of the L. multifidum essential oils are shown in Table 6. A total of 206 compounds were identified in the essential oils of L. multifidum, which accounted for 87.9% to 99.3% of the total compositions. There was some variation in the compositions of the essential oils. The major components were myrcene (12.5–54.1%), (E)-β-ocimene (0.3–37.4%), limonene (0.7–14.0%), α-bisabolol (0.0–26.3%), and β-phellandrene (trace-21.3%). In contrast, a sample of L. multifidum (reported as Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum) from southern California showed 6.0% myrcene, 1.0% (E)-β-ocimene, 3.3% limonene + β-phellandrene, and 0.1% α-bisabolol [22].
Multivariate analyses (HCA and PCA) were carried out in order to visualize the chemical differences and associations in the essential oils of the two members of the L. dissectum complex (L. dissectum and L. multifidum). The HCA dendrogram and the PCA biplot are shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11, respectively. The HCA shows two major clusters: (1) a cluster made up of L. dissectum samples, dominated by octyl acetate and decyl acetate, and (2) a cluster with β-myrcene and (E)-β-ocimene as defining components and populated by L. multifidum samples. The L. dissectum and L. multifidum samples from Bairamian and co-workers [22] were included in the HCA for comparison. The L. multifidum cluster can be subdivided further depending on the concentrations of β-myrcene. The PCA biplot also shows three groupings: (1) the L. dissectum group, (2) the L. multifidum high β-myrcene group, and (3) the L. multifidum less β-myrcene group. The two samples from Bairamian and co-workers (L. dissectum var. multifidum and L. dissectum var. dissectum) are separated from the other groups.

2.6. Lomatium nudicaule

Seven samples of L. nudicaule were collected from three sites in western Idaho. The colorless to pale yellow essential oils were obtained in yields of 0.15% to 3.01%. The essential oil compositions are presented in Table 7. A total of 109 compounds were identified in the essential oils, accounting for 90.4% to 98.7% of the total compositions. The major components in the L. nudicaule essential oils were β-phellandrene (16.0–45.7%), (Z)-ligustilide (5.6–47.1%), (E)-β-ocimene (3.3–9.9%), δ-3-carene (0.2–12.6%), myrcene (0.7–6.1%), cryptone (0.3–7.7%), and germacrene B (0.2–9.3%).

2.7. Lomatium papilioniferum (Lomatium grayi Complex)

A total of eight samples of L. papilioniferum were collected from north-central Oregon, along the Columbia River (four samples), and from western Idaho (four samples). The plants gave colorless to yellow essential oils (0.20–3.33% yield). The essential oil compositions showed notable differences between the Oregon samples and the Idaho samples (Table 8). Essential oils from both collection locations were generally rich in p-cymene (3.1–47.8% and 20.4–22.9%) and γ-terpinene (0.1–30.9% and 7.3–15.1%) for the Oregon and Idaho samples, respectively. However, sedanenolide (1.5–10.8%), myrcene (3.1–27.5%), and (E)-β-ocimene (0.7–7.2%) were relatively abundant in the Oregon samples but were either not observed (sedanenolide) or found in only small quantities (myrcene and (E)-β-ocimene) in the Idaho samples. Conversely, 2-methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol (24.9–31.5%) and cuparene (3.5–6.0%) were abundant in the Idaho samples but not observed in the Oregon samples.
Based on the morphological characteristics as well as the geographical ranges suggested by Alexander et al. [13], the L. grayi samples in this work were identified as L. papilioniferum. Dev and co-workers [24] analyzed three taxa of the L. grayi complex, L. grayi var. grayi, L. grayi var. depauparatum, and L. grayi “new variety”, which is presumably L. papilioniferum based on the location of the collection site (northern Nevada). In order to compare the chemical compositions of the L. grayi complex (in this work and [24]), both HCA and PCA were carried out (Figure 12 and Figure 13).
The HCA shows two major groupings (samples #1, #2, and #3 from Oregon and the three L. grayi samples from Dev et al. [24]). This group can be further divided into two groups, a limonene + β-phellandrene/sedanenolide/γ-terpinene group and a myrcene/limonene + β-phellandrene group. The second major group, with a very different chemical profile, is dominated by p-cymene and 2-methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol. It is not clear what factors are responsible for the chemical differences observed between the Oregon L. papilioniferum samples; these were collected on the same day (17 April 2023) from the same location (along the Columbia River in north-central Oregon). The four L. papilioniferum samples from Idaho, collected on the same day (21 May 2024) from the same location (western Idaho), showed very similar chemical profiles. The PCA verifies the HCA. There is a group that correlates strongly with limonene + β-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, and sedanenolide (Lpap#2, and #3, Lpap(Dev), and Lgg(Dev)), a group that correlates strongly with p-cymene, and two individual samples (Lgd(Dev and Lpap#1)). The p-cymene group may constitute a discrete chemotype of L. papilioniferum, while the volatile phytochemical profiles displayed by the Oregon samples are complicated and unresolved.

2.8. Analysis of Variance

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) examinations were carried out to identify statistically significant differences in percentages of essential oil components (Table 9). Analyses of the essential oil compositions of L. anomalum, L. packardiae, and L. triternatum var. triternatum allow for discrimination between the members of the L. triternatum complex. Lomatium packardiae essential oils contain a significantly higher concentration of limonene (60.9% ± 10.1%) than the other essential oils, including L. anomalum (1.2% ± 0.5%) or L. triternatum triternatum (2.5% ± 2.0%). (Z)-Ligustilide concentrations were significantly higher in L. packardiae (16.2% ± 3.0%) than either L. anomalum (0.4% ± 0.4%) or L. triternatum triternatum (not observed). On the other hand, L. anomalum essential oils had significantly higher concentrations of both sabinene (48.7% ± 1.0%) and α-pinene (27.7% ± 8.6%) than the other Lomatium essential oils. Lomatium triternatum var. triternatum, on the other hand, cannot be defined chemically with the data available; there was too much variation in the essential oil compositions.
In the Lomatium dissectum complex, it is easy to distinguish L. dissectum from L. multifidum. Lomatium dissectum essential oils were dominated by octyl acetate (42.6% ± 3.4%) and decyl acetate (40.4% ± 4.8%), which were detected in only minute, if at all, quantities in the other Lomatium essential oils. In contrast, L. multifidum had significantly higher myrcene concentrations (30.7% ± 13.2%) in its essential oils.
The volatile phytochemistry of L. papilioniferum seems to depend on geographical location. Collections from both Idaho and Oregon showed relatively high concentrations of p-cymene and γ-terpinene. β-Phellandrene was significantly higher in the Oregon samples (13.4% ± 11.9%) than the Idaho samples (trace amounts only), and sedanenolide concentrations were significantly greater in L. papilioniferum from Oregon (6.18% ± 5.26), which was not observed in any of the Idaho samples. Conversely, the L. papilioniferum essential oils from Idaho were dominated by 2-methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol (29.0% ± 2.9%), which was virtually absent in the other Lomatium essential oils.

2.9. Enantiomeric Distributions

Enantioselective GC-MS was carried out on the Lomatium essential oil samples to examine the distribution of chiral terpenoid components. The enantiomeric distributions are summarized in Table 10. There is variation in the enantiomeric distributions, both between species and within species. In order to assess the differences between the species and sampling sites, the enantiomeric distributions of (+)-α-pinene, (−)-camphene, (+)-sabinene, (+)-β-pinene, (+)-limonene, and (+)-linalool were analyzed by an ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test using Minitab® 18 (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA). Differences at p < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. (Table 11).
The three taxa in the Lomatium triternatum complex (L. anomalum, L. packardiae, and L. triternatum var. triternatum) are distinguished by significantly different α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, and limonene enantiomeric distributions. The (+)-α-pinene and (+)-sabinene levels are significantly greater in L. anomalum than in L. packardiae or L. triternatum triternatum.
Furthermore, (+)-β-pinene is significantly lower in L. triternatum triternatum than either L. anomalum or L. packardiae, and (+)-limonene is much greater in L. packardiae than L. anomalum or L. triternatum triternatum. There are significant differences in the limonene enantiomeric distributions between the Oregon L. papilioniferum samples and the Idaho L. papilioniferum samples. Likewise, (+)-limonene is significantly greater in L. dissectum compared with L. multifidum.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Plant Collection and Identification

The L. anomalum, L. packardiae, and L. triternatum plant samples were identified by W.N. Setzer using published botanical descriptions [2,3,10] and comparison with herbarium samples from the New York Botanical Garden [31,32,33] and the Intermountain Region Herbarium Network [34]. Lomatium papilioniferum was identified by W.N. Setzer using published botanical descriptions [13] and by comparison with herbarium samples from the New York Botanical Garden [35]. Lomatium dissectum and L. multifidum were identified by W.N. Setzer using published botanical descriptions [14] and verified by comparison with herbarium samples [36,37]. Lomatium nudicaule was identified in the field by W.N. Setzer using a field guide [5] and verified using published botanical descriptions [38,39,40] and herbarium samples from the New York Botanical Garden [41]. Voucher specimens of each species were deposited with the herbarium of the University of Alabama in Huntsville, and voucher numbers are presented in Table 12.

3.2. Hydrodistillation

The fresh plant materials were stored frozen (–20 °C) until distillation. For each sample, the fresh/frozen aerial parts were chopped and hydrodistilled using a Likens-Nickerson apparatus [42,43,44] with continuous extraction of the distillate for four hours. The chopped plant material was placed in a 1000-mL flask with enough distilled water to cover the material. Dichloromethane (25 mL) was used in the receiving flask. Evaporation of the dichloromethane gave the essential oils, summarized in Table 12.

3.3. Gas Chromatographic Analysis

The essential oils of the aerial parts of L. anomalum, L. dissectum, L. multifidum, L. nudicaule, L. packardiae, L. papilioniferum, and L. triternatum var. triternatum were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and chiral GC-MS as previously described [45]. Instrumental details are provided as supplementary material (Supplementary Table S1). Retention indices (RIs) were determined using a homologous series of n-alkanes using the linear formula of van den Dool and Kratz [46]. The essential oil components were identified by comparing their retention index values (within ten RI units) and their mass spectral fragmentation patterns (>80% similarity) with those reported in the Adams [47], FFNSC3 [48], NIST20 [49], and Satyal [50] databases. The compound percentages were calculated from raw peak areas without standardization. The individual enantiomers were determined using enantioselective GC-MS by comparison of MS fragmentation and RI values with authentic samples (Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA), which were compiled in our in-house database. Percentages of each enantiomer were calculated from raw peak integration.

3.4. Statistical Analyses

An agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out using XLSTAT v. 2018.1.1.62926 (Addinsoft, Paris, France). The HCA and PCA analyses were carried out using the percentages of the most abundant components (Lomatium triternatum complex: limonene, sabinene, β-phellandrene, α-pinene, (Z)-ligustilide, myrcene, β-pinene, cryptone, (E)-β-ocimene, carotol, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, and spathulenol; Lomatium dissectum complex: β-myrcene, decyl acetate, octyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, 1-decanol, limonene, α-bisabolol, β-phellandrene, unidentified (RI 1959), 2-methyloct-(3E)-en-5-yne, longifolene, (Z)-β-ocimene, p-cymene, camphene, bornyl acetate, α-eudesmol, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, 1-octanol, γ-eudesmol, globulol, agarospyryl acetate, and viridiflorene; Lomatium grayi complex: p-cymene, γ-terpinene, limonene + β-phellandrene, 2-methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol, sedanenolide, myrcene, (E)-β-ocimene, (Z)-β-ocimene, cuparene, 3-butylphthalide, piperitone, longifolene, humulol, terpinolene, α-pinene, (E)-nerolidol, and decyl acetate) from this study in addition to compositions previously reported. Dissimilarity was used to determine clusters considering Euclidean distance, and Ward’s method was used to define agglomeration. The PCA, type correlation, was carried out to verify the chemical associations (clusters) from the HCA analysis. An analysis of variance was conducted by a one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test [51] using Minitab® 18 (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA). Differences at p < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

4. Conclusions

In this work, the essential oils of seven species of Lomatium (L. anomalum, L. dissectum, L. multifidum, L. nudicaule, L. packardiae, L. papilioniferum, and L. triternatum var. triternatum) from the intermountain western United States were obtained and analyzed by gas chromatographic methods. This work complements previously published essential oil analyses of Lomatium species. In addition, the enantiomeric distributions of chiral terpenoid components in this work serve to further characterize the Lomatium species. The three species in the Lomatium triternatum complex can be distinguished by their essential oil compositions. Lomatium packardiae essential oil can be characterized as a limonene-rich essential oil, and L. anomalum is a species rich in sabinene and α-pinene. The essential oils of L. dissectum and L. multifidum, members of the Lomatium dissectum complex, are readily discriminated based on essential oil composition. Lomatium multifidum essential oils were rich in myrcene while L. dissectum essential oils were dominated by octyl acetate and decyl acetate. Lomatium papilioniferum essential oils from western Idaho are readily characterized by high p-cymene and 2-methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol concentrations. North-central Oregon L. papilioniferum essential oils were variable but may be tentatively classified as high in β-phellandrene and sedanenolide. There are not enough consistent data to properly characterize the chemotype(s) of L. triternatum var. triternatum. Because of the variation observed in the Oregon L. papilioniferum essential oils, additional collection and analyses are needed to confidently describe the chemotype(s) of that species, as well as the L. grayi complex in general. Additional sampling from other geographical locations would be helpful. The life cycle and timing of the sampling could affect the composition; additional sampling throughout the phenological stages of each species would provide important additional information.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants14020186/s1: Table S1: Instrument details for the gas chromatographic analyses of Lomatium species.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, W.N.S.; methodology, W.N.S. and P.S.; software, P.S.; validation, W.N.S., formal analysis, W.N.S., A.P. and P.S.; investigation, W.N.S., A.P., P.S. and K.S.; resources, W.N.S. and P.S.; data curation, W.N.S.; writing—original draft preparation, W.N.S.; writing—review and editing, W.N.S., A.P., P.S., K.S. and C.C.S.; project administration, W.N.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data are available in this report. Additional information is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

This work was carried out as part of the activities of the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC, https://aromaticplant.org/) (accessed on 9 January 2025). We thank Joyce Kelly R. da Silva (Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil) for helpful discussions.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

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Plants 14 00186 g001
Figure 1. Lomatium anomalum Jones ex J.M. Coult. & Rose. (A) Several plants at time of collection (2 June 2022, photograph by K. Swor). (B) Photograph of plants at time of collection (30 May 2024, photograph by K. Swor). (C) Scan of pressed plant.
Figure 1. Lomatium anomalum Jones ex J.M. Coult. & Rose. (A) Several plants at time of collection (2 June 2022, photograph by K. Swor). (B) Photograph of plants at time of collection (30 May 2024, photograph by K. Swor). (C) Scan of pressed plant.
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Plants 14 00186 g002
Figure 2. Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance. (A) Several plants (photograph by W.N. Setzer). (B) Closeup of the inflorescence (photograph by K. Swor). (C) Scan of the pressed plant.
Figure 2. Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance. (A) Several plants (photograph by W.N. Setzer). (B) Closeup of the inflorescence (photograph by K. Swor). (C) Scan of the pressed plant.
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Plants 14 00186 g003
Figure 3. Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach. (A) Flowering stage (photograph by K. Swor). (B) Fruiting stage (photograph by W.N. Setzer). (C) Scan of the pressed plant.
Figure 3. Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach. (A) Flowering stage (photograph by K. Swor). (B) Fruiting stage (photograph by W.N. Setzer). (C) Scan of the pressed plant.
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Plants 14 00186 g004
Figure 4. Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose. (A) Photograph of the plant at the time of collection (21 May 2024, photograph by W.N. Setzer). (B) Closeup of the fruits (© Paul Schlichter, with permission [19]). (C) Scan of the pressed plant.
Figure 4. Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose. (A) Photograph of the plant at the time of collection (21 May 2024, photograph by W.N. Setzer). (B) Closeup of the fruits (© Paul Schlichter, with permission [19]). (C) Scan of the pressed plant.
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Plants 14 00186 g005
Figure 5. Lomatium packardiae Cronquist. (A) Photograph of the plant (W.N. Setzer). (B) Scan of the pressed plant material.
Figure 5. Lomatium packardiae Cronquist. (A) Photograph of the plant (W.N. Setzer). (B) Scan of the pressed plant material.
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Plants 14 00186 g006
Figure 6. Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley. (A) Flowering stage (photo by K. Swor). (B) Fruiting stage (photo by W.N. Setzer). (C) Scan of pressed plant material.
Figure 6. Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley. (A) Flowering stage (photo by K. Swor). (B) Fruiting stage (photo by W.N. Setzer). (C) Scan of pressed plant material.
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Plants 14 00186 g007
Figure 7. Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose var. triternatum. (A) Photograph of the plant (K. Swor). (B) Scan of the pressed plant material.
Figure 7. Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose var. triternatum. (A) Photograph of the plant (K. Swor). (B) Scan of the pressed plant material.
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Plants 14 00186 g008
Figure 8. Dendrogram obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of essential oil compositions (major essential oil components) of members of the Lomatium triternatum complex.
Figure 8. Dendrogram obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of essential oil compositions (major essential oil components) of members of the Lomatium triternatum complex.
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Plants 14 00186 g009
Figure 9. The bidimensional plot of the first two components (F1 and F2) from principal component analysis (PCA) of members of the Lomatium triternatum complex, based on major components in their essential oils. La = Lomatium anomalum, Lpack = Lomatium packardiae, Ltt = Lomatium triternatum var. triternatum.
Figure 9. The bidimensional plot of the first two components (F1 and F2) from principal component analysis (PCA) of members of the Lomatium triternatum complex, based on major components in their essential oils. La = Lomatium anomalum, Lpack = Lomatium packardiae, Ltt = Lomatium triternatum var. triternatum.
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Plants 14 00186 g010
Figure 10. Dendrogram obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of essential oil compositions (major essential oil components) of members of the Lomatium dissectum complex. Lm (OR) = Lomatium multifidum from eastern Oregon, Lm (ID) = Lomatium multifidum from western Idaho, Ld = Lomatium dissectum (from western Idaho), Ldd (Bairamian) = Lomatium dissectum var. dissectum from reference [22], Ldm (Baiaramian) = Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum from reference [22].
Figure 10. Dendrogram obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of essential oil compositions (major essential oil components) of members of the Lomatium dissectum complex. Lm (OR) = Lomatium multifidum from eastern Oregon, Lm (ID) = Lomatium multifidum from western Idaho, Ld = Lomatium dissectum (from western Idaho), Ldd (Bairamian) = Lomatium dissectum var. dissectum from reference [22], Ldm (Baiaramian) = Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum from reference [22].
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Plants 14 00186 g011
Figure 11. The bidimensional plot of the first two components (F1 and F2) from principal component analysis (PCA) of members of the Lomatium dissectum complex, based on major components in their essential oils. Lm (OR) = Lomatium multifidum from eastern Oregon, Lm (ID) = Lomatium multifidum from western Idaho, Ld = Lomatium dissectum (from western Idaho), Ldd (Bairamian) = Lomatium dissectum var. dissectum from reference [22], Ldm (Baiaramian) = Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum from reference [22].
Figure 11. The bidimensional plot of the first two components (F1 and F2) from principal component analysis (PCA) of members of the Lomatium dissectum complex, based on major components in their essential oils. Lm (OR) = Lomatium multifidum from eastern Oregon, Lm (ID) = Lomatium multifidum from western Idaho, Ld = Lomatium dissectum (from western Idaho), Ldd (Bairamian) = Lomatium dissectum var. dissectum from reference [22], Ldm (Baiaramian) = Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum from reference [22].
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Plants 14 00186 g012
Figure 12. Dendrogram obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of essential oil compositions (major essential oil components) of members of the Lomatium grayi complex. Lpap (OR) = Lomatium papilioniferum from northern Oregon, Lpap (ID) = Lomatium papilioniferum from western Idaho, Lpap(Dev) = Lomatium “new species” (L. papilioniferum) from reference [24], Lgg(Dev) = Lomatium grayi var. grayi from reference [24], Lgd(Dev) = Lomatium grayi var. depauparatum from reference [24].
Figure 12. Dendrogram obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of essential oil compositions (major essential oil components) of members of the Lomatium grayi complex. Lpap (OR) = Lomatium papilioniferum from northern Oregon, Lpap (ID) = Lomatium papilioniferum from western Idaho, Lpap(Dev) = Lomatium “new species” (L. papilioniferum) from reference [24], Lgg(Dev) = Lomatium grayi var. grayi from reference [24], Lgd(Dev) = Lomatium grayi var. depauparatum from reference [24].
Plants 14 00186 g012
Plants 14 00186 g013
Figure 13. The bidimensional plot of the first two components (F1 and F2) from principal component analysis (PCA) of members of the Lomatium grayi complex, based on major components in their essential oils. Lpap (OR) = Lomatium papilioniferum from northern Oregon, Lpap (ID) = Lomatium papilioniferum from western Idaho, Lpap(Dev) = Lomatium “new species” (L. papilioniferum) from reference [24], Lgg(Dev) = Lomatium grayi var. grayi from reference [24], Lgd(Dev) = Lomatium grayi var. depauparatum from reference [24].
Figure 13. The bidimensional plot of the first two components (F1 and F2) from principal component analysis (PCA) of members of the Lomatium grayi complex, based on major components in their essential oils. Lpap (OR) = Lomatium papilioniferum from northern Oregon, Lpap (ID) = Lomatium papilioniferum from western Idaho, Lpap(Dev) = Lomatium “new species” (L. papilioniferum) from reference [24], Lgg(Dev) = Lomatium grayi var. grayi from reference [24], Lgd(Dev) = Lomatium grayi var. depauparatum from reference [24].
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Table 1. Major components of Lomatium essential oils reported in the literature.
Table 1. Major components of Lomatium essential oils reported in the literature.
Lomatium SpeciesCollection SitePlant TissueMajor Components (>5%)Ref.
Lomatium brandegeei J.F. Macbr.Slate Peak, WashingtonAerial partsα-pinene (9.2%), β-phellandrene (60.9%)[20]
Lomatium dasycarpum (Torr. & A. Gray) J.M. Coult. & RoseTrinity National Forest, CaliforniaLeaves and stems3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl 3-methylbutyrate (22.3%), lavandulyl 2-methylbutyrate (16.9%), senkyunolide (9.8%)[21]
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance var. dissectumSix Rivers National Forest, CaliforniaAerial parts1-octanol (9.0%), octyl acetate (5.3%), palmitic acid (15.3%)[22]
Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance (syn. Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach)San Bernardino National Forest, CaliforniaAerial parts(3Z)-hexenol (18.5%), myrcene (6.0%), palmitic acid (8.6%)[22]
Lomatium eastwoodiae (J.M. Coult. & Rose) J.F. Macbr.Black Ridge, ColoradoAerial partsα-pinene (6.2%), myrcene (5.1%), limonene + β-phellandrene (12.9%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (12.2%), germacrene D 95.2%)[20]
Lomatium foeniculaceum subsp. fimbriatum W.L. Theob.Inyo National Forest, CaliforniaLeaves and stems(3Z)-hexenol (6.5%), limonene + β-phellandrene (6.8%), terpinolene (6.7%), germacrene D (15.9%), (Z)-ligustilide (13.1%)[23]
Lomatium graveolens (S. Watson) J.M. Coult. & RoseProvo Peak, UtahAerial partsβ-pinene (21.6%), limonene + β-phellandrene (33.2%), osthole (5.2%)[20]
Lomatium grayi “new variety” (based on the reported collection site, this is probably Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley) [13]Elko County, NevadaAerial partslimonene + β-phellandrene (17.7%), γ-terpinene (16.1%), senkyunolide (44.0%)[24]
Lomatium grayi (J.M. Coult & Rose) J.M. Coult. & Rose var. grayiUtah County, UtahAerial partsmyrcene (8.4%), limonene + β-phellandrene (27.2%), γ-terpinene (10.4%), senkyunolide (24.4%)[24]
Lomatium grayi var. depauperatum (M.E. Jones) MathiasJuab County, UtahAerial partsmyrcene (8.1%), limonene + β-phellandrene (20.8%), (Z)-β-ocimene (18.9%), (Z)-ligustilide (6.7%)[24]
Lomatium howelii (S. Watson) Jeps.Eight Dollar Mountain, OregonAerial parts(E)-β-ocimene (5.8%), octyl acetate (24.8%), citronellyl acetate (7.1%), decyl acetate (6.7%), lauryl acetate (5.1%)[20]
Lomatium howelii (S. Watson) Jeps.Low Divide, CaliforniaAerial parts1-octanol (11.4%), octyl acetate (23.5%), citronellyl acetate (6.0%), germacrene D (6.0%)[20]
Lomatium junceum Barneby & N.H. HolmgrenEmery County, UtahAerial partsα-pinene (24.3%), β-pinene (29.3%), limonene + β-phellandrene (11.3%)[20]
Lomatium lucidum Jeps.San Bernardino National Forest, CaliforniaLeaves and stemslimonene + β-phellandrene (11.5%), decanal (15.7%), bornyl/isobornyl acetate (6.1%), dodecanal (9.4%), α-humulene[21]
Lomatium macrocarpum J.M. Coult. & RoseSix Rivers National Forest, CaliforniaLeaves and stems(3Z)-hexenol (9.2%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (12.6%), palmitic acid (9.0%), linoleic acid (5.2%)[21]
Lomatium marginatum var. purpureum (Jeps.) Jeps.Lake County, CaliforniaLeaves and stems(3Z)-hexenol (10.3%), (Z)-β-lomatene (12.9%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (9.3%)[25]
Lomatium mohavense (J.M. Coult. & Rose) J.M. Coult. & Rose subsp. mohavenseGrant, CaliforniaLeaves and stemslimonene + β-phellandrene (6.0%), trans-β-elemene (17.8%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (7.8%), germacrene D (10.8%), bicyclogermacrene (6.2%)[26]
Lomatium mohavense subsp. longilobum W.L. Theob.Acton, CaliforniaLeaves and stems(3Z)-hexenol (7.5%), limonene + β-phellandrene (6.5%), β-sinensal (6.8%), iso-α-sinensal (19.3%), α-sinensal (5.4%), iso-α-sinensyl acetate (5.7%)[26]
Lomatium nevadense (S. Watson) J.M. Coult. & Rose var. parishii (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Jeps.Bishop, CaliforniaLeaves and stems(E)-β-ocimene (5.1%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (10.3%), germacrene D (10.7%), bicyclogermacrene (7.0%), [27]
Lomatium parryi (S. Watson) J.F. Macbr.Pine Valley Mountains, UtahAerial partslimonene + β-phellandrene (12.8%), bornyl acetate (18.6%)[20]
Lomatium rigidum (M.E. Jones) Jeps.Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains, CaliforniaLeaves and stemslimonene + β-phellandrene (9.1%), δ-cadinene (12.4%), τ-cadinol + τ-muurolol (9.0%), α-cadinol (16.4%), (Z)-falcarinol (10.8%)[28]
Lomatium rigidum (M.E. Jones) Jeps.Bishop Canyon, CaliforniaAerial partsα-pinene (6.9%), limonene + β-phellandrene (28.6%), cryptone (5.6%), osthole (10.9%)[29]
Lomatium scabrum (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Mathias var. tripinnatum GoodrichSt. George, UtahAerial partsmyrcene (8.2%), limonene + β-phellandrene (26.0%), (Z)-β-ocimene (11.8%)[29]
Lomatium torreyi (J.M. Coult. & Rose) J.M. Coult. & RoseYosemite National Park, CaliforniaAerial partsβ-phellandrene (12.9%), (Z)-β-ocimene (14.2%), (Z)-ligustilide (42.4%)[30]
Lomatium utriculatum (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) J.M. Coult. & RoseSix Rivers National Forest, CaliforniaLeaves and stems(Z)-ligustilide (19.6%), palmitic acid (15.3%)[21]
Table 2. Essential oil composition (%) of Lomatium anomalum Jones ex J.M. Coult. & Rose.
Table 2. Essential oil composition (%) of Lomatium anomalum Jones ex J.M. Coult. & Rose.
RIcalcRIdbCompoundLa#1La#2La#3
800801Hexanaltrtrtr
832831Furfural--tr
850849(2E)-Hexenal0.1-tr
853853(3Z)-Hexenoltr-tr
903906Heptanal-trtr
926927α-Thujene0.30.80.7
934933α-Pinene37.621.923.6
950950Camphene0.10.10.1
975972Sabinene48.248.049.9
980978β-Pinene2.23.23.7
990989Myrcene0.30.91.4
992990Dehydro-1,8-cineoletrtrtr
10051004p-Mentha-1(7),8-dienetrtrtr
10071007α-Phellandrenetrtrtr
10101009δ-3-Carene-trtr
10171018α-Terpinene0.51.51.3
10251025p-Cymene0.30.80.4
10301030Limonene0.71.71.2
10311031β-Phellandrene0.91.82.0
103210321,8-Cineole--tr
10341034(Z)-β-Ocimenetrtrtr
10431045Phenylacetaldehyde-trtr
10451045(E)-β-Ocimene0.10.60.7
10581058γ-Terpinene2.77.04.7
10701069cis-Sabinene hydrate0.40.70.7
10721071Dehydromyrcenol--tr
10861086Terpinolene0.51.30.9
10911093p-Cymenene-trtr
109710996-Camphenonetrtrtr
11001101Linalool0.1tr0.1
11011101trans-Sabinene hydrate0.40.60.6
11051107Nonanal--tr
110711071-Octen-3-yl acetate--tr
11131113p-Mentha-1,3,8-triene-0.1tr
11141112(E)-2,4-Dimethylhepta-2,4-dienal--tr
11211122trans-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol--tr
11251124cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol0.20.30.3
113511352-Vinylanisole-0.1tr
11431142trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol0.10.20.2
11461145trans-Verbenoltrtrtr
115011521,4-Dimethyl-4-acetylcyclohexenetr0.1tr
117911792-Isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenaltrtrtr
11811180Terpinen-4-ol2.65.14.8
11871186p-Cymen-8-oltr0.1tr
11951195α-Terpineol0.20.20.2
11971196cis-Piperitoltrtrtr
12101209trans-Piperitoltrtrtr
12241231trans-Chrysenthenyl acetate0.10.20.1
12401240Ascaridole--0.1
13051306iso-Ascaridole--0.1
13091309p-Vinylguaiacoltrtrtr
13511357Eugenol0.1--
13761377α-Copaenetrtrtr
13841382β-Bourbonene-trtr
13901390trans-β-Elemene-trtr
14001403Methyl eugenoltrtr-
14111412Longifolenetr0.30.1
14201417(E)-β-Caryophyllene0.20.10.1
14311432γ-Elemenetrtr0.1
14331432trans-α-Bergamotene0.10.10.1
14531452(E)-β-Farnesene-trtr
14561454α-Humulenetrtrtr
14811480Germacrene D0.20.20.3
14961497Bicyclogermacrene0.10.30.2
15181518δ-Cadinenetrtrtr
15591557Germacrene Btr0.10.1
15611560(E)-Nerolidol0.10.1tr
15771576Spathulenol-trtr
16031601Carotol-0.1-
16691669(2E,6Z)-Farnesol0.1tr-
17281730(Z)-Ligustilide-0.80.5
177917762-Methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol --0.1
17881790(E)-Ligustilide-trtr
18421841Phytone-trtr
21492143Serratol-0.1-
23002300Tricosane0.1trtr
24002400Tetracosane--0.5
25002500Pentacosane0.10.1tr
25752595Selinidin0.3--
27002700Heptacosane0.20.20.1
Monoterpene hydrocarbons94.389.990.6
Oxygenated monoterpenoids3.97.47.2
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons0.61.00.9
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids0.10.20.1
Diterpenoids0.00.10.0
Benzenoid aromatics0.40.10.0
Others0.51.01.1
Total identified99.999.7100.0
RIcalc = retention index calculated with respect to a homologous series of n-alkanes on a ZB-5ms column. RIdb = reference retention index values obtained from the databases. La = Lomatium anomalum. tr = trace (<0.05%). - = not observed.
Table 3. Essential oil composition (%) of Lomatium packardiae Cronguist.
Table 3. Essential oil composition (%) of Lomatium packardiae Cronguist.
RIcalcRIdbCompoundsLpack#1Lpack#2Lpack#3Lpack#4
925925α-Thujenetrtr0.10.1
933932α-Pinene0.50.41.51.5
949950Camphenetrtrtrtr
972971Sabinene0.10.12.30.4
977978β-Pinene1.60.62.12.3
989989Myrcene2.43.13.63.1
990990Dehydro-1,8-cineole --trtr
10051004p-Mentha-1(7),8-diene0.10.1tr0.1
10071006α-Phellandrene0.10.70.20.4
10091008δ-3-Carenetrtrtrtr
10171018α-Terpinenetrtrtrtr
10251025p-Cymene0.10.10.1tr
10301030Limonene72.265.048.657.8
10311031β-Phellandrene4.46.25.15.4
10351034(Z)-β-Ocimene--0.10.1
10441045Phenylacetaldehydetrtrtrtr
10451045(E)-β-Ocimene0.10.12.11.7
10571057γ-Terpinenetrtr0.3tr
10701069cis-Sabinene hydratetrtrtrtr
10711071Dihydromyrcenoltrtr--
10851086Terpinolenetrtrtrtr
109010906,7-Epoxymyrcene trtr--
10981098Perillenetrtr--
10991101Linalooltrtrtrtr
11011101trans-Sabinene hydratetrtrtrtr
11051104Nonanaltrtrtrtr
11221122trans-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol0.1trtrtr
11251124cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-oltr0.10.10.1
11271127α-Campholenaltr---
11311131Limona ketonetrtr--
11331134cis-Limonene oxide0.2trtrtr
11361137cis-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-oltrtr--
11371137trans-Limonene oxide0.1trtrtr
11421142trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-oltrtrtrtr
11451146Oxophorone--0.1tr
11561156Pentylbenzenetrtr-tr
11581161Pentylcyclohexa-1,3-diene0.10.20.10.2
11801180Terpinen-4-oltrtr0.2tr
11871187Cryptone0.30.1trtr
11951195α-Terpineoltrtrtrtr
11971198cis-Piperitol--trtr
12031202cis-Sabinoltrtr--
12181218trans-Carveoltrtr--
12421242Cuminaltr---
12431246Carvonetrtr--
12651265Dec-(2E)-enaltrtr--
12771277Phellandraltrtr--
12861286α-Terpinen-7-altrtr--
12881286trans-Sabinyl acetate--0.1-
133813393-Oxo-p-menth-1-en-7-altrtr--
13781380Daucenetrtr0.20.2
13881390trans-β-Elemene-tr0.1tr
14101410Dodecanal--trtr
14171417(E)-β-Caryophyllenetrtr0.1tr
14171416β-Funebrene-trtrtr
14291430γ-Elemenetrtr0.1tr
14331433trans-α-Bergamotene--trtr
14521452(E)-β-Farnesene0.10.10.30.2
14541454α-Humulene--trtr
14721473Dauca-5,8-diene--0.2-
14751475γ-Muurolene---0.2
14801480Germacrene D0.10.21.40.7
14941494α-Zingiberenetr0.10.10.1
14951497Bicyclogermacrene--0.3tr
15011504iso-Daucene--trtr
15071508β-Bisabolene--trtr
15111512α-Alaskene-trtrtr
15131512γ-Cadinene--tr-
15181518δ-Cadinene--trtr
15231523β-Sesquiphellandrene0.51.01.10.9
15571557Germacrene Btr0.10.10.1
15761574Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4β-ol ---tr
15771576Spathulenoltr-0.1-
1581158410-epi-Juneoltrtrtrtr
15821587Caryophyllene oxide----
16011601Carotol2.20.27.07.2
16121615Zingiberenoltrtrtrtr
16131613Tetradecanal-trtrtr
164916493-Butylphthalide---0.1
16551655α-Cadinol--trtr
16621664ar-Turmeronetr-0.1-
16681669(3Z)-Butylidene phthalide0.60.30.10.2
16681668α-Turmerone--0.5-
16871687Himachal-4-en-1β-ol-0.10.10.1
17001699Curlone B (=β-Turmerone)tr-0.2-
17121712Senkyunolide (=Sedanenolide)---0.1
17121719(3E)-Butylidene phthalide0.20.20.20.1
17291730(Z)-Ligustilide12.318.019.115.4
178117762-Methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol-0.1tr0.1
17881790(E)-Ligustilide1.02.61.21.1
20382037(Z)-Falcarinol-tr0.10.2
23002300Tricosanetrtrtrtr
24002400Tetracosanetrtrtrtr
25002500Pentacosane0.10.10.30.1
26002600Hexacosane--trtr
27002700Heptacosanetrtr0.2tr
Monoterpene hydrocarbons81.576.466.172.9
Oxygenated monoterpenoids0.70.20.50.1
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons0.71.44.02.3
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids2.20.37.87.3
Benzenoid aromatics14.121.220.516.9
Others0.10.30.70.5
Total identified99.299.899.7100.0
RIcalc = retention index calculated with respect to a homologous series of n-alkanes on a ZB-5ms column. RIdb = reference retention index values obtained from the databases. Lpack = Lomatium packardiae. tr = trace (<0.05%). - = not observed.
Table 4. Essential oil composition (%) of Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose var. triternatum.
Table 4. Essential oil composition (%) of Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose var. triternatum.
RIcalcRIdbCompoundsLtt#1Ltt#2Ltt#3
925925α-Thujene0.10.20.6
933932α-Pinene0.65.79.1
949950Camphenetr0.30.2
972971Sabinene5.62.19.9
977978β-Pinene0.510.611.9
989989Myrcene12.72.914.1
990990Dehydro-1,8-cineole 0.10.40.2
10051004p-Mentha-1(7),8-diene0.40.50.2
10071006α-Phellandrene0.2-0.4
10091008δ-3-Carene0.1-tr
10171018α-Terpinene--0.1
101910242-Cyclohexene-1,4-dione-0.6-
10251025p-Cymene2.14.30.7
10301030Limonene1.64.71.1
10311031β-Phellandrene48.51.729.4
10351034(Z)-β-Ocimene0.5-0.5
10451045(E)-β-Ocimene8.2-9.2
10571057γ-Terpinene0.3-0.3
10701069cis-Sabinene hydrate0.10.30.1
10711071Dihydromyrcenol0.20.6tr
10851086Terpinolene--0.1
109010906,7-Epoxymyrcene 0.10.40.1
10911091Rosefuran0.1--
10951097α-Pinene oxide0.1-tr
10981098Perillenetr0.2-
10991101Linalool0.31.30.1
11011101trans-Sabinene hydrate0.10.10.1
11051104Nonanaltr0.2tr
110711091-Octen-3-yl acetate0.10.2-
11251124cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol0.20.80.1
11271127α-Campholenal-0.3-
11291129(Z)-Myroxidetr-tr
11311131Limona ketone---
11331134cis-Limonene oxide-0.4-
11381138Benzeneacetonitrile0.1-tr
11391139(E)-Myroxide0.2-0.1
11391139Nopinone-0.5-
11411141trans-Pinocarveol-0.6-
11421142trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol0.10.50.1
11451146Oxophorone0.1-tr
11461146trans-Verbenol-0.2tr
11621164Pinocarvone-0.6-
11691169Rosefuran epoxide0.1--
11801180Terpinen-4-ol0.50.80.7
11871187Cryptone3.717.90.8
11921192Methyl salicylate0.1--
11951195α-Terpineol0.20.60.2
11961196Myrtenal-0.8-
11971195p-Menth-3-en-7-al0.20.80.1
11971198cis-Piperitol---
12031202cis-Sabinol0.1-0.1
12231223m-Cumenol-0.5-
12421242Cuminal0.32.80.1
12431246Carvone-0.3-
12541254Piperitone0.10.4-
12641258trans-Piperitone epoxide0.20.5-
12651265Dec-(2E)-enal-0.5-
12861286α-Terpinen-7-al0.10.2tr
12911291p-Cymen-7-ol0.32.40.1
132213184-Hydroxycryptone-1.5-
13311330Bicycloelemene--0.1
133813393-Oxo-p-menth-1-en-7-al0.42.40.1
13881390trans-β-Elemene--0.1
14171417(E)-β-Caryophyllene0.1-1.1
1442---Unidentified a0.53.50.1
1448---Unidentified b-1.2-
14541454α-Humulene--0.1
14751475γ-Muurolene0.2-0.1
14801480Germacrene D3.0-2.5
1491---Unidentified c0.52.50.1
14951497Bicyclogermacrene--0.8
15071508β-Bisabolene0.1--
15131512γ-Cadinene0.1-tr
15181518δ-Cadinene0.2-0.1
15761574Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4β-ol 0.3-0.2
15771576Spathulenol-6.30.3
15821587Caryophyllene oxide-1.20.1
16321630Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5α-ol--0.1
16391644allo-Aromadendrene epoxide0.3-0.1
16421642τ-Cadinol--tr
16431644τ-Muurolol--0.1
164916493-Butylphthalide-0.4-
16551655α-Cadinol0.30.40.2
16621664ar-Turmerone0.20.30.1
16931686Shyobunol0.1--
17121712Senkyunolide (=Sedanenolide)0.4-0.2
18061807Tetradecyl acetate--0.1
18721875Oplopanonyl acetate0.10.50.1
19361933Beyerene0.20.70.1
20382037(Z)-Falcarinol0.1-0.1
23002300Tricosane--0.1
24002400Tetracosane--0.9
25002500Pentacosane0.10.30.2
26122610Auraptene1.01.30.9
27002700Heptacosane0.30.70.4
Monoterpene hydrocarbons81.633.087.9
Oxygenated monoterpenoids8.039.12.8
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons3.60.04.9
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids1.38.81.1
Diterpenoids0.20.70.1
Benzenoid aromatics1.11.70.9
Others1.02.52.0
Total identified96.885.699.7
RIcalc = retention index calculated with respect to a homologous series of n-alkanes on a ZB-5ms column. RIdb = reference retention index values obtained from the databases. Ltt = Lomatium triternatum var. triternatum. tr = trace (<0.05%). - = not observed. a MS(EI): 168 (25%), 139 (43%), 125 (86%), 107 (20%), 97 (77%), 79 (54%), 69 (73%), 55 (66%), 41 (76%), 41 (100%). b MS(EI): 139 (100%), 121 (48%), 109 (21%), 95 (37%), 92 (43%), 91 (38%), 83 (47%), 81 (49%), 19 (46%), 69 (54%), 55 (39%), 43 (46%), 41 (48%). c MS(EI): 152 (7%), 139 (18%), 110 (25%), 100 (20%), 82 (69%), 81 (100%), 71 (33%), 55 (27%), 43 (35%), 41 (41%).
Table 5. Essential oil compositions (%) of Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance.
Table 5. Essential oil compositions (%) of Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance.
RIcalcRIdbCompoundsLd#1Ld#2Ld#3Ld#4Ld#5
783782Prenol0.1tr0.10.10.1
933933α-Pinenetrtrtr0.1tr
950950Camphenetrtrtrtrtr
973972Sabinenetrtrtrtrtr
979978β-Pinenetrtrtr0.3tr
990991Myrcenetrtrtrtrtr
992990Dehydro-1,8-cineoletrtrtrtrtr
10041006Octanaltrtrtrtrtr
10051005(3Z)-Hexenyl acetatetrtrtrtrtr
10071006α-Phellandrenetrtr-trtr
10121012Hexyl acetatetrtr0.10.10.1
10251025p-Cymenetrtrtrtrtr
10291030Limonenetrtrtrtrtr
10311031β-Phellandrenetrtrtrtrtr
103310321,8-Cineoletrtrtrtrtr
10351034(Z)-β-Ocimene--tr-tr
10441045Phenylacetaldehydetrtrtrtrtr
10461046(E)-β-Ocimenetrtrtrtrtr
10581057γ-Terpinenetrtr-tr-
107010691-Octanol0.60.31.10.80.6
10861087Terpinolene----tr
109210932-Nonanone---tr-
11001101Linalooltrtrtrtrtr
11051107Nonanaltrtrtrtrtr
110811071-Octen-3-yl acetatetrtr-trtr
11241123Methyl octanoate trtrtrtrtr
11431142Epoxyterpinolenetr---tr
115111521,4-Dimethyl-4-acetylcyclohexenetr---tr
11521152Nerol oxidetr----
11581160Pentylcyclohexa-1,3-diene-tr---
117911792-isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenal tr---tr
11811180Terpinen-4-oltrtr---
11891189p-Cymen-8-ol-tr---
11961195α-Terpineoltrtrtrtrtr
12001202(2Z)-Octenyl acetatetr-tr--
12071208Decanal0.70.30.40.20.3
12111211Octyl acetate41.143.348.442.437.8
12161217Coumaran-trtrtrtr
12251231trans-Chrysanthenyl acetatetrtr--tr
125512572-Phenethyl acetate----tr
12631263(2E)-Decenal---trtr
127312711-Decanol18.412.214.59.813.3
12841284Lavandulyl acetatetr----
129312932-Undecanone---trtr
131013091-Nonyl acetatetrtrtrtr0.1
13121310trans-Ocimenyl acetate----tr
13591361Neryl acetate0.1trtr-tr
13651367Decanoic acid tr----
13761375α-Copaene--tr--
13791379(E)-β-Damascenone--tr--
13871384(5E)-Decen-1-yl acetatetr0.1trtrtr
13881388(3Z)-Decen-1-yl acetatetr0.1trtr0.1
14091408Decyl acetate37.242.033.943.245.8
14141414Acora-3,7(14)-diene---tr-
14191417(E)-β-Caryophyllene0.1tr0.10.10.1
14271428β-Duprezianene---tr-
14521452(E)-β-Farnesene---tr-
14561454α-Humulenetr-trtrtr
147414761-Dodecanol1.31.01.00.71.3
14881489β-Selinene---tr-
14901489(Z,E)-α-Farnesene-trtr-tr
149414942-Tridecanone---trtr
14951497α-Selinene---tr-
15041504(E,E)-α-Farnesene-trtrtrtr
150815071-Pentadecenetrtr--tr
15111512α-Alaskene-tr-tr-
15181518δ-Cadinene--tr--
15231523β-Sesquiphellandrene-tr-tr-
15291528Kessane-tr---
15601561(E)-Nerolidoltrtrtrtrtr
15821582Octyl hexanoatetrtrtr0.1tr
16021601Carotol-trtr--
160816071-Dodecyl acetate0.30.30.20.40.4
16551655α-Cadinol--trtr-
16851686epi-α-Bisabolol---tr-
17041699β-Cedr-8-en-15-ol---1.5-
172017223-Isobutylidene phthalide-trtrtr-
17271730(Z)-Ligustilide-0.1tr-tr
17771779Octyl octanoatetrtrtr0.1tr
17791780(Z)-Nerolidyl isobutyratetrtr---
19581958Palmitic acidtr-tr--
19751978Decyl octanoate-trtrtrtr
20462050Bergaptenetrtrtrtrtr
21482149Incensyl acetatetrtrtrtr-
21982192Geranylgeranioltr----
23012300Tricosanetrtrtrtrtr
25012500Pentacosanetrtrtrtrtr
27002700Heptacosanetrtrtrtrtr
Isoprenoids0.20.00.22.10.2
Benzenoid aromaticstrace0.1tracetracetrace
Fatty acid derivatives99.699.799.797.899.6
Others0.0trace0.00.00.0
Total identified99.899.799.899.999.8
RIcalc = retention index calculated with respect to a homologous series of n-alkanes on a ZB-5ms column. RIdb = reference retention index values obtained from the databases. Ld = Lomatium dissectum. tr = trace (<0.05%). - = not observed.
Table 6. Chemical compositions (%) of the essential oils of Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach.
Table 6. Chemical compositions (%) of the essential oils of Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach.
RIcalcRIdbCompoundLm#1
(OR)		Lm#2
(OR)		Lm#3
(OR)		Lm#4
(OR)		Lm#5
(OR)		Lm#6
(OR)		Lm#7
(ID)		Lm#8
(ID)		Lm#9
(ID)		Lm#10
(OR)		Lm#11
(OR)		Lm#12
(OR)
7817823-Methylbut-2-en-1-ol--1.71.41.7----2.02.62.2
7907903-Methyl-2-butenal--0.20.1-------0.2
801802Hexanal---------tr0.10.1
850850(2E)-Hexenal0.30.30.20.2-----0.10.80.4
852853(3Z)-Hexenol----------0.1-
903905Heptanal--0.10.2-0.10.3tr0.1-0.10.1
920921Hashishenetr0.10.30.20.10.10.1trtr0.10.10.2
922923Tricyclenetrtr0.1tr-----trtrtr
933933α-Pinene0.60.30.30.20.4-tr0.10.30.31.21.4
947948α-Fenchenetrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtr0.1
949950Camphene4.21.74.82.00.90.4tr0.50.50.53.72.5
952955Propylbenzene-0.11.00.80.5-3.5tr--0.30.4
9659632-Methyl-(3E)-octen-5-yne0.10.30.60.20.17.66.95.57.8tr-0.1
972972Sabinene---------0.10.40.1
975981α-Myrcene-0.1---tr------
978978β-Pinene---------0.10.10.4
989991β-Myrcene46.754.138.931.212.537.533.218.223.812.921.138.0
9919921,5,5-Trimethyl-3-methylene-1-cyclohexene-0.1----------
991990Dehydro-1,8-cineole----------0.2-
992986cis-m-Mentha-2,8-diene-----0.1------
10041004p-Mentha-1(7),8-diene---------0.10.2-
10071007α-Phellandrene---tr0.3----1.0tr-
10241025p-Cymene0.71.01.10.314.80.20.10.20.81.62.80.5
10291030Limonene3.32.84.51.88.81.70.75.214.01.33.82.8
10301031β-Phellandrene0.30.20.12.54.10.10.1tr0.119.621.30.2
103210321,8-Cineole ---------0.1trtr
10341033Benzyl alcohol-----0.1------
10341034(Z)-β-Ocimene2.20.12.22.54.00.31.50.80.45.72.13.5
10441045Phenylacetaldehyde--0.1-0.1--tr-0.10.1tr
10451045(E)-β-Ocimene24.80.37.010.514.13.517.38.14.637.49.423.7
105110512,3,6-Trimethylhepta-1,5-diene--0.1-------trtr
10571057γ-Terpinene0.40.10.10.113.1--0.10.23.80.2-
10621073p-Mentha-3,8-diene--0.20.1-0.20.10.20.4---
10861086Terpinolene0.50.10.10.16.50.10.11.53.80.10.10.1
109010906,7-Epoxymyrcene0.10.70.50.1-0.30.1---0.20.2
10911091p-Cymenene-------0.10.2---
10911091Rosefuran0.1-0.40.2-0.10.10.10.1-0.20.4
10961097α-Pinene oxide0.1-0.50.3-0.20.10.1trtr0.20.5
10991098Perillenetr0.50.30.1-0.2trtr----
11001101Linalool0.10.10.40.10.20.20.20.20.10.10.30.2
110411026-Methylhepta-3,5-dien-2-one--0.1--------0.2
11211119Myrcenol0.2-----------
11241124cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol---------0.10.1-
11291128(4E,6Z)-allo-Ocimene---0.20.2-0.30.10.10.20.10.2
11371138Benzeneacetonitrile---------0.1--
11391139(E)-Myroxide0.2-0.30.20.20.10.1trtr-0.40.6
11421142trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol----------0.1-
11441142Epoxyterpinolene-------0.10.4---
11481149Camphor0.1-----------
11561156Pentylbenzene-----0.10.1----0.2
11561156Camphene hydrate0.30.20.10.1--------
11691169Rosefuran epoxide--0.20.1-0.1-----0.2
11731173Borneol0.2tr0.1--------0.2
117911792-Isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenal----0.1--0.10.2---
11811180Terpinen-4-ol0.1tr------tr---
11861188p-Methylacetophenone-0.10.1--0.1-tr0.2---
11871187Cryptone---0.2-----0.12.3-
11881188p-Cymen-8-ol0.10.20.2-0.30.1-0.71.6--0.2
11951195α-Terpineol0.20.10.2tr-0.10.10.10.10.10.20.2
12071206Decanal-0.1----------
12081207(3E)-Octenyl acetate0.3-----0.20.10.1tr0.10.1
12101211Octyl acetate-0.3----------
12261231(3Z)-Hexenyl 2-methylbutanoate-----------0.2
12291229Thymyl methyl ether-0.1--1.2---0.1---
12441244Linalyl acetate-0.2----------
12541254Piperitone0.10.1----------
12721271Decanol-2.7----------
12841282Bornyl acetate0.90.15.82.63.40.1--0.11.12.93.9
1286---Unidentified a--0.8tr0.80.2-----2.4
130413024-Methylhexyl 2-methylbutanoate-----------0.3
13071310cis-3-Butyl-4-vinyl cyclopentene0.1-----------
134213432-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)propanal0.1---0.30.1-0.21.4---
13461346α-Terpinyl acetate-----0.1-0.20.3---
13501348α-Longipinene-----------0.1
13691367Cyclosativene--0.2--0.10.10.20.1---
13701370iso-Ledene--0.20.7--------
13741372Longicyclene--0.30.1-0.10.50.20.2--0.2
13761375α-Copaene---0.1--------
13891390trans-β-Elemene---------0.1--
14051411Thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether-----------0.1
14061406α-Gurjunene---0.1--------
14081408Decyl acetate-7.7-------0.21.7-
14081405(Z)-β-Caryophyllene-----------0.6
14091411Longifolene--3.91.31.51.74.92.72.8-0.72.7
14101415β-Maaliene---0.1--------
14151414α-Cedrene--0.20.1--0.10.10.1---
14191417(E)-β-Caryophyllene0.10.10.50.40.70.20.20.30.20.50.40.1
14231423β-Cedrene--0.10.1--0.10.10.1tr0.2-
14271430γ-Maaliene---0.2--------
14291430γ-Elemene---------0.1--
14331432trans-α-Bergamotene0.1-0.30.30.10.10.20.20.10.10.50.1
14341435α-Maaliene---0.1--------
14341436α-Guaiene-------0.10.10.3--
14361433β-Copaene---0.1--------
14381438Aromadendrene--0.51.7--------
14391438α-Guaiene--0.41.2--------
14401440Guaia-6,9-diene-------trtr---
14461446cis-Muurola-3,5-diene---0.3--------
14471447Geranylacetone---------0.10.10.1
14491449α-Himachalene--0.30.1-0.10.40.30.2-0.20.2
14521452(E)-β-Farnesene--0.50.40.20.40.30.80.50.10.80.2
14531453Prezizaene--------0.2---
14551454α-Humulene0.80.9tr----tr0.10.10.1-
14571451Amorpha-4,11-diene------0.10.10.1---
14591458allo-Aromadendrene--0.20.5--------
14651465Bornyl butyrate--------0.1---
14731474Selina-4,11-diene-----0.2-0.1-0.1--
14721475γ-Gurjunene--0.20.5--------
14741475Dodecanol-0.2----------
14781479α-Amorphene-0.1-----0.90.5---
14791480γ-Himachalene--0.2---0.2-----
14811482ar-Curcumene--0.1--0.10.50.30.7---
14861488δ-Selinene---0.3--------
14881489β-Selinene--0.20.6-0.3-0.1-0.2--
14891489(Z,E)-α-Farnesene3.21.4---0.50.2-----
14901491Viridiflorene--1.05.90.1-------
14951497α-Selinene-0.1-0.2-0.20.10.1-0.1--
14981497Capillene----0.5-------
14981500α-Muurolene-0.1----0.1tr----
14991503β-Himachalene--0.20.1--0.20.30.2---
15011505α-Bulnesene--0.20.5-----0.2--
15021504Epizonarene-------0.1----
15031504(E,E)-α-Farnesene0.30.3----------
15041501β-Dihydroagarofuran-----0.2-0.1----
15061508β-Bisabolene--0.40.20.10.10.31.21.20.10.60.2
15091511β-Curcumene--------0.2---
15091511(Z)-γ-Bisabolene-0.2-0.1-1.93.71.00.1---
15121514Sesquicineole-------0.10.1---
15161518Bornyl isovalerate--------0.1---
15171519Nootkatene---0.3--------
15181518δ-Cadinene-0.1----------
15231523β-Sesquiphellandrene----------0.2-
15291528(E)-γ-Bisabolene-0.1----0.20.40.1---
15371540Selina-4(15),7(11)-diene-------0.60.20.4--
15401540(E)-α-Bisabolene-----0.10.20.60.6-0.2-
15421542Selina-3,7(11)-diene-----0.1-0.70.20.3--
15481549α-Elemol----------0.6-
15581560Germacrene B---------0.2--
15601560(E)-Nerolidol0.21.30.90.40.32.80.90.60.30.11.00.8
15621564epi-Globulol--0.51.3--------
15701568Palustrol---0.9--------
15701570Neryl 2-methylbutanoate-----------0.1
15761575Caryolan-8-ol --0.3----0.1----
15761578Spathulenol--1.00.5--------
15811582Caryophyllene oxide--0.4--0.1------
1582---Unidentified b---1.2--------
15851592Globulol--2.35.60.10.1------
15941594Viridiflorol---0.3--------
15951596(E)-β-Elemenone0.2-----------
15951593Guaiol-----0.1-0.1-0.3--
15961596Geranyl 2-methylbutanoate-----------0.4
15971596Cubeban-11-ol--0.30.9--------
16021601Longiborneol---0.2--------
16041604Humulol0.92.0----------
160516075-epi-7-epi-α-Eudesmol-----0.1------
16061609Rosifoliol---0.4--------
16081610Cedrol--0.20.2------0.4-
16091613Humulene epoxide II-0.4----------
16161613Ledol-----0.2------
16241624epi-γ-Eudesmol--1.02.60.12.61.61.4----
16261624Selina-6-en-4β-ol-0.1----------
16301632γ-Eudesmol-----4.12.61.9tr0.12.8-
16371638Gossonorol-----0.10.1-----
16451645Agarospirol (=Hinesol)-----0.10.30.3----
16481644Selina-3,11-dien-6α-ol---------0.1--
164916493-Butylphthalide-0.1----------
16531650Valerianol-----1.10.91.1----
16531655α-Bisabolol oxide B--------0.6---
16541655α-Cadinol-0.1----------
16551655α-Eudesmol-----6.54.43.6-0.65.00.2
16581660neo-Intermedeol-----0.3-0.2----
16621664ar-Turmerone-0.1----------
16701671β-Bisabolol-----0.11.5-0.1---
16711668Intermedeol--0.6--0.1-0.20.1---
16751673Bulnesol---0.5--------
16851686epi-α-Bisabolol--0.3--0.20.3---0.3-
16861688α-Bisabolol--0.3--0.10.222.026.30.10.5-
16921692Civetone-0.1---0.1------
16921694Germacrone----------0.3-
16971696Juniper camphor-------0.2-0.2--
17071701β-Sinensal------0.2-----
1712171114-Hydroxy-α-humulene1.81.4----------
17121712Senkyunolide (=Sedanenolide)--0.2-0.1-------
172017223-Isobutylidene phthalide-----------0.9
17221720Longifolol-0.3----------
17411742β-Bergamotol1.50.4----------
17421742(6S,7R)-Bisabolone----------0.2-
17601760α-Sinensal 0.10.2----------
17671769Benzyl benzoate--------0.2---
17671765Eudesmyl acetate-----2.30.20.7----
17791776δ-Cuparenol---------4.8--
17831784Agarospyryl acetate-----5.30.51.6----
187818794-Phytadiene-0.1----------
19321933Beyerene-0.10.1--0.1------
19391938Hexadecalact-16-one----------1.8-
19441946m-Camphorene-0.30.20.1-0.3------
1959---Unidentified c1.46.00.92.62.26.24.76.70.10.3--
19591958Palmitic acid---------0.21.9-
1961---2-Methyl-4,5-nonadiene d-0.80.20.50.30.81.11.2----
19791984p-Camphorene-0.10.1--0.1------
19811985Vinyl palmitate-0.3----------
2028---Unidentified e-0.70.20.51.00.40.30.7----
21282128Linoleic acid-----0.2----0.2-
21482143Serratol---------0.40.10.2
21642164Ethyl linoleate0.31.00.20.70.40.60.20.6-0.2--
2203---Suberosin d--0.90.42.2-------
2205---Unidentified f-----------1.0
23002300Tricosane----------0.20.1
25002500Pentacosane0.10.10.2-0.2tr---0.10.40.1
27002700Heptacosane--0.2-0.4----0.20.40.1
Monoterpene hydrocarbons83.761.059.852.079.744.053.535.149.184.966.473.6
Oxygenated monoterpenoids3.02.58.93.85.41.50.81.43.11.57.07.4
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons4.53.39.916.52.66.212.611.38.82.83.84.3
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids4.76.38.213.80.526.513.834.127.56.211.01.0
Diterpenes0.00.60.40.10.00.40.00.00.00.40.10.2
Benzenoid aromatics0.10.32.01.23.60.33.60.21.80.20.31.5
Others1.213.83.93.33.19.78.67.58.03.010.64.3
Total identified97.287.993.090.694.888.592.989.698.398.999.392.3
RIcalc = retention index calculated with respect to a homologous series of n-alkanes on a ZB-5ms column. RIdb = reference retention index values obtained from the databases. Lm = Lomatium multifidum. OR = collected from eastern Oregon. ID = collected from western Idaho. tr = trace (<0.05%). - = not observed. a MS(EI): 96 (47%), 85 (53%), 81 (63%), 57 (100%), 55 (57%), 41 (29%). b MS(EI): 220 (92%), 205 (26%), 187 (21%), 177 (25%), 162 (33%), 159 (44%), 147 (77%), 135 (47%), 135 (48%), 133 (43%), 121 (42%), 119 (48%), 107 (70%), 105 (100%), 93 (60%), 91 (88%), 79 (58%), 77 (44%), 55 (40%), 43 (65%), 41 (80%). c MS(EI): 280 (1%), 237 (36%), 219 (4%), 149 (6%), 135 (15%), 121 (18%), 111 (13%), 97 (28%), 95 (25%), 83 (50%), 81 (33%), 69 (74%), 67 (30%), 57 (27%), 55 (100%), 43 (74%), 4 1(48%). d Reference RI not available, identification tentative. e MS(EI): 362 (3%), 313 (3%), 28 3(3%), 265 (4%), 251 (28%), 149 (7%), 135 (13%), 123 (14%), 121 (16%), 111 (22%), 109 (25%), 83 (68%), 81 (51%), 69 (81%), 67 (38%), 57 (47%), 55 (100%), 43 (98%), 41 (49%). f MS(EI): 244 (68%), 229 (100%), 214 (7%), 201 (7%), 189 (17%), 159 (12%), 131 (11%), 115 (10%), 77 (10%).
Table 7. Chemical compositions (%) of the essential oils of Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose.
Table 7. Chemical compositions (%) of the essential oils of Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose.
RIcalcRIdbCompoundLn#1Ln#2Ln#3Ln#4Ln#5Ln#6Ln#7
926927α-Thujenetrtr0.1trtrtrtr
933933α-Pinene1.30.81.00.50.90.40.4
950950Camphenetrtrtrtrtrtrtr
9739703,7,7-Trimethylcyclohepta-1,3,5-triene-0.10.2----
974972Sabinene0.40.10.10.20.20.10.1
979978β-Pinene2.11.30.50.92.01.01.2
990991Myrcene5.46.12.32.84.41.10.7
999---3,4-Dimethylenecyclopentanone atr0.1-----
10051004p-Mentha-1(7),8-diene0.40.30.30.20.30.20.1
10071007α-Phellandrene2.30.10.11.72.51.10.4
10101009δ-3-Carene0.85.212.61.31.90.50.2
10181018α-Terpinene0.1tr-0.10.2trtr
10201022m-Cymene0.2trtr----
10251025p-Cymene0.22.34.70.30.40.20.2
10301030Limonene0.11.02.50.50.40.20.3
10321031β-Phellandrene44.733.316.535.845.730.316.0
10351034(Z)-β-Ocimene0.20.81.70.20.10.31.8
10471046(E)-β-Ocimene9.63.66.03.33.75.99.9
10581057γ-Terpinene0.10.1tr0.10.1trtr
10721072p-Cresol-0.20.3----
10741073α-Pinene oxide--0.2---0.1
10821080m-Cymenene--0.1----
10861086Terpinolene1.41.21.71.82.90.70.3
10911091p-Cymenene-0.81.4-tr-tr
10931091Rosefuran-----tr0.1
10961097α-Pinene oxide---trtrtr0.1
11001101Linalool0.60.20.20.20.20.5-
110311016-Methylhepta-3,5-dien-2-one--0.1----
110411042-Methylbutyl 2-methylbutyrate---trtr0.1-
11251124cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol0.10.10.10.10.1trtr
11271131Cyclooctanone-0.10.5----
11281127allo-Ocimene------0.1
11361130(Z)-Myroxide-0.10.3---tr
113913393-Oxo-p-menth-1-en-7-altr0.50.3----
11401141(E)-Myroxide0.10.61.3---tr
11431142trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol0.1--0.10.1trtr
11581156Pentylbenzene---trtrtrtr
115911615-Pentylcyclohexa-1,3-diene0.3--0.30.10.20.2
11751175(3E,5Z)-1,3,5-Undecatriene0.1--0.10.10.1tr
11781180(E)-Isocitral----trtr-
11791180Terpinen-4-oltr0.1-trtrtr-
11831188p-Methylacetophenone-0.20.6----
11851187Cryptone0.86.47.70.40.50.40.3
11851185(3E,5E)-1,3,5-Undecatriene---trtrtrtr
11941195α-Terpineol0.1--trtrtr-
11961195trans-4-Caranone0.10.70.3----
11971195p-Menth-3-en-7-al-0.50.30.10.10.1tr
12011202cis-Sabinol0.10.40.60.10.10.1tr
12081208trans-Piperitoltr---tr--
12241227Citronellol0.60.51.00.30.40.1-
12411247Cuminal-0.30.2----
12491254cis-Piperitone epoxide-0.2-----
12631265(2E)-Decenal-0.2-----
12721294p-Mentha-1,5-diene-7-ol0.10.50.40.10.10.1-
12771277Phellandral-0.30.2----
12861286α-Terpinen-7-altr0.10.2----
12911291p-Cymen-7-ol0.10.50.4trtrtr-
13081313Phthalic anhydride-1.21.7----
132013183-Hydroxycineole-0.20.4----
13211320Methyl geranate---trtrtr-
132213184-Hydroxycryptone-0.10.2----
13361336δ-Elemene----trtrtr
133913393-Oxo-p-menth-1-en-7-al---trtrtrtr
1343---Unidentified b0.42.02.20.60.50.80.9
13751375α-Copaenetr------
13821383cis-β-Elemene----tr0.1tr
13891390trans-β-Elemene0.1--0.50.30.70.8
14201417(E)-β-Caryophyllene0.10.10.30.30.30.80.1
14291427γ-Elemene0.60.10.23.01.73.93.7
14521452(E)-β-Farnesene0.10.70.70.10.20.20.4
14561454α-Humulene---0.10.10.10.1
14651463γ-Decalactone---0.1tr-0.1
14791480Germacrene D0.1--0.70.41.00.9
14851483Phenylethyl 2-methylbutyrate0.10.1-0.10.10.10.1
14891489β-Selinene---0.1tr0.10.1
14901493Phenylethyl 3-methylbutanoate------0.1
15371540Selina-4(15),7(11)-diene-----0.1-
15421541(E)-α-Bisabolenetr0.1tr----
15491549α-Elemol------0.1
1551---7-Hydroxypiperitone a-0.30.3----
15601557Germacrene B1.30.20.44.52.66.49.3
15741572Citronellyl 2-methylbutyrate0.10.40.3-0.10.10.1
15861587Caryophyllene oxidetr0.10.4-tr0.1-
15961596Geranyl 2-methylbutyratetr0.1--tr--
16332632Tetracosanal0.20.20.10.10.10.1-
165416493-Butyl phthalide-0.10.1----
16681669(2E,6Z)-Farnesol2.11.12.50.20.50.3-
16701669(3Z)-Butylidene phthalide0.52.12.10.40.30.51.1
16751674γ-Dodecalactone---0.1tr--
16841684(2Z,6Z)-Farnesaltr0.10.2----
16931692(2Z,6Z)-Farnesol0.1------
1707170514-Hydroxy-4,5-dihydrocaryophyllenetr------
17131716(2E,6E)-Farnesol-0.10.1----
17141712(Z)-Sedanenolide0.2---0.30.5-
17191719(3E)-Butylidene phthalide0.20.61.40.3--0.4
172217223-Isobutylidene phthalide--2.80.2---
17281730(Z)-Ligustilide17.48.65.633.222.433.047.1
17721772α-Costol--0.30.20.10.4-
17881790(E)-Ligustilide0.90.20.22.92.04.81.8
1807---Unidentified oxygenated sesquiterpenoid c0.52.21.30.60.30.80.9
19331928Methyl linolenatetr0.1-----
19591958Palmitic acid0.20.40.3----
20042005Senkyunolide H-2.61.8----
20362037(Z)-Falcarinol0.1------
21282128(Z,Z)-Linoleic acid0.1------
23002300Tricosane0.10.20.1----
243924422-Methyltetracosane--1.2----
25002500Pentacosane0.30.30.40.10.10.1tr
27002700Heptacosane0.20.20.2----
28002800Octacosanetr------
28382833Hexacosanal0.7------
Monoterpene hydrocarbons69.457.251.749.765.642.031.6
Oxygenated monoterpenoids2.713.114.81.21.61.40.6
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons2.31.11.69.35.513.415.2
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids2.21.33.50.40.60.80.1
Benzenoid aromatics19.213.414.637.024.838.41.7
Others2.54.34.70.70.61.149.2
Total identified98.390.490.898.398.797.298.3
RIcalc = retention index calculated with respect to a homologous series of n-alkanes on a ZB-5ms column. RIdb = reference retention index values obtained from the databases. Ln = Lomatium nudicaule. tr = trace (< 0.05%). - = not observed. a Reference RI not available, identification tentative. b MS(EI): 150 (48%), 106 (63%), 105 (44%), 78 (100%), 77 (45%), 52 (40%), 51 (42%), 49 (34%). c MS(EI): 222 (12%), 178 (9%), 166 (11%), 151 (17%), 137 (16%), 123 (17%), 110 (17%), 109 (17%), 95 (20%), 91 (16%), 83 (18%), 81 (24%), 67 (16%), 55 (100%), 53 (31%), 43 (14%), 41 (19%).
Table 8. Chemical compositions (%) of Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley from northern Oregon and western Idaho.
Table 8. Chemical compositions (%) of Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley from northern Oregon and western Idaho.
RIcalcRIdbCompoundLpap#1
(OR)		Lpap#2
(OR)		Lpap#3
(OR)		Lpap#4
(OR)		Lpap#5
(ID)		Lpap#6
(ID)		Lpap#7
(ID)		Lpap#8
(ID)
808806Hexanal-----0.1--
849849(2E)-Hexenal0.2trtrtr----
908906Heptanal----0.10.20.10.1
920921Hashishenetr-------
922923Tricyclenetrtrtrtr----
925925α-Thujenetr0.10.10.1----
933933α-Pinene0.71.82.12.1trtr0.10.2
947948α-Fenchenetr-------
949950Camphene1.70.81.00.70.2tr0.80.8
951955Propylbenzene----tr0.50.10.7
9659632-Methyl-(3E)-octen-5-yne0.2-----0.20.2
970972Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate0.1--tr----
972971Sabinene0.20.70.90.6----
978978β-Pinene0.10.30.30.4-trtrtr
9849846-Methylhept-5-en-2-one----tr0.10.1tr
989989Myrcene27.55.46.83.10.20.30.40.6
990990Dehydro-1,8-cineole-trtrtr----
10001000δ-2-Carenetrtrtr0.1----
10051004p-Mentha-1(7),8-diene 0.10.10.10.1----
10071007α-Phellandrene-1.11.1-trtrtrtr
10091009δ-3-Carenetr0.40.40.1trtrtrtr
10171017α-Terpinene-0.30.3-0.10.20.30.3
10191016Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol acetate---0.1----
10251025p-Cymene6.03.12.647.822.920.920.421.1
10291030Limonene2.41.62.03.00.20.20.60.6
10321031β-Phellandrene0.823.823.25.7trtrtrtr
103210321,8-Cineole----trtrtrtr
10331033Benzyl alcohol-----trtrtr
10351034(Z)-β-Ocimene0.20.20.20.2tr-trtr
10431043Phenylacetaldehyde----trtrtrtr
10461046(E)-β-Ocimene0.77.27.22.90.3tr0.1tr
105110512,3,6-Trimethylhepta-1,5-diene0.3-------
10581058γ-Terpinene0.130.928.63.17.39.110.315.1
10701069cis-Linalool oxide (furanoid)---0.2----
10711072Dihydromyrcenol0.2-------
10851086Terpinolene-2.52.4-0.20.20.30.4
10861086trans-Linalool oxide (furanoid)---0.1----
109010906,7-Epoxymyrcene0.7--0.4----
10901091p-Cymenene----tr0.1trtr
10911091Rosefuran0.4--0.1----
10951097α-Pinene oxide0.1--0.1----
10981098Perillene0.6-------
11001101Linalool0.51.41.80.4trtr0.1tr
110311026-Methylhepta-3,5-dien-2-one0.4--0.1trtrtrtr
11051107Nonanal0.1---trtrtrtr
11201119Myrcenol0.2-------
11211121Isopentylbenzene-----trtrtr
11221121(3E,5E)-1,3,5-Undecatriene-----trtrtr
11241124cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol-0.10.10.1----
11271126α-Campholenal---0.1----
11291130(Z)-Myroxide0.1--tr----
11331132cis-Limonene oxide---tr----
11371138trans-Limonene oxide---0.1----
11391139(E)-Myroxide0.5--0.4----
11421142Epoxyterpinolene-0.10.1-----
11431142trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol---0.2----
11471149Camphor0.2--0.1----
11561156Pentylbenzene 0.1trtr0.5----
11561156Camphene hydrate0.2-----trtr
11561156Pentylbenzene ----tr0.1-tr
115711615-Pentylcyclohexa-1,3-diene-0.91.0-0.10.20.10.1
11591163(2E)-Nonenal-----tr-tr
1162---2-Propylphenyl methyl ether a-----0.3-0.1
11621162(E,E)-2,6-Dimethyl-3,5,7-octatriene-2-ol-trtr0.60.1-tr-
11691169Rosefuran epoxide0.1--0.1----
11721173Borneol0.1-------
11741175(3E,5Z)-1,3,5-Undecatriene-trtr-----
11801180Terpinen-4-ol0.10.10.10.1tr-0.10.1
11851188p-Methylacetophenonetr-------
11861189p-Cymen-8-ol----0.10.60.1tr
11871187Cryptone0.70.20.22.7----
11891195trans-4-Caranone---0.1----
11951195α-Terpineol0.2trtr-tr-trtr
11971205cis-4-Caranone-trtr0.3----
12031202cis-Sabinol-trtr-----
12071208Verbenone---0.1----
12071208Decanal0.1-------
12091209trans-Piperitol---tr----
12091207(3E)-Octenyl acetate0.2-------
12101211Octyl acetate0.1-------
12231231trans-Chrysanthenyl acetate-trtr-----
12231224Thymyl methyl ether----0.30.20.20.3
12381238Carvacryl methyl ether----0.40.30.40.5
12421242Cuminaldehyde---0.1----
12541254Piperitone0.73.34.15.9----
12651265(2E)-Decenal---0.2----
127312711-Decanol2.2-------
12831282Bornyl acetate0.1---0.70.13.92.9
12851287Limonene dioxide---0.1----
12861287iso-Bornyl acetate------trtr
12891289Thymol-0.10.10.1trtrtrtr
12901289(9Z)-Tetradecenal0.1-------
12921291p-Cymen-7-ol---0.2----
12981300Carvacrol-trtr0.1trtrtr0.1
131413212-Methyl-5-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclohexane-1,4-diol---0.2----
132313184-Hydroxycryptone---0.1----
133913393-Oxo-p-Menth-1-en-7-al---0.1----
134213432-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)propanal---0.2----
13501352α-Longipinene----0.10.10.10.2
13691367Cyclosativene----0.10.10.10.2
13721370iso-Ledene----tr0.1trtr
13741372Longicyclene----0.30.10.30.3
13751375α-Copaene-----0.10.10.1
138213832-epi-α-Funebrene----0.40.40.40.5
13841385α-Duprezianene----0.90.70.80.8
13901390β-Elemene---0.1----
13921392(Z)-Jasmone-tr-0.1----
13991403Methyl eugenol----0.74.00.10.1
14021403α-Funebrene----0.30.30.30.3
14051403di-epi-α-Cedrene----0.20.10.10.1
14081408Isopropyl 4-ethylbenzoate---0.1----
14081409Decyl acetate6.0-------
14091411Longifolene----3.61.63.33.5
14161414α-Cedrene----0.20.10.10.1
141714162-epi-β-Funebrene----0.30.30.40.4
14181417(E)-β-Caryophyllene0.1tr0.1-0.20.10.10.1
14241423β-Cedrene----0.10.10.10.1
14261428β-Duprezianene----0.10.10.10.1
14281427γ-Elemene-trtr-----
14321432trans-α-Bergamotene0.10.20.2-----
14351433cis-Thujopsene----0.10.10.10.1
14371437iso-Bazzanene----0.20.10.10.1
14411442Guaia-6,9-diene----0.1---
14471447Geranylacetone----0.30.70.40.4
14501449α-Himachalene1.2---0.60.20.50.4
14511451(E)-β-Farnesene0.1trtr-1.51.11.72.1
145314501,2,2α,3,3,4,6,7,8,8α-Decahydro-2α,7,8-trimethylacenaphthylene-----0.6-0.7
14551454α-Humulene1.4trtr-----
14571457allo-Aromadendrene 0.5-------
14571461Amorpha-4,11-diene----1.10.60.70.6
145914567-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-4-methylenedecahydroazulene----0.10.10.10.1
14641463γ-Decalactone-0.10.10.1----
14661467β-Acoradiene----0.1tr--
14731473γ-Selinene-----tr-0.1
1473147410-epi-β-Acoradiene----0.1---
147414761-Dodecanol0.3-------
147414744-epi-α-Acoradiene----0.20.10.10.1
14761477trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene----0.20.1-0.1
14781479α-Amorphene0.2---0.6tr-0.3
14781480γ-Himachalene------0.2-
14801480Germacrene D-0.60.6-----
14801480ar-Curcumene----0.80.60.70.6
148514884-epi-(Z)-Dihydroagarofuran----0.4---
14881487β-Selinene-----0.10.10.1
14901491δ-Decalactone-0.10.10.1----
14901489(Z,E)-α-Farnesene----0.20.20.10.4
14981499Benzyl tiglate-tr-0.1----
14981497α-Muurolene0.2---tr0.10.10.1
15001503β-Himachalene----0.30.10.30.3
15031504α-Cuprenene----0.30.10.20.3
15061507Geranyl isobutyrate-0.10.1-----
15061508β-Bisabolene0.1-------
15061506α-Chamigrene----1.82.11.01.9
15081505Cuparene----6.04.14.93.5
15121512γ-Cadinene0.3trtr-----
15181523β-Guaiene0.7-------
15181518δ-Cadinene0.1trtr-0.20.30.50.3
15191519trans-Calamenene----0.10.1tr-
15221521Zonarene-----0.10.1-
15261528(E)-γ-Bisabolene----0.20.10.20.2
15281528Kessane-trtr0.1-0.1tr-
15341535γ-Cuprenene----1.10.60.80.7
15411541α-Calacorene----0.50.10.20.2
15461548Elemicin-----0.1--
15471549α-Agarofuran-----0.10.10.1
15551555(Z)-Dihydronerolidol0.4-------
15581557Germacrene B-trtr-----
15591560(E)-Nerolidol4.6trtr-0.50.50.60.6
15691570(E)-Dihydronerolidol0.2-------
15751575Caryolan-8-ol0.2---0.1tr--
15761576Spathulenol-trtr-----
15811587Caryophyllene oxide0.2--0.6----
1582158410-epi-Juneol-----0.40.10.3
15941595Geranyl 2-methylbutyrate0.20.10.2-----
15961593Guaiol----1.20.30.20.1
15981596Humulene epoxide I0.4-------
16021602Geranyl isovalerate-0.10.1-----
16021601Longiborneol----0.20.10.10.2
16031604Humulol8.4trtr-----
16061606Cedrol----0.60.70.50.5
16091611Humulene epoxide II3.8--0.3----
161316125-epi-7-epi-β-Eudesmol----0.1---
16211624epi-γ-Eudesmol0.2-------
1622162410-epi-γ-Eudesmol----1.13.62.11.7
16251624Selin-6-en-4β-ol0.1-------
16251631Eremoligenol----0.20.40.30.2
162716281-epi-Cubenol-----0.10.1-
16321633γ-Eudesmol----0.20.40.20.2
16381644allo-Aromadendrene epoxide-0.10.1-----
16411641τ-Muurolol0.1-------
164816493-Butylphthalide2.20.80.85.1----
16521646Agarospirol (=Hinesol)0.1-------
16531652α-Eudesmol0.2-------
16531657Valerianol----0.72.51.21.1
16541655α-Cadinol0.3-------
16551656β-Eudesmol----1.22.11.10.8
166116647-epi-α-Eudesmol-----0.30.20.1
16651664Bulnesol----0.80.1--
16691671β-Bisabolol----0.10.10.10.1
16721673Cadalene----0.1---
16761674γ-Dodecalactone---0.1----
167816761-Tetradecanol-----0.2-0.1
16841686epi-α-Bisabolol0.2-------
16861686α-Bisabolol0.1---1.00.21.80.1
16911686Octadec-(13Z)-enal0.3-------
17121712Sedanenolide (=Senkyunolide A)1.510.810.71.8----
17281730(Z)-Ligustilide-trtr-----
17561756Hexadec-(11E)-en-1-ol0.4-------
178117762-Methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol----30.531.529.324.9
17941796Hexadec-(9Z)-enal0.3-------
1802---Unidentified b----0.80.71.81.3
18761878Hexadec-(2E)-enal0.5-------
19321933Beyerene0.3trtr-----
19401938Hexadecanolact-16-one----1.00.30.30.2
20352037(Z)-Falcarinol-tr------
21052106Phytol0.1trtr-----
23002300Tricosane0.5trtr-----
25002500Pentacosane0.50.1trtr----
Monoterpene hydrocarbons40.680.579.369.931.430.933.239.2
Oxygenated monoterpenoids5.45.46.710.31.51.24.73.8
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons4.80.70.90.123.215.618.920.3
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids19.70.10.10.939.143.437.630.9
Diterpenoids0.4tracestraces0.00.00.00.00.0
Benzenoid aromatics0.1tracestraces0.90.75.00.20.9
Others16.812.912.810.51.61.61.11.0
Total identified87.799.699.792.497.397.695.796.1
RIcalc = retention index calculated with respect to a homologous series of n-alkanes on a ZB-5ms column. RIdb = reference retention index values obtained from the databases. Lpap = Lomatium papilioniferum. OR = collected from northern Oregon. ID = collected from western Idaho. tr = trace (< 0.05%). - = not observed. a Reference RI not available, identification tentative. b MS(EI): 220 (2%), 205 (3%), 136 (100%), 121 (90%), 107 (17%), 105 (15%), 93 (42%), 91 (23%), 79 (18%), 77 (10%), 67 (8%), 55 (10%), 41 (14%).
Table 9. Comparison of Lomatium essential oil components by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.
Table 9. Comparison of Lomatium essential oil components by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.
Lomatium SpeciesComponent Percentage (Means ± Standard Deviations)
LimoneneSabineneα-Pineneβ-PhellandreneMyrceneβ-PineneCryptone(E)-β-Ocimene
Lomatium anomalum1.2 ± 0.5 b48.7 ± 1.0 a27.7 ± 8.6 a1.6 ± 0.6 c0.9 ± 0.6 b3.0 ± 0.8 b0.0 b0.5 ± 0.3 ab
Lomatium dissectum var. dissectumtraces btraces ctraces btraces ctraces b0.1 ± 0.1 b0.0 btraces b
Lomatium multifidum4.2 ± 3.8 b0.1 ± 0.1 c0.4 ± 0.4 b4.0 ± 7.8 c30.7 ± 13.2 a0.1 ± 0.1 b0.2 ± 0.613.4 ± 10.8 a
Lomatium nudicaule0.7 ± 0.9 b0.2 ± 0.1 c0.8 ± 0.3 b31.8 ± 12.0 a3.3 ± 2.1 b1.3 ± 0.6 b2.4 ± 3.3 ab6.0 ± 2.8 ab
Lomatium packardiae60.9 ± 10.1 a0.7 ±1.0 c1.0 ± 0.6 b5.3 ± 0.8 bc3.1 ± 0.5 b1.6 ± 0.8 b0.1 ± 0.1 b1.0 ± 1.1 b
Lomatium papilioniferum (Idaho)0.4 ± 0.2 b0.0 c0.1 ± 0.1 btraces c0.4 ± 0.2 btraces b0.0 b0.1 ± 0.1 b
Lomatium papilioniferum (Oregon)2.2 ± 0.6 b0.6 ± 0.3 c1.7 ± 0.7 b13.4 ± 11.9 abc10.7 ± 11.3 b0.3 ± 0.2 b0.9 ± 1.2 b4.5 ± 3.3 ab
Lomatium triternatum var. triternatum2.5 ± 2.0 b5.9 ± 3.9 b5.1 ± 4.3 b26.5 ± 23.5 ab9.9 ± 6.1 b7.7 ± 6.3 a7.5 ± 9.2 a5.8 ± 5.1 ab
octyl acetatedecyl acetatep-cymeneγ-terpinenesedanenolideMTMCP(Z)-ligustilideδ-3-carene
Lomatium anomalum0.0 b0.0 b0.5 ± 0.3 b4.8 ± 2.2 ab0.0 btraces b0.4 ± 0.4 btraces b
Lomatium dissectum var. dissectum42.6 ± 3.9 a40.4 ± 4.8 atraces btraces b0.0 b0.0 btraces b0.0 b
Lomatium multifidumtraces b0.8 ± 2.2 b2.0 ± 4.1 b1.5 ± 3.8 btraces b0.0 b0.0 b0.0 b
Lomatium nudicaule0.0 b0.0 b1.2 ± 1.7 b0.1 ± 0.1 b0.1 ± 0.1 b0.0 b23.9 ± 14.8 a3.2 ± 4.5 a
Lomatium packardiae0.0 b0.0 b0.1 ± 0.0 b0.1 ± 0.1 btraces b0.1 ± 0.1 b16.2 ± 3.0 atraces b
Lomatium papilioniferum (Idaho)0.0 b0.0 b21.4 ± 1.1 a10.5 ± 3.4 ab0.0 b29.0 ± 2.9 a0.0 btraces b
Lomatium papilioniferum (Oregon)traces b1.5 ± 3.0 b14.9 ± 22.0 ab15.7 ± 16.4 a6.2 ± 5.3 a0.0 btraces b0.2 ± 0.2 b
Lomatium triternatum var. triternatum0.0 b0.0 b2.4 ± 1.8 b0.2 ± 0.2 b0.2 ± 0.2 b0.0 b0.0 btraces b
For each column, means that do not share a letter are significantly different (p < 0.05). MTMCP = 2-methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)phenol.
Table 10. Enantiomeric distribution of chiral terpenoid components of Lomatium species.
Table 10. Enantiomeric distribution of chiral terpenoid components of Lomatium species.
Lomatium SpeciesEnantiomeric Distribution, (+): (−)
α-Thujeneα-PineneCampheneSabineneβ-Pineneα-PhellandreneLimoneneβ-Phellandrenecis-Sabinene Hydrate
Lomatium triternatum complex
La#10.0: 100.098.8: 1.2-95.8: 4.268.0: 32.0-60.2: 39.894.9: 5.192.7: 7.3
La#20.0: 100.098.2: 1.8-95.1: 4.90.0: 100.0-56.3: 43.793.8: 6.292.9: 7.1
La#30.0: 100.098.5: 1.5-95.8: 4.20.0: 100.0-52.5: 47.595.0: 5.092.1: 7.9
Lpack#1-47.2: 52.8--66.7: 33.3100.0: 0.099.3: 0.784.9: 15.1-
Lpack#2-29.5: 70.5--28.8: 71.2100.0: 0.099.1: 0.999.8: 0.2-
Lpack#3-6.3: 93.7-5.1: 94.92.8: 97.294.3: 5.798.9: 1.196.0: 4.0-
Lpack#4-6.6: 93.4-14.1: 85.92.1: 97.998.1: 1.999.1: 0.999.2: 0.8-
Ltt#1-51.2: 48.8-5.7: 94.327.5: 72.5100.0: 0.029.8: 70.296.4: 3.6-
Ltt#2-5.4: 94.6-8.2: 91.82.7: 97.3-20.2: 79.886.1: 13.9-
Ltt#30.0: 100.03.3: 96.78.8: 91.23.8: 96.22.2: 97.8100.0: 0.024.7: 75.397.0: 3.0-
Lomatium grayi complex
Lpap#1 (OR)-30.3: 69.720.0: 80.0---26.8: 73.277.0: 23.0-
Lpap#2 (OR)64.8: 35.224.0: 76.015.9: 84.153.1: 46.914.5: 85.587.1: 12.913.9: 86.185.6: 14.4-
Lpap#3 (OR)62.2: 37.824.3: 75.715.5: 84.553.8: 46.216.0: 84.081.6: 18.412.0: 88.080.9: 19.1-
Lpap#4 (OR)61.1: 38.913.7: 86.313.8: 86.270.6: 29.48.8: 91.2-11.3: 88.778.8: 21.2-
Lpap#5 (ID)--25.9: 74.1---34.5: 65.5--
Lpap#6 (ID)-52.5: 47.5----54.4: 45.7--
Lpap#7 (ID)-45.2: 54.827.4: 72.6---37.2: 62.8--
Lpap#8 (ID)-43.1: 56.923.4: 76.6---31.5: 68.5--
Lomatium dissectum complex
Ld#1-60.2: 39.8--39.8: 60.2-79.3: 20.7100.0: 0.0-
Ld#2-33.1: 66.9--63.5: 36.5-62.0: 38.0100.0: 0.0-
Ld#3-54.9: 45.1----100.0: 0.0100.0: 0.0-
Ld#4-87.8: 12.2--95.7: 4.3-59.1: 40.9100.0: 0.0-
Ld#5-36.5: 63.5--79.8: 20.2-56.9: 43.1100.0: 0.0-
Lm#1 (OR)-33.4: 66.619.8: 80.2---24.7: 75.3--
Lm#2 (OR)-35.9: 64.121.7: 78.3---35.6: 64.4--
Lm#3 (OR)-36.6: 63.426.9: 73.1---34.9: 65.1--
Lm#4 (OR)-42.4: 57.628.1: 71.9---35.6: 64.4100.0: 0.0-
Lm#5 (OR)-46.2: 53.831.3: 68.7---46.5: 53.5100.0: 0.0-
Lm#6 (OR)-45.1: 54.976.4: 23.6---55.5: 44.5--
Lm#7 (ID)------38.7: 61.3--
Lm#8 (ID)-41.9: 48.180.9: 19.1---51.7: 48.3--
Lm#9 (ID)-40.5: 59.554.4: 45.6---47.6: 52.4--
Lm#10 (OR)-65.5: 34.530.5: 69.5--100.0: 0.043.6: 56.4100.0: 0.0-
Lm#11 (OR)-52.2: 47.824.5: 75.5---34.9: 65.1100.0: 0.0-
Lm#12 (OR)-21.1: 78.924.7: 75.3---42.8: 57.2--
Lomatium nudicaule
Ln#1-92.9: 7.1-100.0: 0.0100.0: 0.0100.0: 0.041.1: 58.9100.0: 0.0-
Ln#2-89.9: 10.1--94.1: 5.9-43.6: 56.499.9: 0.1-
Ln#3-93.7: 6.3--90.3: 9.7-48.8: 51.2100.0: 0.0-
Ln#4-87.8: 12.2--92.3: 7.7100.0: 0.043.7: 56.399.9: 0.1-
Ln#5-91.5: 8.5--96.7: 3.3100.0: 0.044.8: 55.299.9: 0.1-
Ln#6-88.3: 11.7--94.6: 5.4100.0: 0.043.2: 56.899.9: 0.1-
Ln#7-90.9: 9.1--92.0: 8.0100.0: 0.049.0: 51.0100.0: 0.0-
Lomatium SpeciesEnantiomeric Distribution, (+): (−)
Linalooltrans-Sabinene HydrateTerpinen-4-olα-TerpineolPiperitone(E)-β-CaryophylleneGermacrene Dβ-Bisaboleneδ-Cadinene(E)-Nerolidol
Lomatium triternatum complex
La#1-93.1: 6.972.0: 28.059.3: 40.7-0.0: 100.00.0: 100.0---
La#2-95.4: 4.671.8: 28.255.8: 44.2-0.0: 100.00.0: 100.0---
La#3-95.7: 4.371.8: 28.255.5: 44.5-0.0: 100.00.0: 100.0---
Lpack#1----------
Lpack#2------80.6: 19.4---
Lpack#3--29.4: 70.6--0.0: 100.024.6: 75.4---
Lpack#4------30.9: 69.1---
Ltt#156.8: 43.2-35.7: 64.3---0.0: 100.0---
Ltt#267.5: 32.5---------
Ltt#3--30.4: 69.6--0.0: 100.00.0: 100.0---
Lomatium grayi complex
Lpap#1 (OR)67.7: 32.3--29.3: 70.7-----7.4: 92.6
Lpap#2 (OR)88.6: 11.4-67.6: 32.426.2: 73.80.3: 99.7-0.0: 100.0---
Lpap#3 (OR)90.1: 9.9-69.5: 30.527.2: 72.80.3: 99.7-0.0: 100.0---
Lpap#4 (OR)78.7: 21.3-67.5: 32.5-0.4: 99.6-----
Lpap#5 (ID)---------30.8: 69.2
Lpap#6 (ID)-----0.0: 100.0--100.0: 0.036.1: 63.9
Lpap#7 (ID)-----0.0: 100.0--100.0: 0.028.8: 71.2
Lpap#8 (ID)-----0.0: 100.0--100.0: 0.026.9: 73.1
Lomatium dissectum complex
Ld#1-----0.0: 100.0----
Ld#2-----0.0: 100.0----
Ld#3-----0.0: 100.0----
Ld#4-----0.0: 100.0----
Ld#5-----0.0: 100.0----
Lm#1 (OR)---29.6: 70.4-0.0: 100.0----
Lm#2 (OR)---30.3: 69.7-0.0: 100.0---7.7: 92.3
Lm#3 (OR)---26.4: 73.6-0.0: 100.0---5.0: 95.0
Lm#4 (OR)-----0.0: 100.0----
Lm#5 (OR)-----0.0: 100.0---6.5: 93.5
Lm#6 (OR)-----0.0: 100.0---15.2: 84.8
Lm#7 (ID)-----0.0: 100.0-100.0: 0.0-18.7: 81.3
Lm#8 (ID)---28.2: 71.8-0.0: 100.0-25.6: 74.4-14.7: 85.3
Lm#9 (ID)---30.3: 69.7-0.0: 100.0-17.1: 82.9-11.0: 89.0
Lm#10 (OR)-----0.0: 100.0----
Lm#11 (OR)-----0.0: 100.0-100.0: 0.0-8.3: 91.7
Lm#12 (OR)-----0.0: 100.0-100.0: 0.0-8.5: 91.5
Lomatium nudicaule
Ln#127.1: 72.9----0.0: 100.0100.0: 0.0---
Ln#237.1: 62.9---------
Ln#332.0: 68.0---------
Ln#419.6: 80.4----0.0: 100.093.4: 6.6---
Ln#522.6: 77.4----0.0: 100.094.3: 5.7---
Ln#610.7: 89.3----0.0: 100.094.9: 5.1---
Ln#7-----0.0: 100.0----
La = Lomatium anomalum, Lpack = Lomatium packardiae, Ltt = Lomatium triternatum var. triternatum, Lpap = Lomatium papilioniferum, OR = sample collected in Oregon, ID = sample collected in Idaho, Ld = Lomatium dissectum, Lm = Lomatium multifidum, Ln = Lomatium nudicaule, - = not observed.
Table 11. Enantiomer percentages and significance for chiral monoterpenoids in Lomatium species based on ANOVA/Tukey.
Table 11. Enantiomer percentages and significance for chiral monoterpenoids in Lomatium species based on ANOVA/Tukey.
Enantiomer Percentage (Means ± Standard Deviations)
Lomatium Species(+)-α-Pinene(−)-Camphene(+)-Sabinene(+)-β-Pinene(+)-Limonene(+)-Linalool
Lomatium anomalum98.5 ± 0.3 a-95.6 ± 0.4 a22.7 ± 39.3 bc56.3 ± 3.9 bc-
Lomatium packardiae22.4 ± 19.8 c-9.6 ± 6.4 c25.1 ± 30.4 bc99.1 ± 0.2 a-
Lomatium triternatum var. triternatum20.0 ± 27.1 c-5.9 ± 2.2 c10.8 ± 14.5 c24.9 ± 4.8 de62.2 ± 7.6 a
Lomatium papilioniferum (Oregon)23.1 ± 6.9 c83.7 ± 2.6 a59.2 ± 9.9 b13.1 ± 3.8 c16.0 ± 7.3 e81.3 ± 10.4 a
Lomatium papilioniferum (Idaho)46.9 ± 4.9 bc74.4 ± 2.0 a--39.4 ± 10.3 cd-
Lomatium dissectum54.5 ± 21.9 b--69.7 ± 23.9 ab71.5 ± 18.2 b-
Lomatium multifidum41.9 ± 11.2 bc61.9 ± 22.1 a--41.0 ± 8.6 cd-
Lomatium nudicaule90.7 ± 2.2 a--94.3 ± 3.3 a44.9 ± 3.0 cd24.9 ± 9.4 b
For each column, means that do not share a letter are significantly different (p < 0.05). - = not observed.
Table 12. Collection and hydrodistillation details for Lomatium species.
Table 12. Collection and hydrodistillation details for Lomatium species.
Lomatium Species (Voucher Number)Sample #Collection SiteCollection DateMass Aerial Parts (g)Mass Essential Oil (g)Essential Oil Color%
Lomatium anomalum Jones ex J.M. Coult. & Rose (voucher WNS-La-5379)#1Near Grangeville, Idaho (45°55′29″ N, 116°8′19″ W, 1042 m asl)2 June 202272.251.214pale yellow1.68
Lomatium anomalum Jones ex J.M. Coult. & Rose #2Near Grangeville, Idaho (45°52′34″ N, 116°13′40″ W, 1079 m asl)30 May 2024108.121.692colorless1.57
Lomatium anomalum Jones ex J.M. Coult. & Rose #3Near Grangeville, Idaho (45°52′34″ N, 116°13′40″ W, 1079 m asl)30 May 202497.721.594colorless1.63
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance (voucher WNS-Ld-0181)#1Near Grangeville, Idaho (45°52′34″ N, 116°13′40″ W, 1079 m asl)30 May 202494.802.401colorless2.53
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance #2Near Grangeville, Idaho (45°50′24″ N, 116°14′6″ W, 1275 m asl)30 May 2024113.313.107colorless2.74
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance #3Near Grangeville, Idaho (45°50′24″ N, 116°14′6″ W, 1275 m asl)30 May 2024238.044.623colorless1.94
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance #4Near Grangeville, Idaho (45°50′24″ N, 116°14′6″ W, 1275 m asl)30 May 2024129.213.370colorless2.61
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance #5Near Grangeville, Idaho (45°50′24″ N, 116°14′6″ W, 1275 m asl)30 May 2024198.534.070colorless2.05
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach (voucher WNS-Lm-7137)#1Between Boggs Junction and Arlington, Oregon (45°41′23″ N, 120°30′0″ W, 97 m asl)17 April 2023176.414.712yellow2.67
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #2Between Boggs Junction and Arlington, Oregon (45°41′23″ N, 120°30′0″ W, 97 m asl)17 April 202389.141.699yellow1.91
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #3Leslie Gulch, Oregon (43°18′22″ N, 117°17′31″ W, 955 m asl)27 May 202364.183.429yellow5.34
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #4Leslie Gulch, Oregon (43°18′22″ N, 117°17′31″ W, 955 m asl)27 May 202383.374.492yellow5.39
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #5Leslie Gulch, Oregon (43°18′22″ N, 117°17′31″ W, 955 m asl)27 May 202362.891.288yellow2.05
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #6Near Prairie, Idaho (43°32′33″ N, 115°48′14″ W, 1143 m asl)25 May 202338.872.141yellow5.51
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #7Near Prairie, Idaho (43°32′33″ N, 115°48′14″ W, 1143 m asl)25 May 202379.814.907yellow6.148
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #8Near Prairie, Idaho (43°32′33″ N, 115°48′14″ W, 1143 m asl)25 May 202343.881.583yellow3.61
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #9Near Prairie, Idaho (43°32′33″ N, 115°48′14″ W, 1143 m asl)25 May 202358.092.537yellow4.37
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #10Lake Owyhee, Oregon (43°36′33″ N, 117°15′15″ W, 841 m asl)8 May 202497.412.578colorless2.65
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #11Lake Owyhee, Oregon (43°36′33″ N, 117°15′15″ W, 841 m asl)8 May 202469.771.116pale yellow1.60
Lomatium multifidum (Nutt.) R.P. McNeill & Darrach #12Leslie Gulch, Oregon (43°18′26″ N, 117°17′32″ W, 952 m asl)11 May 2024124.043.643colorless2.94
Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose (voucher WNS-Ln-5374)#1Boise Foothills, Idaho (43°32′45″ N, 115°48′15″ W, 1146 m asl)12 June 2022191.370.564pale yellow0.30
Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose#2Boise Foothills, Idaho (43°32′45″ N, 115°48′15″ W, 1146 m asl)12 June 202246.030.100pale yellow0.22
Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose#3Boise Foothills, Idaho (43°32′45″ N, 115°48′15″ W, 1146 m asl)12 June 202242.060.063pale yellow0.15
Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose#4Near Prairie, Idaho (43°32′33″ N, 115°48′13″ W, 1142 m asl)25 May 202368.161.822colorless2.67
Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose#5Near Prairie, Idaho (43°32′33″ N, 115°48′13″ W, 1142 m asl)25 May 202367.141.845colorless2.75
Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose#6Near Prairie, Idaho (43°32′33″ N, 115°48′13″ W, 1142 m asl)25 May 202349.561.253pale yellow2.53
Lomatium nudicaule (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose#7Near Midvale, Idaho (44°26′45″ N, 116°48′3″ W, 963 m asl)21 May 2024120.373.620colorless3.01
Lomatium packardiae Cronquist (voucher WNS-Lpack-0173)#1 Near Midvale, Idaho (44°25′29″ N, 116°49′19″ W, 988 m asl)21 May 202470.221.287colorless1.83
Lomatium packardiae Cronquist #2 Near Midvale, Idaho (44°26′42″ N, 116°48′1″ W, 963 m asl)21 May 2024123.101.920colorless1.56
Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley (voucher WNS-Lpap-6926)#1Between Boggs Junction and Arlington, Oregon (45°41′23″ N, 120°30′0″ W, 97 m asl)17 April 202390.100.179yellow0.20
Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley#2Between Boggs Junction and Arlington, Oregon (45°41′23″ N, 120°30′0″ W, 97 m asl)17 April 2023134.461.532yellow1.14
Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley#3Between Boggs Junction and Arlington, Oregon (45°41′23″ N, 120°30′0″ W, 97 m asl)17 April 2023112.702.208colorless1.96
Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley#4Between Boggs Junction and Arlington, Oregon (45°41′23″ N, 120°30′0″ W, 97 m asl)17 April 2023153.022.349pale yellow1.54
Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley#5Near Mann Creek Reservoir, Idaho (44°23′43″ N, 116°53′45″ W, 900 m asl)21 May 202471.852.066yellow2.88
Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley#6Near Mann Creek Reservoir, Idaho (44°23′43″ N, 116°53′45″ W, 900 m asl)21 May 202468.182.199yellow3.23
Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley#7Near Mann Creek Reservoir, Idaho (44°24′5″ N, 116°53′53″ W, 883 m asl)21 May 202490.422.754yellow3.05
Lomatium papilioniferum J.A. Alexander & Whaley#8Near Mann Creek Reservoir, Idaho (44°24′4″ N, 116°53′53″ W, 884 m asl)21 May 202462.272.071yellow3.33
Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose var. triternatum (voucher WNS-Ltt-7101)#1Near Prairie, Idaho (43°30′25″ N, 115°55′35″ W, 1460 m asl)25 May 202330.300.538colorless1.77
Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose#2Near Prairie, Idaho (43°30′25″ N, 115°55′35″ W, 1460 m asl)25 May 202339.220.638colorless1.63
Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose#3Near Prairie, Idaho (43°30′25″ N, 115°55′35″ W, 1460 m asl)25 May 202327.060.367colorless1.36
Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose#4Near Arrowrock Reservoir, Idaho (43°36′41″ N, 115°49′59″ W, 984 m asl)9 May 202487.121.569pale yellow1.80
Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose#5Near Arrowrock Reservoir, Idaho (43°36′42″ N, 115°49′56″ W, 985 m asl)9 May 202448.251.038colorless2.15
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Setzer, W.N.; Poudel, A.; Satyal, P.; Swor, K.; Shock, C.C. Lomatium Species of the Intermountain Western United States: A Chemotaxonomic Investigation Based on Essential Oil Compositions. Plants 2025, 14, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020186

AMA Style

Setzer WN, Poudel A, Satyal P, Swor K, Shock CC. Lomatium Species of the Intermountain Western United States: A Chemotaxonomic Investigation Based on Essential Oil Compositions. Plants. 2025; 14(2):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020186

Chicago/Turabian Style

Setzer, William N., Ambika Poudel, Prabodh Satyal, Kathy Swor, and Clinton C. Shock. 2025. "Lomatium Species of the Intermountain Western United States: A Chemotaxonomic Investigation Based on Essential Oil Compositions" Plants 14, no. 2: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020186

APA Style

Setzer, W. N., Poudel, A., Satyal, P., Swor, K., & Shock, C. C. (2025). Lomatium Species of the Intermountain Western United States: A Chemotaxonomic Investigation Based on Essential Oil Compositions. Plants, 14(2), 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020186

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