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Volume 14
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10.3390/plants14172658
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Phenolic Compounds Enhance Aluminum Tolerance in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis and Cell Wall Properties Under Aluminum Stress

by
Shanshan Xu
1,2,3,†,
Jiahui Wei
1,†,
Xin Wang
1,2,†,
Ruobing Zhang
1,2,
Jiahua Gao
1,2,
Xiaoling Li
1,2,
Chen Wang
1,2 and
Yiquan Ye
1,2,3,*
1
College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
2
State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center of Chinese Fir, Fuzhou 350002, China
3
University Key Laboratory of Forestry Stress Physiology, Ecology and Molecular Biology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2025, 14(17), 2658; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172658
Submission received: 6 August 2025 / Revised: 22 August 2025 / Accepted: 24 August 2025 / Published: 26 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Metal Stress on Plants: Potential Impacts and Survival Strategies)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acidic soils severely limits the productivity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations. Despite being a crucial timber species in southern China, the regulatory mechanisms underlying phenolic accumulation and Al tolerance pathways under Al stress in Chinese fir remain unidentified. In this study, 5-month-old Chinese fir seedlings were treated with an exogenous phenolic synthesis inhibitor (AIP) and precursor (MJ) to establish the following groups: CK, AIP, MJ, Al, Al+AIP, and Al+MJ. Physiological and biochemical indicator analyses, transcriptome analysis, and protein interaction network predictions were conducted. The findings revealed that phenolic compounds enhance Al tolerance in Chinese fir through two mechanisms: (1) regulation of active oxygen homeostasis (elevating SOD and POD activities, promoting AsA and GSH accumulation, and augmenting total antioxidant capacity); and (2) modulation of cell wall characteristics (increasing pectin content and pectinase activity, and facilitating Al sequestration in the cell wall). Moreover, MJ was found to synergistically enhance these processes, while AIP impeded them. Genes associated with antioxidant enzymes, secondary metabolite synthesis, and cell wall modification were implicated in the regulatory mechanisms. This study provides a theoretical foundation for elucidating the adaptation of Chinese fir to Al toxicity in acidic soil environments, offers insights for enhancing Chinese fir productivity in acidic soils, and presents a novel target for breeding trees with stress resistance.
Keywords: aluminum stress; phenolic substances; 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP); methyl jasmonate (MJ); antioxidant system; cell wall properties aluminum stress; phenolic substances; 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP); methyl jasmonate (MJ); antioxidant system; cell wall properties

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xu, S.; Wei, J.; Wang, X.; Zhang, R.; Gao, J.; Li, X.; Wang, C.; Ye, Y. Phenolic Compounds Enhance Aluminum Tolerance in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis and Cell Wall Properties Under Aluminum Stress. Plants 2025, 14, 2658. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172658

AMA Style

Xu S, Wei J, Wang X, Zhang R, Gao J, Li X, Wang C, Ye Y. Phenolic Compounds Enhance Aluminum Tolerance in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis and Cell Wall Properties Under Aluminum Stress. Plants. 2025; 14(17):2658. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172658

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Shanshan, Jiahui Wei, Xin Wang, Ruobing Zhang, Jiahua Gao, Xiaoling Li, Chen Wang, and Yiquan Ye. 2025. "Phenolic Compounds Enhance Aluminum Tolerance in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis and Cell Wall Properties Under Aluminum Stress" Plants 14, no. 17: 2658. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172658

APA Style

Xu, S., Wei, J., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Gao, J., Li, X., Wang, C., & Ye, Y. (2025). Phenolic Compounds Enhance Aluminum Tolerance in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis and Cell Wall Properties Under Aluminum Stress. Plants, 14(17), 2658. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172658

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