Local and Regional Dynamics of Native Maize Seed Lot Use by Small-Scale Producers and Their Impact on Transgene Presence in Three Mexican States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Strategy, Maize Seed Lot Collection and Producer Surveys
2.2. Interviews: Type and Systematization
2.3. Data Mining Analyses Performed on Maize Producers’ Survey Data
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Commonalities and Differences in Agricultural and Seed Management Practices among Maize Producers
3.2. Data Mining Analysis
3.3. Analysis of within State Regional Variation on Transgene Presence
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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State | Mexico City | Chiapas | Oaxaca |
---|---|---|---|
Characteristics of maize producers and units of production | |||
Number of producers interviewed | 115 | 391 | 400 |
Average age of producers | 56.6 | 51.2 | 56.2 |
Percentage of producers over 50 years old | 70.3 | 42 | 65 |
Percentage of producers who speak an Indigenous language | 12.1 | 22.79 | 55 |
Type of land tenancy | communal, private | private, ejido | communal, private |
Average extension (ha) | 1.28 | 1.29 | 1.6 |
Characteristics of maize seed lots and exchange dynamics | |||
Average age of maize seed stock | more than 10 years | 9.9 | more than 10 years |
% producers using only one variety of maize | 36.52 | 82.90 | 75 |
% producers using more than one variety | 63.47 | 17 | 25 |
% of samples ascribed as native maize varieties | 98 | 77.6 | 91.1 |
% of samples ascribed as hybrid/improved varieties | 2 | 22.4 | 8.9 |
% of seed exchanged within the locality | 84.4 | 97.9 | 90.7 |
% seed introduced from outside of the locality | 15.6 | 2.2 | 9.3 |
% of maize used for food | 65.8 | 53.5 | 40.9 |
% of maize used for fodder | 3.87 | 1.55 | 0.3 |
% of maize used for both | 30.3 | 45 | 58.6 |
Agricultural practices | |||
% parcels sowed under monoculture | 23.2 | 88.3 | 26.5 |
% parcels sowed under polyculture | 76.8 | 11.7 | 73.5 |
% producers who use animal draft power | 29.7 | 32.4 | 56.5 |
% producers who use a tractor | 29.7 | 50 | 21.6 |
% producers who use both | 40.7 | 17.6 | 33.5 |
% producers who apply fertilizers | 53 | 100 | 62.8 |
% producers who apply herbicides | 21 | 100 | 39.1 |
% producers who apply insecticides | 7 | 67 | 23.5 |
State | Variable | Category | n | ε |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mexico City | Area (ha) | 5 | 3 | 2.58 |
Producer age group | (63, 67) | 34 | 1.43 | |
Seed stock age | (25, 30) | 21 | 1.30 | |
Producer age group | (54, 59) | 22 | 1.21 | |
Chiapas | Origin of donated seed | others | 86 | 2.00 |
Producer age group | (37.2, 43) | 58 | 1.87 | |
Seed stock age | (5, 8) | 89 | 1.85 | |
Language | native | 113 | 1.35 | |
Seed stock age | (0, 2) | 23 | 1.32 | |
Insecticide | others | 241 | 1.12 | |
Herbicide (glyphosate) | other | 3 | 1.07 | |
Oaxaca | Producer age group | (43, 46) | 33 | 2.95 |
Use of harvested grain | sale | 296 | 2.37 | |
Seed stock age | (5, 8) | 36 | 1.97 | |
Producer age group | (54, 59) | 56 | 1.89 | |
Origin of seed stock | seed shop | 3 | 1.68 | |
Origin of donated seed | family | 271 | 1.58 | |
Insecticide | derived from glyphosate | 66 | 1.53 | |
Level of technification | tractor | 361 | 1.45 | |
Cultivation system | polyculture | 417 | 1.22 | |
Maize variety cultivated | hybrid | 77 | 1.20 | |
Producer age group | (67, 74) | 84 | 1.08 |
Chiapas | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
REGION | Number of Sampled Locations | Samples per Region | Number of Producers | Average Number of Producers per Region | Samples Positive for Transgenes | Percentage of Producers with Positive Samples | Percentage of Localities with Positive Samples | Percentage of Positive Samples within a Region |
I. Metropolitana | 20 | 76 | 64 | 6.4 | 10 | 2.56 | 50.00 | 13.16 |
II. Valles Zoque | 10 | 34 | 28 | 2.8 | 9 | 2.3 | 90.00 | 26.47 |
III. Mezcalapa | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 |
IV. De los llanos | 6 | 27 | 24 | 2.4 | 3 | 0.77 | 50.00 | 11.11 |
V. Altos Tsotsil-Tseltal | 9 | 52 | 53 | 5.3 | 2 | 0.51 | 22.22 | 3.85 |
VI. La Fraylesca | 16 | 44 | 38 | 3.8 | 3 | 0.77 | 18.75 | 6.82 |
VII. De los Bosques | 2 | 14 | 12 | 1.2 | 3 | 0.77 | 66.66 | 21.43 |
VIII. Norte | 4 | 20 | 18 | 1.8 | 1 | 0.26 | 25.00 | 5 |
IX. Istmo-Costa | 3 | 10 | 9 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 |
X. Soconusco | 17 | 42 | 32 | 3.2 | 5 | 1.28 | 29.41 | 11.9 |
XI. Sierra Mariscal | 9 | 35 | 29 | 2.9 | 7 | 1.79 | 77.78 | 20 |
XII. Selva Lacandona | 2 | 8 | 6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 |
XIII. Maya | 3 | 17 | 13 | 1.3 | 3 | 0.77 | 100.00 | 17.65 |
XIV. Tulijá Tsotsil Chol | 6 | 19 | 14 | 1.4 | 2 | 0.51 | 33.33 | 10.53 |
XV. Meseta Comiteca | 14 | 53 | 48 | 4.8 | 8 | 2.05 | 57.14 | 15.09 |
Oaxaca | ||||||||
REGION | Number of Sampled Locations | Samples per Region | Number of Producers | Average Number of Producers per Region | Samples Positive for Transgenes | Percentage of Producers with Positive Samples | Percentage of Localities with Positive Samples | Percentage of Positive Samples within a Region |
I. Valles Centrales | 8 | 63 | 41 | 3.28 | 2 | 0.5 | 25.00 | 3.17 |
II. Costa | 15 | 74 | 58 | 4.64 | 2 | 0.5 | 13.33 | 2.7 |
III. Sierra Norte | 11 | 42 | 23 | 1.84 | 5 | 1.25 | 45.45 | 11.9 |
IV. Sierra Sur | 28 | 156 | 89 | 7.12 | 1 | 0.25 | 3.57 | 0.64 |
V. Cañada | 12 | 45 | 15 | 1.2 | 2 | 0.5 | 16.67 | 4.44 |
VI. Mixteca | 30 | 93 | 40 | 3.2 | 12 | 3 | 40.00 | 12.9 |
VII. Istmo | 26 | 100 | 87 | 6.96 | 2 | 0.5 | 7.69 | 2 |
VIII. Papaloapan | 12 | 66 | 47 | 3.76 | 7 | 1.75 | 58.33 | 10.61 |
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Ayala-Angulo, M.; González, E.J.; Ureta, C.; Chávez-Servia, J.L.; González-Ortega, E.; Vandame, R.; de Ávila-Bloomberg, A.; Martínez-Guerra, G.; González-Díaz, S.; Ruíz-González, R.O.; et al. Local and Regional Dynamics of Native Maize Seed Lot Use by Small-Scale Producers and Their Impact on Transgene Presence in Three Mexican States. Plants 2023, 12, 2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132514
Ayala-Angulo M, González EJ, Ureta C, Chávez-Servia JL, González-Ortega E, Vandame R, de Ávila-Bloomberg A, Martínez-Guerra G, González-Díaz S, Ruíz-González RO, et al. Local and Regional Dynamics of Native Maize Seed Lot Use by Small-Scale Producers and Their Impact on Transgene Presence in Three Mexican States. Plants. 2023; 12(13):2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132514
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyala-Angulo, Mariana, Edgar J. González, Carolina Ureta, José Luis Chávez-Servia, Emmanuel González-Ortega, Remy Vandame, Alejandro de Ávila-Bloomberg, Geovanni Martínez-Guerra, Said González-Díaz, Rosey Obet Ruíz-González, and et al. 2023. "Local and Regional Dynamics of Native Maize Seed Lot Use by Small-Scale Producers and Their Impact on Transgene Presence in Three Mexican States" Plants 12, no. 13: 2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132514
APA StyleAyala-Angulo, M., González, E. J., Ureta, C., Chávez-Servia, J. L., González-Ortega, E., Vandame, R., de Ávila-Bloomberg, A., Martínez-Guerra, G., González-Díaz, S., Ruíz-González, R. O., Diego-Flores, P., Álvarez-Buylla, E. R., & Piñeyro-Nelson, A. (2023). Local and Regional Dynamics of Native Maize Seed Lot Use by Small-Scale Producers and Their Impact on Transgene Presence in Three Mexican States. Plants, 12(13), 2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132514