Effect of Glutamic Acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on Flower Bud Biostimulation, Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Activity in Blueberry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Number of Buds and Fruit Quality
2.2. Nonenzymatic Antioxidants in Fruits
2.3. Nonenzymatic Antioxidants in Leaves
2.4. Photosynthetic Pigments
2.5. Enzymatic Antioxidants in Fruits
2.6. Enzymatic Antioxidants in Leaves
3. Discussion
3.1. Number of Buds and Fruit Quality
3.2. Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
3.3. Photosynthetic Pigments
3.4. Enzymatic Antioxidants
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Vegetal Material
4.3. Experimental Design and Treatments
4.4. Fruit Quality
Titrimetric Methods
4.5. Sample Preparation for Biochemical Analysis.
4.5.1. Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
4.5.2. Enzymatic Antioxidants
4.6. Photosynthetic Pigments
4.7. Chemical Reagents
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | NB | TSS (°Brix) | PDF (mm) | EDF (mm) | FW (g) | TA (% de A. C.) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLU | 0 | 15.40 ± 0.41 b | 13.50 ±0.61b | 10.17±0.56 b | 14.93 ± 0.87 b | 1.69 ± 0.04 b | 0.32 ± 0.01 b |
250 | 16.70 ± 0.43 b | 15.17 ±0.47a | 10.22 ±0.20 b | 14.06 ± 0.56 b | 1.73 ± 0.04 b | 0.40 ± 0.04 a | |
500 | 18.90 ± 0.54 a | 15.50 ±0.37a | 11.45 ±0.22 a | 16.48 ± 0.61 a | 1.95 ± 0.06 a | 0.37 ± 0.03 ab | |
ANOVA | <0.0001 | 0.0021 | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | 0.0366 | |
6-BAP | 0 | 15.46± 0.47 b | 14.00±0.77 a | 9.43± 0.46 b | 12.45 ± 0.46 b | 1.64 ± 0.03 b | 0.43 ± 0.03 a |
10 | 17.60 ± 0.63 a | 14.92 ±0.45 a | 11.32 ±0.25 a | 16.62 ± 0.59 a | 1.72 ± 0.07 a | 0.30 ± 0.02 b | |
20 | 17.90 ± 0.51 a | 15.25 ±0.25 a | 11.18 ±0.20 a | 16.39 ± 0.39 a | 1.87 ± 0.04 a | 0.36 ± 0.03 ab | |
ANOVA | 0.0016 | 0.0748 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0016 | |
GLU*6-BAP | ANOVA | 0.0082 | 0.0250 | 0.0002 | 0.0427 | 0.0006 | 0.0007 |
CV | 7.35 | 9.01 | 6.52 | 8.09 | 18.21 | 16.31 |
Treatments | Phenols (mg g−1 DW) | Flavonoids (mg g−1 DW) | GSH (mmol 100 g−1 DW) | Vitamin C (mg 100 g−1 FW) | Anthocyanins (mg 100 g−1 DW) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLU | 0 | 40.35 ± 8.13 a | 55.38 ± 10.31 b | 1.13 ± 0.31 b | 12.16 ± 0.17 b | 267.15 ± 18.58 b |
250 | 42.04 ± 6.08 a | 58.25 ± 5.07 b | 1.22 ± 0.07 ab | 12.69 ± 0.18 b | 301.68 ± 17.88 a | |
500 | 40.91 ± 5.56 a | 64.08 ± 6.39 a | 1.31 ± 0.15 a | 14.18 ± 0.44 a | 311.59 ± 16.67 a | |
ANOVA | 0.7392 | <0.0001 | 0.0188 | <0.0001 | 0.006 | |
6-BAP | 0 | 42.58 ± 6.93 a | 56.63 ± 7.34 b | 1.13 ± 0.33 b | 12.42 ± 0.27 b | 225.22 ± 7.87 c |
10 | 40.07 ± 6.15 a | 56.17 ± 6.69 b | 1.22 ± 0.08 ab | 13.09 ± 0.32 b | 281.08 ± 13.09 b | |
20 | 40.64 ± 6.78 a | 64.91 ± 8.02 a | 1.30 ± 0.10 a | 13.52 ± 0.53 a | 374.11 ± 5.97 a | |
ANOVA | 0.4956 | <0.0001 | 0.0266 | 0.0039 | <0.0001 | |
GLU*6-BAP | ANOVA | 0.148 | <0.0001 | 0.009 | 0.0096 | <0.0001 |
CV | 14.65 | 7.51 | 13.87 | 4.62 | 12.65 |
Treatments | Phenols (mg g−1 DW) | Flavonoids (mg g−1 DW) | GSH (mmol 100 g−1 DW) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
GLU | 0 | 36.36 ± 6.77 b | 38.32 ± 1.67 b | 3.19 ± 0.98 b |
250 | 45.64 ± 4.72 a | 41.58 ± 2.79 a | 3.72 ± 0.39 a | |
500 | 48.61 ± 2.64 a | 40.74 ± 2.88 a | 3.17 ± 0.35 b | |
ANOVA | <0.0001 | 0.1639 | <0.0001 | |
6-BAP | 0 | 40.9 ± 6.05 b | 39.08 ± 2.03 b | 3.71 ± 0.31 a |
10 | 46.52 ± 5.10 a | 40.01 ± 3.31 ab | 3.04 ± 0.98 c | |
20 | 43.18 ± 9.10 b | 41.54 ± 2.54 a | 3.33 ± 0.38 b | |
ANOVA | 0.0008 | 0.132 | <0.0001 | |
GLU*6-BAP | ANOVA | 0.0009 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
CV | 8.48 | 4.57 | 6.62 |
Treatments | Chlorophyll a (mg 100 g−1 FW) | Chlorophyll b (mg 100 g−1 FW) | Total Chlorophyll (mg 100 g−1 FW) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
GLU | 0 | 70.99 ± 2.32 c | 52.07 ± 3.05 b | 123.06 ± 2.15 c |
250 | 75.29 ± 3.07 b | 56.18 ± 5.75 a | 131.47 ± 3.11 b | |
500 | 83.95 ± 5,15 a | 57.46 ± 2.27 a | 141.41 ± 5.99 a | |
ANOVA | <0.0001 | 0.0068 | <0.0001 | |
6-BAP | 0 | 75.19 ± 3.95 b | 55.92 ± 3.52 a | 131.11 ± 2.64 a |
10 | 77.52 ± 7.16 a | 54.46 ± 5.09 a | 131.98 ± 3.58 a | |
20 | 77.51 ± 8 a | 55.33 ± 6.54 a | 132.85 ± 6.16 a | |
ANOVA | 0.0084 | 0.6781 | 0.6814 | |
GLU*6-BAP | ANOVA | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
CV | 2.89 | 8.24 | 4.08 |
Treatments | CAT (U g 100 g−1 TP) | PAL (U g 100 g−1 TP) | GPX (U g 100 g−1 TP) | APX (U g 100 g−1 TP) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLU | 0 | 3.98 ± 1.40 b | 0.57 ± 0.10 a | 3.98 ± 1.18 b | 6.76 ± 1.10 ab |
250 | 3.34 ± 1.36 b | 0.49 ± 0.06 b | 3.71 ± 0.86 b | 6.92 ± 1.35 a | |
500 | 5.06 ± 0.91 a | 0.61 ± 0.16 a | 5.1 ± 0.61 a | 5.93 ± 0.95 b | |
ANOVA | 0.0009 | 0.0025 | 0.0001 | 0.0356 | |
6-BAP | 0 | 4.09 ± 1.21 a | 0.5 ± 0.07 b | 3.76 ± 1.22 b | 6.53 ± 1.18 a |
10 | 4.38 ± 1.55 a | 0.55 ± 0.14 ab | 4.51 ± 1.14 a | 6.47 ± 1.11 a | |
20 | 3.92 ± 1.51 a | 0.63 ± 0.11 a | 4.52 ± 0.71 a | 6.62 ± 1.31 a | |
ANOVA | 0.5495 | 0.0012 | 0.0192 | 0.9229 | |
GLU*6-BAP | ANOVA | 0.0318 | 0.0272 | 0.058 | 0.0725 |
CV | 27.81 | 16.04 | 18.76 | 17.4 |
Treatments | CAT (U g 100 g−1 TP) | PAL (U g 100 g−1 TP) | GPX (U g 100 g−1 TP) | APX (U g 100 g−1 TP) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLU | 0 | 147.03 ± 11.34 b | 46.93 ± 6.0 a | 460.51 ± 20.86 a | 20.33 ± 0.71 b |
250 | 180.42 ± 6.48 b | 51.70 ± 5.74 a | 512.97 ± 11.93 a | 19.59 ± 0.55 b | |
500 | 247.42 ± 9.09 a | 46.93 ± 4.13 a | 437.05 ± 5.94 a | 27.69 ± 1.46 a | |
ANOVA | 0.0001 | 0.2278 | 0.0729 | <0.0001 | |
6-BAP | 0 | 174.77 ± 7.37 b | 52.11 ± 5.18 a | 492.11 ± 14.52 a | 20.03 ± 0.90 b |
10 | 168.17 ± 15.98 b | 50.10 ± 6.68 a | 407.29 ± 17.51 b | 21.96 ± 1.28 b | |
20 | 231.93 ± 11.87 a | 53.14 ± 4.21 a | 511.14 ± 18.57 a | 25.60 ± 1.49 a | |
ANOVA | 0.0062 | 0.8588 | 0.0071 | <0.0001 | |
GLU*6-BAP | ANOVA | 0.3328 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0067 |
C.V. | 29.26 | 29.52 | 19.07 | 11.83 |
Phenological Stage | mEq L−1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CE | pH | NO3− | NH4+ | H2PO4− | SO42− | K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | |
Vegetative | 1.1–1.2 | 5.0–5.5 | 4 | 5 | 1.5 | 5.5 | 2.5 | 2 | 1.5 |
Differentiation Flowering | 0.8–0.9 | 5.0–5.5 | 2 | 2 | 1.5 | 5 | 3.5 | 2 | 1.0 |
Fruit production | 1.1–1.3 | 5.0–5.5 | 3 | 3 | 1.5 | 6 | 4 | 2.25 | 1.25 |
Treatment | GLU (mg L−1) | 6-BAP (mg L−1) | Keys |
---|---|---|---|
T1 * | 0 | 0 | 0–0 mg L−1 |
T2 | 0 | 10 | 0–10 mg L−1 |
T3 | 0 | 20 | 0–20 mg L−1 |
T4 | 250 | 0 | 250–0 mg L−1 |
T5 | 250 | 10 | 250–10 mg L−1 |
T6 | 250 | 20 | 250–20 mg L−1 |
T7 | 500 | 0 | 500–0 mg L−1 |
T8 | 500 | 10 | 50–10 mg L−1 |
T9 | 500 | 20 | 500–20 mg L−1 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Pérez-León, M.I.; González-Fuentes, J.A.; Valdez-Aguilar, L.A.; Benavides-Mendoza, A.; Alvarado-Camarillo, D.; Castillo-Chacón, C.E. Effect of Glutamic Acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on Flower Bud Biostimulation, Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Activity in Blueberry. Plants 2023, 12, 2363. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122363
Pérez-León MI, González-Fuentes JA, Valdez-Aguilar LA, Benavides-Mendoza A, Alvarado-Camarillo D, Castillo-Chacón CE. Effect of Glutamic Acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on Flower Bud Biostimulation, Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Activity in Blueberry. Plants. 2023; 12(12):2363. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122363
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-León, María Itzel, José Antonio González-Fuentes, Luis Alonso Valdez-Aguilar, Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza, Daniela Alvarado-Camarillo, and Carlos Estuardo Castillo-Chacón. 2023. "Effect of Glutamic Acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on Flower Bud Biostimulation, Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Activity in Blueberry" Plants 12, no. 12: 2363. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122363