Hoop House and Field Evaluation of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck) Selections in New Jersey, USA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tigernut Tuber Sources
2.2. Hoop House Studies
2.3. Field Cultivation Studies
2.4. Experimental Designs and Statistical Analysis
2.5. Tuber Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Hoop House Studies
3.2. Field Studies
4. Discussion
4.1. Hoop House Studies
4.2. Field Studies
5. Conclusions
6. Suggested Research Areas
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Country | Import Share (%) (2020) | Import Value (US$M) (2020) | Five-Year Growth in Import Value (%) (2015–2020) |
---|---|---|---|
USA | 30.68 | 660.48 | 26.52 |
China | 16.51 | 355.47 | 4.02 |
Germany | 8.67 | 186.73 | 28.77 |
Mexico | 6.9 | 148.53 | 68.57 |
Italy | 6.47 | 139.23 | 52.52 |
Netherlands | 3.84 | 82.77 | 16.26 |
Canada | 3.62 | 78.03 | 2.18 |
UK | 3.15 | 67.74 | 11.44 |
France | 2.42 | 52.1 | 31.86 |
Spain | 2.26 | 48.72 | 36.51 |
Average Five-Year Growth in Import Value | 27.90% |
Tigernut ID | Tuber Description | Source | Year First Evaluated |
---|---|---|---|
NG1 | Black and small size round tubers (<5 mm diameter) | African Market in Central NJ, imported from Nigeria | 2010 |
NG2 | Brownish-yellow and small round tubers (<5 mm diameter) | African Market in Central NJ, imported from Nigeria | 2010 |
NG3 | Brownish-yellow large/medium size round tubers (5–15 mm diameter) | African Market in Central NJ, imported from Nigeria | 2010 |
NG4 | Brownish-yellow large round tubers (7.5–15 mm diameter) | African Market in Central NJ, imported from Nigeria | 2010 |
GH | Brownish-yellow large round tubers (10–15 mm diameter) | African Market in Central NJ, imported from Ghana | 2008 |
MV | Brownish-yellow large/medium oblong tubers (up to 20 mm long, 5–10 mm wide at the center) | African Market in Central NJ, imported from Monrovia, Liberia | 2008 |
OG | Brownish-yellow large/medium round tubers (5–15 mm diameter) | 12 oz Commercial package from Organic Gemini, Brooklyn, NY, USA | 2014 |
SK | Brownish-yellow large/medium round tubers (5–15 mm diameter) | African Market in Central NJ, imported from Suakoko, Liberia | 2008 |
T-USA | Brownish-yellow large/medium round tubers (5–15 mm diameter) | 12 oz Commercial package from Tigernut USA, Hamilton, NJ, USA | 2019 |
Plant Nutrient | Analytical Protocol | Reference |
---|---|---|
Digestible Protein | AOAC 990.03 Combustion analysis by Elementar Max Exceed | [30] |
Dietary Fiber | AOAC 962.09 crude fiber by filter method | [31] |
Total Fat | AOAC 920.39 crude fat by ether extract | [32] |
Macro and Micro Elements | Modified AOAC 985.01, metals by ICP determination (digestion by nitric acidin Teflon vessels digested in a CEM Mars Express microwave) | [33] |
Digestible Carbohydrates | Calculated | [32] |
Tigernut Selection * | Plant Height (cm) (12 WAP 1) | Number of Shoots (14 WAP) | Shoot Dry wt. (g) (14 WAP) | Number of Tubers (14 WAP) | Tuber Yield (g) | Tuber #/Shoot | Tuber Size (g) | Tuber Yield Ratio 2 (TYR) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GH | 91 b ** | 13 b | 31 b | 28 b | 78.6 ns | 6.0 a | 2.8 a | 2.5 a |
MV | 104 a | 21 a | 39 a | 100 a | 76.0 ns | 3.6 b | 0.8 b | 1.9 b |
SK | 111 a | 20 a | 41 a | 93 a | 68.0 ns | 3.4 b | 0.7 b | 1.7 b |
Tigernut ID | Black Plastic Mulch (BPM) | White-over-Black Plastic Mulch (WPM) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | |
Tuber Fresh wt. (g) from Five Stands | ||||
NG3 * | 1550 a ** | 1640 a | 1243 a | 2140 b |
T-USA | 855 b | 1440 b | 825 b | 2680 a |
Analysis | NG3 * | T-USA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black Plastic Mulch | WhiteOB ** Plastic Mulch | Black Plastic Mulch | WhiteOB Plastic Mulch | Black Plastic Mulch | WhiteOB Plastic Mulch | |
2020 | 2021 | |||||
Digestible carbohydrate (%) | 41.3 ns | 38.3 ns | 41.9 ns | 37.6 ns | 38.9 ns | 40.0 ns |
Digestible protein (%) | 8.1 ns | 7.3 ns | 7.5 ns | 7.2 ns | 7.1 ns | 6.4 ns |
Fat (%) | 21.6 b | 25.2 a | 20.0 b | 26.4 a | 25.6 a | 24.4 a |
Dietary fiber (%) | 7.2 ns | 8.3 ns | 8.6 ns | 8.1 ns | 8.0 ns | 7.6 ns |
Potassium (K) (%) | 0.67 ns | 0.65 ns | 0.69 ns | 0.61 ns | 0.64 ns | 0.66 ns |
Calcium (Ca) (%) | <0.05 ns | 0.07 ns | <0.05 ns | <0.05 ns | 0.06 ns | 0.05 ns |
Phosphorus (P) (%) | 0.27 ns | 0.29 ns | 0.24 ns | 0.27 ns | 0.25 ns | 0.24 ns |
Magnesium (Mg) (%) | 0.11 ns | 0.14 ns | 0.10 ns | 0.12 ns | 0.13 ns | 0.12 ns |
Iron (Fe) (ppm) | 198 a | 138 b | 208 b | 218 b | 243 a | 168 c |
Manganese (Mn) (ppm) | 8 b | 32 a | 6 c | 24 b | 68 a | 29 b |
Copper (Cu) (ppm) | 9 ns | 11 ns | 8 ns | 9 ns | 9 ns | 6 ns |
Zinc (Zn) (ppm) | 50 a | 42 b | 44 ns | 41 ns | 43 ns | 39 ns |
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Ayeni, A.O. Hoop House and Field Evaluation of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck) Selections in New Jersey, USA. Plants 2022, 11, 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070897
Ayeni AO. Hoop House and Field Evaluation of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck) Selections in New Jersey, USA. Plants. 2022; 11(7):897. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070897
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyeni, Albert O. 2022. "Hoop House and Field Evaluation of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck) Selections in New Jersey, USA" Plants 11, no. 7: 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070897
APA StyleAyeni, A. O. (2022). Hoop House and Field Evaluation of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck) Selections in New Jersey, USA. Plants, 11(7), 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070897