Influence of Cultivar and Biocontrol Treatments on the Effect of Olive Stem Extracts on the Viability of Verticillium dahliae Conidia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Olive Stem Extract on Conidial Viability of Verticillium dahliae
2.1.1. Experiment I: Effect of Olive Cultivars
2.1.2. Experiment II: Influence of Treatments
2.1.3. Experiment III: Interaction between Olive Cultivar and Treatments
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Fungal Strain and Inoculum Preparation
4.3. Effect of Olive Stem Extract (OSE) on Conidial Viability of Verticillium dahliae
4.3.1. Obtaining Stem Extract
4.3.2. Experiment I: Effect of Olive Cultivars
4.3.3. Experiment II: Influence of Treatments
4.3.4. Experiment III: Interaction between Olive Cultivars and Treatments
4.3.5. Conidia Viability In Vitro
4.3.6. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivar | EC50 (μL mL−1) a |
---|---|
Frantoio | 16.2 ± 0.88 b |
Arbequina | 21.7 ± 1.15 a |
Picual | 20.4 ± 1.08 a |
Treatment a | Application | EC50 (μL mL−1) b |
---|---|---|
Control (−) | 21.5 ± 1.43 ab | |
Control (+) | 24.6 ± 0.69 a | |
Aluminum lignosulfonate | Root | 12.1 ± 1.38 cd |
Aureobasidium pullulans | Foliar | 24.7 ± 1.61 a |
A. pullulans | Root | 13.1 ± 1.01 cd |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Root | 10.3 ± 1.26 d |
Copper phosphite | Root | 10.1 ± 1.34 d |
Phoma sp. | Foliar | 17.3 ± 0.55 bc |
Potassium phosphite | Root | 11.8 ± 1.52 cd |
Salicylic acid | Foliar | 22.1 ± 2.05 ab |
Treatment a | EC50 (μL mL−1) b | ||
---|---|---|---|
Frantoio | Arbequina | Picual | |
Control (−) | 15.2 ± 2.07 a | 20.1 ± 0.90 a | 21.5 ± 0.85 a |
Control (+) | 16.1 ± 1.39 a | 20.0 ± 2.44 a | 24.6 ± 0.69 a |
Aureobasidium pullulans | 16.4 ± 1.36 a | 17.9 ± 0.88 ab | 13.1 ± 1.01 b |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | 14.8 ± 1.87 a | 13.0 ± 1.57 c | 10.3 ± 1.26 b |
Copper phosphite | 14.9 ± 0.83 a | 14.2 ± 1.19 bc | 10.1 ± 1.34 b |
Potassium phosphite | 14.7 ± 1.23 a | 18.3 ± 0.92 ab | 11.8 ± 1.52 b |
Active Ingredient(s) | Trade Name/Formulation b | Manufacturer | Class (FRAC Code) c | Dose d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foliar | Root | ||||
Biological Control Agents (BCAs) e | |||||
Aureobasidium pullulans | AP08 | DAUCO d | Fungal (NC) | 106 conidia mL−1 | 106 conidia mL−1 |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | PAB-024 | DAUCO | Bacterial (NC) | n/e | 108 CFU mL−1 |
Phoma sp. | ColPat-375 | DAUCO | Fungal (NC) | 106 conidia mL−1 | n/e |
Chemical Products | |||||
Aluminum lignosulfonate | IDAI Brotaverd®-EW | IDAI Nature | Inorganic salt (NC) | n/e f | 5 mL L−1 |
Copper phosphite | Phoscuprico®-EW | Agri nova Science | Phosphorous acid and salts (P07) | n/e | 10 mL L−1 |
Potassium phosphite | Naturfos®-EW | Daymsa | Phosphorous acid and salts (P07) | n/e | 8 mL L−1 |
Salicylic acid | Salicylic acid-SL | Sigma-Aldrich | Organic acid (NC) | 5 mM (0.69 g L−1) | n/e |
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López-Moral, A.; Agustí-Brisach, C.; Leiva-Egea, F.M.; Trapero, A. Influence of Cultivar and Biocontrol Treatments on the Effect of Olive Stem Extracts on the Viability of Verticillium dahliae Conidia. Plants 2022, 11, 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040554
López-Moral A, Agustí-Brisach C, Leiva-Egea FM, Trapero A. Influence of Cultivar and Biocontrol Treatments on the Effect of Olive Stem Extracts on the Viability of Verticillium dahliae Conidia. Plants. 2022; 11(4):554. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040554
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Moral, Ana, Carlos Agustí-Brisach, Francisco M. Leiva-Egea, and Antonio Trapero. 2022. "Influence of Cultivar and Biocontrol Treatments on the Effect of Olive Stem Extracts on the Viability of Verticillium dahliae Conidia" Plants 11, no. 4: 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040554